have
參見:hâve
英语
[编辑]词源
[编辑]- 中古英语 haven < 古英语 habban(有) < 原始日耳曼语 xaƀēnan(对比:西弗里斯兰语 ha、荷兰语 hebben、德语 haben、瑞典语 hava/ha),*xafjanan(举起)(现代英语:heave)的持续体。
- 原始日耳曼语 *xafjanan < 原始印欧语 *kap-(对比:古爱尔兰语 cáin(规则、贡品)、cacht(犯人);拉丁语 capiō(拿);拉脱维亚语 kàmpt(夺);阿尔巴尼亚语 kap((我)抓);古希腊语 κάπτω (káptō)(吞下)、κώπη (kṓpē)(柄))。
發音
[编辑]- (重读) 國際音標(幫助):/hæv/
- (非重读) 國際音標(幫助):/həv/, /əv/, /ə/
- (have to):(英式、美式)國際音標(幫助):/hæf/,(英式)國際音標(幫助):/hæv/
- (過時, 重读) 國際音標(幫助):/heɪv/
音頻(美式): (檔案) 音頻(英式): (檔案) 音頻(澳式): (檔案) - 韻部:-æv
动词
[编辑]to have(第三人称单数简单现在时 has, 现在分词 having, 简单过去时和过去分词 had)
[古]:第三人称单数简单现在时 hath, 第二人称单数现在时 hast, 第二人称复数过去时 hadst。
- [及物]有,拥有,持有
- [及物](表示关系)有
- [及物](表示动作)吃、喝、行动
- [助动词](与过去分词连用构成完成时,表示动作完成)做过…
- [助动词](have to,后接不定式)必须,要,应当
- [及物]分娩,生,怀孕
- [及物]做爱
- [及物,与不定式连用]要求…干某事,命令,使…,请求
- [及物,与形容词或形容词短语补语连用]致使,导致,使得…,让…
- [及物,与不定式连用]使处于…状态,遇上,碰到
- [及物,与形容词或形容词短语补语连用]描述…,称…处于某种状态
- [疑问助动词](后接代词构成附加问句,见下面的用法说明)是吧?对吧?
- [英](在争斗中)战胜,打败
- [爱尔兰]讲…语言
变位
[编辑]have 为不规则动词。下表中标注的是(美式)英语重读发音。
不定式 | to have |
---|---|
命令式 | have |
现在分词 | having |
过去分词 | had |
现在直陈式 | 过去直陈式 | 将来直陈式 | 现在虚拟式 | 过去虚拟式 | 将来虚拟式 | 条件虚拟式 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
第一人称单数(I) | have | had | shall / will have | have | had | were to have | would have |
第二人称单数(you) | have | had | will have | have | had | were to have | would have |
第三人称单数(he/she/it) | has | had | will have | have | had | were to have | would have |
第一人称复数(we) | have | had | shall / will have | have | had | were to have | would have |
第二人称复数(you) | have | had | will have | have | had | were to have | would have |
第三人称复数(they) | have | had | will have | have | had | were to have | would have |
疑问助动词的用法说明
[编辑]疑问助动词 have ...?(第三人称单数 has ...?, 第三人称单数否定式 hasn't ...? 或 has ... not?, 其他单复数人称否定式 haven't ...? 或 have ... not?), 省略号代表人称代词。
- 用法:后接代词构成附加问句。用在使用 have 构成完成时的陈述句后。英式英语中也可用在现在时态使用 have 的陈述句后。
- We haven't eaten dinner yet, have we? 我们还没吃过晚饭呢,对吧?
- Your wife hasn't been reading that nonsense, has she? 你妻子没在读那胡扯的东西吧?
- I'd bet that student hasn't studied yet, has he? 那个学生肯定还没学习呢,对吧?
- You've known all along, haven't you? 你是一直知道的,对吧?
- The sun has already set, has it not? 太阳已经落下去了吧。
- [英]He has some money, hasn't he? 他有钱的,对吧?
- 这种句型可以将现在完成时的陈述句转变为问句。附加问句部分需要用宾语代词代替主语。对于否定句来说,附加问句中使用的是 has 或 have,根据陈述句中的数而变化。肯定句中可以用后加 not 或者使用 hasn't 和 haven't 的方法构成附加问句。
- 美式英语中,不可以用这种方法构成 have 用作非助动词的陈述句和含 have got 的陈述句的问句形式。这些情况下需要用 does 或其否定形式构成附加问句(注意这种结构在英式英语中是不正确的)。例:
派生词组
[编辑]衍生短语
- -'ve
- be had 被骗
- have a ball 开心
- have a cow 生气
- have at you 要杀你
- have it in for 生气
- have it in you 有能力
- have it off 做爱
- have had enough 受够了
- have had it 情况很糟
- have nots 穷人
- have someone on
- have to 必须
- haves 有钱人
- not having any 不愿听
丹麦语
[编辑]词源(一)
[编辑]- < 古诺尔斯语 hagi。
名词
[编辑]- 花园,果园,种菜的小块土地
词源(二)
[编辑]- 古诺尔斯语 hafa。
动词
[编辑]have (命令式 hav,不定式 at have,现在时 har,过去时 havde,完成时 har haft)
词源(三)
[编辑]- 见丹麦语 hav。
名词
[编辑]- hav 的不定复数形