跳转到内容

影:修订间差异

维基百科,自由的百科全书
删除的内容 添加的内容
Bigdoor87留言 | 贡献
張阿瓜留言 | 贡献
增加連結
 
(未显示6个用户的16个中间版本)
第1行: 第1行:
{{short description|一個因為物體的阻擋使得從光源直射的光無法到達的範圍}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Other uses}}
{{NoteTA|G1=Physics}}
[[File: Looking down from The Eiffel Tower, Paris 8 April 2007.jpg|thumb|從 [[艾菲爾鐵塔]]平臺上,往下看到的遊客影子。]]
[[File: Looking down from The Eiffel Tower, Paris 8 April 2007.jpg|thumb|從 [[艾菲爾鐵塔]]平臺上,往下看到的遊客影子。]]
[[File: Park grid.JPG|thumb|雪地表面的不平坦導致公園圍欄的影子被歪曲。]]
[[File: Park grid.JPG|thumb|雪地表面的不平坦導致公園圍欄的影子被歪曲。]]
'''影''',又稱'''影子'''、'''陰影''',是從光源直射的[[光]]被{{tsl|en|不透明}}的物體阻擋而產生黑暗範圍。當光源置於物體前方時,影會佔據物體背後三維空間的體積。 影的[[截面 (幾何)|截面]]是一個[[維度|二維]]的[[剪影]],是物體阻擋光線的反向[[投影]]。
'''影''',又稱'''影子'''、'''陰影''',是從光源直射的[[光]]被不透明的物體阻擋時形成深色範圍。當光源置於物體前方時,影會佔據物體背後三維空間的體積。影的[[截面 (幾何)|截面]]是一個[[維度|二維]]的[[剪影]],是物體阻擋光線的反向[[投影]]。

== 點光源與非點光源 ==
== 點光源與非點光源 ==
[[File:Diagram of umbra, penumbra & antumbra.png|thumb|right|[[本影]]、[[半影]]和[[偽本影]]]]
[[File:Diagram of umbra, penumbra & antumbra.png|thumb|right|[[本影]]、[[半影]]和[[伪本影|偽本影]]]]
{{tsl|en|point source||點光源}}只會投射出簡單的影,稱之為「'''本影'''」。對於非點光源或擴展光源產生的影,可以分為[[本影]]、[[半影]]和[[偽本影]]。寬大、分散的光源會投射出模糊的影。如果兩個半影重疊,影會看似互相吸引並合併在一起。這現象被稱為{{tsl|en|shadow blister effect}}。
{{tsl|en|point source||點光源}}只會投射出簡單的影,稱之為「'''本影'''」。對於非點光源或擴展光源產生的影,可以分為[[本影]]、[[半影]]和[[伪本影|偽本影]]。寬大、分散的光源會投射出模糊的影。如果兩個半影重疊,影會看似互相吸引並合併在一起。這現象被稱為{{tsl|en|shadow blister effect|影泡現象}}(Shadow Blister Effect)


陰影區域的框線可以藉由描繪擴展光源最外層所發射的光來界定。本影區不會從光源接收到任何光線,因此這區域是最暗的。在本影區裡無法直接看到光源的任何部分。相對的,半影會被部分光源照亮,呈現中等亮度。在半影區裡能夠看見光源,只是部分光源會被物體遮擋。
陰影區域的框線可以藉由描繪擴展光源最外層所發射的光來界定。本影區不會從光源接收到任何光線,因此這區域是最暗的。在本影區裡無法直接看到光源的任何部分。相對的,半影會被部分光源照亮,呈現中等亮度。在半影區裡能夠看見光源,只是部分光源會被物體遮擋。
第17行: 第18行:


== 天文學 ==
== 天文學 ==
[[File:Three moons and their shadows parade across Jupiter.jpg|thumb|Three moons ([[Callisto (moon)|Callisto]], [[Europa (moon)|Europa]] and [[Io (moon)|Io]]) and their shadows parade across [[Jupiter]].<ref>{{cite web|title=March of the moons|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1504/|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728173551/http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1504/|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref>]]
[[File:Three moons and their shadows parade across Jupiter.jpg|thumb|三個衛星([[木卫一]][[木卫二]][[木卫四]])帶著它們的影子越過[[木星]].<ref>{{cite web|title=March of the moons|url=http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1504/|access-date=24 June 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728173551/http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1504/|archive-date=28 July 2015}}</ref>]]
The names {{tsl|en|umbra, penumbra and antumbra}} are often used for the shadows cast by [[天體]]s, though they are sometimes used to describe levels of darkness, such as in sunspots. An astronomical object casts human-visible shadows when its [[视星等]] is equal or lower than -4.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044109/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/scienceques2005/20060406.htm NASA Science Question of the Week]. Gsfc.nasa.gov (April 7, 2006). Retrieved on 2013-04-26.</ref> The only astronomical objects able to project visible shadows onto Earth are the [[太]], the [[月球]], and in the right conditions, [[金星]] or [[木星]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/11/18/young-astronomer-captures-a-shadow-cast-by-jupiter/#.UaDO1UAoNAU |title=Young astronomer captures a shadow cast by Jupiter : Bad Astronomy |publisher=Blogs.discovermagazine.com |date=2011-11-18 |access-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702142010/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/11/18/young-astronomer-captures-a-shadow-cast-by-jupiter#.UaDO1UAoNAU |archive-date=2013-07-02 }}</ref> [[晚上]] is caused by the hemisphere of a planet [[白天]] blocking its sunlight.
[[本影]]、[[半影]]和[[伪本影|偽本影]]很常用來描述由[[天體]]形成的影,有時候也會用來描述黑暗的程度,比如説[[太陽黑子]]。[[视星等]]小於或等於-4的天體可以投射出人類肉眼可見的影。<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044109/http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/scienceques2005/20060406.htm NASA Science Question of the Week]. Gsfc.nasa.gov (April 7, 2006). Retrieved on 2013-04-26.</ref> 能將可見的影投射在地球上的天體有[[太]][[月球]]。在適合的條件下,[[金星]][[木星]]也能把影投射在地球上。<ref>{{cite web |url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/11/18/young-astronomer-captures-a-shadow-cast-by-jupiter/#.UaDO1UAoNAU |title=Young astronomer captures a shadow cast by Jupiter : Bad Astronomy |publisher=Blogs.discovermagazine.com |date=2011-11-18 |access-date=2013-05-27 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702142010/http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/badastronomy/2011/11/18/young-astronomer-captures-a-shadow-cast-by-jupiter#.UaDO1UAoNAU |archive-date=2013-07-02 }}</ref> 行星面朝恆星的半球體遮擋陽光,造成了行星上的[[晚上|夜晚]]


A shadow cast by the Earth onto the Moon is a [[月食]]. Conversely, a shadow cast by the Moon onto the Earth is a [[日食]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moonconnection.com/lunar_vs_solar.phtml|title=Lunar Eclipse vs Solar Eclipse|website=www.moonconnection.com|access-date=2019-11-27}}</ref>
地球的影投射在月球上,稱為[[月食]]。相應的,月球的影投射在地球上,稱為[[日食]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moonconnection.com/lunar_vs_solar.phtml|title=Lunar Eclipse vs Solar Eclipse|website=www.moonconnection.com|access-date=2019-11-27|archive-date=2022-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220618113614/https://www.moonconnection.com/lunar_vs_solar.phtml}}</ref>


== 白天的變化 ==
== 白天的變化 ==
太陽照射形成的影會隨時間的推移發生巨大的變化。地面影的長度和太陽[[地平坐標系|仰角]](相對於地平線的夾角''θ'')的[[三角函数|餘切]]成正比。接近日出和日落時分,''θ'' = 0° 而 cot''θ'' = ∞,影可以變得很長。如果太陽正好在頭頂上(只可能發生在[[北回歸線]]和[[南回歸線]]上),''θ'' = 90° 而 cot''θ'' = 0,則影會在物體的正下方。
The sun casts shadows that change dramatically through the day. The length of a shadow cast on the ground is proportional to the [[三角函数]] of the sun's [[地平坐標系]]—its angle ''θ'' relative to the horizon. Near sunrise and sunset, when ''θ'' = 0° and ''cot(θ)'' = ∞, shadows can be extremely long. If the sun passes directly overhead (only possible in locations between the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn), then ''θ'' = 90°, ''cot(θ)'' = 0, and shadows are cast directly underneath objects.
這樣的變化使旅人在穿越[[阿拉伯沙漠]]等荒蕪之地時,能夠辨認行進的時間和方向。<ref>{{cite book|title=The Edinburgh monthly review|date=1820|page=372}}</ref>

Such variations have long aided travellers during their travels, especially in barren regions such as the [[阿拉伯沙漠]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Edinburgh monthly review|date=1820|page=372}}</ref>


== 傳播速度 ==
== 傳播速度 ==
投影的表面離被照射的物體越遠,形成的影越大。如果物體在移動,物體的影會以更快的速度改變大小。這些變化都被看做是正比的關係。但是,這不代表影能比光移動得更快,即使在[[光年]]之外的距離,影速也無法超越光速。光的缺失(影的投射),會以[[光速]]移向投影的表面。
[[File: Steam phase eruption of Castle Geyser with crepuscular rays and shadow.jpg|thumb|[[蒸汽]] phase [[火山噴發類型]] of {{tsl|en|Castle Geyser}} in [[黃石國家公園]] casts a shadow on its own steam. [[雲隙光]] are also visible.]]
The farther the distance from the object blocking the light to the surface of projection, the larger the silhouette (they are considered [[比例]]). Also, if the object is moving, the shadow cast by the object will project an image with dimensions (length) expanding proportionally faster than the object's own rate of movement. The increase of size and movement is also true if the distance between the object of interference and the light source are closer. This, however, does not mean the shadow may move faster than light, even when projected at vast distances, such as [[光年]]s. The loss of light, which projects the shadow, will move towards the surface of projection at [[光速]].


Although the edge of a shadow appears to "move" along a wall, in actuality the increase of a shadow's length is part of a new projection that propagates at the speed of light from the object of interference. Since there is no actual communication between points in a shadow (except for reflection or interference of light, at the speed of light), a shadow that projects over a surface of large distances (light years) [[狭义相对论]] between those distances with the shadow's edge.<ref>Philip Gibbs (1997) [http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html#3 Is Faster-Than-Light Travel or Communication Possible?] {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lLRguF0I?url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html |date=2009-11-17 }} math.ucr.edu</ref>
影的邊緣看起來像是在投射面上移動,但實際上只是新投射出的影長度增長做造成的假象。由於影的各點並沒有實際關聯性(除了光的反射與干涉),因此在[[光年]]之外的影無法彼此傳達任何訊息。<ref>[http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html#3 Is Faster-Than-Light Travel or Communication Possible?] {{Wayback|url=http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/Relativity/SpeedOfLight/FTL.html#3 |date=20190412154551 }} math.ucr.edu</ref>


== 顔色 ==
== 顔色 ==
視覺傳達設計師通常都會使用多個有色光源,藉此產生具有多種顔色、複雜的影。[[明暗对照法]]、[[晕涂法]]以及[[剪影]]都是涉及影的常用藝術技巧。<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://perfectpicturelights.com/blog/trust-the-dark-side|title=Shadow Art Trust the Dark Side|access-date=2021-10-16|archive-date=2022-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119000950/https://perfectpicturelights.com/blog/trust-the-dark-side}}</ref>
Visual artists are usually very aware of colored light emitted or reflected from several sources, which can generate complex multicolored shadows. [[明暗对照法]], [[晕涂法]], and [[剪影]] are examples of artistic techniques which make deliberate use of shadow effects.


During the daytime, a shadow cast by an opaque object illuminated by sunlight has a bluish tinge. This happens because of [[瑞利散射]], the same property that causes the sky to appear blue. The opaque object is able to block the light of the sun, but not the ambient light of the sky which is blue as the atmosphere molecules scatter blue light more effectively. As a result, the shadow appears bluish.<ref>[http://www.pa.uky.edu/sciworks/qlight.htm Question Board – Questions about Light]. Pa.uky.edu. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.</ref>
白天期間,陽光照射在不透明物體上形成的影帶有偏藍色調,這是因為[[瑞利散射]]的緣故,也是為什麽天是藍色的原因。不透明物體可以遮擋陽光,但是無法有效將環境中的散射光完全擋下。因此,陽光下的影總是看起來藍藍的。<ref>[http://www.pa.uky.edu/sciworks/qlight.htm Question Board – Questions about Light] {{Wayback|url=http://www.pa.uky.edu/sciworks/qlight.htm |date=20220330053441 }}. Pa.uky.edu. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.</ref>


== 空間 ==
== 空間 ==
[[File: Fog shadow of GGB.jpg|thumb|Fog shadow of the south tower of the [[金门大桥]]]]
[[File: Fog shadow of GGB.jpg|thumb|[[金门大桥]]南塔的霧影]]
影會佔據物體背後三維空間的體積,一般需要投射到反光的表面上才能體現出來。[[霧|薄霧]]、水氣、塵埃雲都可以顯現光影的立體感和樣式。
A shadow occupies a three-dimensional volume of space, but this is usually not visible until it projects onto a reflective surface. A light [[霧]], mist, or dust cloud can reveal the 3D presence of volumetric patterns in light and shadow.
霧影對於沒見過立體影的人來説是有點奇怪的。薄霧的密度正好足夠被穿過縫隙的光照亮,使得一個物體的影穿過薄霧的軌跡能呈現影的體積。某種程度上,這些軌跡是[[雲隙光]]的相反,只是這些軌跡是因為固體的影造成的。


{{tsl|en|Theatrical fog||煙霧特效}}和强烈的光源有時候會被燈光設計師和視覺藝術創作者用來突顯作品的立體感。
Fog shadows may look odd to viewers who are not used to seeing shadows in three dimensions. A thin fog is just dense enough to be illuminated by the light that passes through the gaps in a structure or in a tree. As a result, the path of an object's shadow through the fog becomes visible as a darkened volume. In a sense, these shadow lanes are the inverse of [[雲隙光]] caused by beams of light, they're caused by the shadows of solid objects.

{{tsl|en|Theatrical fog}} and strong beams of light are sometimes used by lighting designers and visual artists who seek to highlight three-dimensional aspects of their work.


== 反轉 ==
== 反轉 ==
鐵絲網(或其他類似物體)的影與物體距離足夠遠的時候,影的亮暗區域會對調。穿過鐵絲網的光影會照亮鑽石,刻畫出模糊的框線。但如果鐵絲網夠高,穿過的光影會是鑽石變暗,並照亮外框。
Oftentimes shadows of chain-linked fences and other such objects become inverted (light and dark areas are swapped) as they get farther from the object. A chain-link fence shadow will start with light diamonds and shadow outlines when it is touching the fence, but it will gradually blur. Eventually, if the fence is tall enough, the light pattern will go to shadow diamonds and light outlines.


== 照相 ==
== 攝影 ==
[[File:Moonlight shadow.jpg|thumb|upright|[[月光]] shadow of a photographer]]
[[File:Moonlight shadow.jpg|thumb|upright|[[月光]]下拍攝者的影]]
在攝影中,「高光」和「影」分別是場景或照片中,最亮的和最暗的部分。一般情況下,攝影者會調整[[曝光]],允許具有有限[[动态范围]]的[[底片]]或[[传感器]]記錄高光和影,使高光不會被沖洗掉,影不會和其他黑色區域糊成一團。
In photography, which is essentially recording patterns of light, shade, and color, "highlights" and "shadows" are the brightest and darkest parts, respectively, of a scene or image. [[曝光]] must be adjusted (unless special effects are wanted) to allow the [[底片]] or [[传感器]], which has limited [[动态范围]], to record detail in the highlights without them being washed out, and in the shadows without their becoming undifferentiated black areas.


使用[[卫星影像|衛星成像]]和[[空拍]]作垂直攝影時,影可以作為辨別高大建築的標示,並呈現其形狀等細部特徵。
On [[卫星影像]] and [[空拍]]s, taken vertically, tall buildings can be recognized as such by their long shadows (if the photographs are not taken in the tropics around noon), while these also show more of the shape of these buildings.


== 類比概念 ==
== 類比概念 ==
「影」也會被用來形容任何遮擋或阻塞,不僅限於光。[[雨影]]是[[山脉]]背風坡的一個乾燥區域,上升的地形阻止雨雲進入該區域。{{tsl|en|acoustic shadow||聲影}}是聲音無法直接到達的區域。
''Shadow'' as a term is often used for any occlusion or blockage, not just those with respect to light.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://perfectpicturelights.com/blog/trust-the-dark-side|title=Shadow Art Trust the Dark Side}}</ref> For example, a [[雨影]] is a dry area, which with respect to the prevailing [[風部]] direction, is beyond a [[山脉]]; the elevated terrain impedes rainclouds from entering the dry zone. An {{tsl|en|acoustic shadow}} occurs when a direct sound has been blocked or diverted around a given area.


== 文化 ==
== 文化 ==
影在一些文化中被視為神靈或鬼魂。比如説,{{tsl|en|Chhaya||者訶耶}}是印度教中掌管影的神。
An unattended {{tsl|en|Shade (mythology)}} was thought by some cultures to be similar to that of a ghost. The name for the fear of shadows is "sciophobia" or "sciaphobia".

{{tsl|en|Chhaya}} is the Hindu goddess of shadows.

In [[纹章学]], when a charge is supposedly shown "in the shadow" (the appearance is of the charge merely being outlined in a neutral tint rather than being of one or more [[顏色 (紋章學)]] different from the field on which it is placed), it is technically described as "umbrated". Supposedly, only a limited number of specific charges can be so depicted. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}}


影通常也會被視為有關黑暗和邪惡的事物。在一些民間傳説或現代小説中,影通常都是邪惡的,想控制、取代投射出自己的人。電影{{tsl|en|Upside-Down Magic (film)|《逆轉魔法》}}就有一位可以附身在人類身上,邪惡的影之靈。
Shadows are often linked with darkness and evil; in common folklore and modern graphic novels, like shadows who come to life, are often evil beings trying to control the people they reflect. The film {{tsl|en|Upside-Down Magic (film)}} features an antagonistic shadow spirit who possesses people.


== 能量生產 ==
== 能量生產 ==
Scientists from the [[新加坡国立大学]] presented a shadow-effect energy generator (SEG), which consists of cells of [[金 (消歧义)]] deposited on a [[晶圓]] attached on a plastic film. The generator has a [[功率密度]] of 0.14 μW cm<sup>−2</sup> under indoor conditions (0.001 sun).<ref>{{cite news<!--|authors=Qian Zhang, Qijie Liang, Dilip Krishna Nandakumar, Sai Kishore Ravi, Hao Qu, Lakshmi Suresh, Xueping Zhang, Yaoxin Zhang, Lin Yang, Andrew Thye Shen Wee and Swee Ching Tan -->|author=Qian Zhang|display-authors=etal|title=Energy harvesting from shadow-effect|publisher=Energy & Environmental Science|year=2020|doi=10.1039/D0EE00825G}}</ref>
來自[[新加坡国立大学|新加坡國立大學]]的科學家展示了一台利用影產生能量的發電機(Shadow-effect Energy Generator, SEG)——一張將[[金]]摻入[[晶圓]]中的塑膠片上。在室内條件下,該發電機有0.14 μW cm<sup>−2</sup>的[[功率密度]](0.001個太陽)。<ref>{{cite news<!--|authors=Qian Zhang, Qijie Liang, Dilip Krishna Nandakumar, Sai Kishore Ravi, Hao Qu, Lakshmi Suresh, Xueping Zhang, Yaoxin Zhang, Lin Yang, Andrew Thye Shen Wee and Swee Ching Tan -->|author=Qian Zhang|display-authors=etal|title=Energy harvesting from shadow-effect|publisher=Energy & Environmental Science|year=2020|doi=10.1039/D0EE00825G}}</ref>


== Gallery ==
== 畫廊 ==
<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File: Apollo 9 astronaut Dave Scott.jpg|Non-diffuse lighting in outer space causes deep shadows
File: Apollo 9 astronaut Dave Scott.jpg|太空中的非漫射光構成清晰的影
File: British Library Gate Shadow.jpg|Reversed text in shadow
File: British Library Gate Shadow.jpg|影中顛倒的字體
File:Fog shadow tv tower.jpg|[[蘇特洛塔]] casts a 3D fog shadow
File:Fog shadow tv tower.jpg|[[蘇特洛塔]]投射出3D的霧影
File: Jasminum sambac1SHSU.jpg|This photo of jasmine flowers has only soft shadows cast by diffused light
File: Jasminum sambac1SHSU.jpg|漫射光的照射使相片中的茉莉花存在模糊的影
File:CloudsShadow.jpg|Clouds, and shadows over the [[地中海]]
File:CloudsShadow.jpg|雲的影投射在[[地中海]]
File: Vapour shadow.jpg|Shadow cast by [[飛機雲]] of passing aircraft
File: Vapour shadow.jpg|[[飛機雲]]產生的影
File: Shadow of parent and child.jpg|Shadow of a parent and child
File: Shadow of parent and child.jpg|大人和小孩的影
File: Footpath in Richmond, Surrey - UK.jpg|Tree shadow
File: Footpath in Richmond, Surrey - UK.jpg|樹的影
File: Erőd - Trsat, Fiume (7).jpg|Shadow on the Castle
File: Erőd - Trsat, Fiume (7).jpg|投射在城堡上的影
File: Long shadow of a dead tree with its branches on the dry fields of Laos - portrait.jpg|Long shadow of a dead tree with its branches on dry fields, late afternoon
File: Long shadow of a dead tree with its branches on the dry fields of Laos - portrait.jpg|下午時分,枯樹在旱地上的影
File: Skugga - Ystad-2020.jpg|When the sun is low, shadows become long, and details get the wrong proportions.
File: Skugga - Ystad-2020.jpg|當太陽的位置很低時,影會被拉長,細節失去原本的比例
File:Classic Building in the middle.jpg|thumb|水中倒影]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


第88行: 第83行:
{{Commons|Shadow}}
{{Commons|Shadow}}
* [[黑滴現象]]
* [[黑滴現象]]
* [[卷积|摺積]],有關物理和數學對影的討論
* [[卷积]], for more physical and mathematical discussion about shadows
* [[地影]]
* [[地影]]
* [[晷針]]
* [[晷針]]
* {{tsl|en|shade (shadow)}}
* {{tsl|en|shade (shadow)||蔭影}}
* [[影子内阁]]
* [[影子内阁|影子内閣]]
* [[阴影贴图]], in computer 3D graphics
* [[阴影贴图|陰影貼圖]],3D圖形計算
* [[鬼影人]]
* [[鬼影人]]
* [[皮影戲]]
* [[皮影戲]]
* {{tsl|en|Shadowgraphy (performing art)}} or {{tsl|en|ombromanie}}, the art of hand shadows
* {{tsl|en|Shadowgraphy (performing art)||手影游戲}}
* {{tsl|en|Sciography}}, the art of architectural shadows
* {{tsl|en|Sciography||影子學}},建築領域常用的研究
* [[偽裝 (動物學)]]
* [[偽裝 (動物學)]]


第104行: 第99行:


== 外部連結 ==
== 外部連結 ==
{{commons|Shadow}}
*[http://www.chrisrayn.com/shadows Art project about shadows and their philosophical connotations]
*[http://www.chrisrayn.com/shadows Art project about shadows and their philosophical connotations] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chrisrayn.com/shadows |date=20220312005328 }}
*[http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/esm/shadows How sun casts shadows over day hours]
*[http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/esm/shadows How sun casts shadows over day hours] {{Wayback|url=http://www.schoolsobservatory.org.uk/astro/esm/shadows |date=20170508083730 }}


{{Authority control}}
{{Authority control}}


[[Category:光学现象]]
[[Category:光学现象]]
{{tsl|en|Category:Shadows}}
[[Category:阴影| ]]

2024年7月28日 (日) 23:38的最新版本

艾菲爾鐵塔平臺上,往下看到的遊客影子。
雪地表面的不平坦導致公園圍欄的影子被歪曲。

,又稱影子陰影,是從光源直射的被不透明的物體阻擋時形成的深色範圍。當光源置於物體前方時,影會佔據物體背後三維空間的體積。影的截面是一個二維剪影,是物體阻擋光線的反向投影

點光源與非點光源

[编辑]
本影半影偽本影

點光源英语point source只會投射出簡單的影,稱之為「本影」。對於非點光源或擴展光源產生的影,可以分為本影半影偽本影。寬大、分散的光源會投射出模糊的影。如果兩個半影重疊,影會看似互相吸引並合併在一起。這現象被稱為影泡現象英语shadow blister effect(Shadow Blister Effect)。

陰影區域的框線可以藉由描繪擴展光源最外層所發射的光來界定。本影區不會從光源接收到任何光線,因此這區域是最暗的。在本影區裡無法直接看到光源的任何部分。相對的,半影會被部分光源照亮,呈現中等亮度。在半影區裡能夠看見光源,只是部分光源會被物體遮擋。

如果存在多個光源,各個影的重疊部分會變得更暗,形成不同亮度或顔色。漫射光英语diffuser會使影的框線變得不明顯,甚至消失。灰暗的天空中,閃電可以產生肉眼可見的影。由於在外太空真空中不存在大氣漫射的效應,這裡產生的影在光暗交界處非常鮮明、對比度極高。

若以物體觸碰投射影子的表面(人站在地面上、插在土裡的柱子等),影會匯聚在物體與表面的接觸點上。

在不考慮失真的狀態下,影和從亮面觀察剪影的像是一致的。若從另一面觀察,影和像是呈現鏡像的。

天文學

[编辑]
三個衛星(木卫一木卫二木卫四)帶著它們的影子越過木星.[1]

本影半影偽本影很常用來描述由天體形成的影,有時候也會用來描述黑暗的程度,比如説太陽黑子视星等小於或等於-4的天體可以投射出人類肉眼可見的影。[2] 能將可見的影投射在地球上的天體有太陽月球。在適合的條件下,金星木星也能把影投射在地球上。[3] 行星面朝恆星的半球體遮擋陽光,造成了行星上的夜晚

地球的影投射在月球上,稱為月食。相應的,月球的影投射在地球上,稱為日食[4]

白天的變化

[编辑]

太陽照射形成的影會隨時間的推移發生巨大的變化。地面影的長度和太陽仰角(相對於地平線的夾角θ)的餘切成正比。接近日出和日落時分,θ = 0° 而 cotθ = ∞,影可以變得很長。如果太陽正好在頭頂上(只可能發生在北回歸線南回歸線上),θ = 90° 而 cotθ = 0,則影會在物體的正下方。 這樣的變化使旅人在穿越阿拉伯沙漠等荒蕪之地時,能夠辨認行進的時間和方向。[5]

傳播速度

[编辑]

投影的表面離被照射的物體越遠,形成的影越大。如果物體在移動,物體的影會以更快的速度改變大小。這些變化都被看做是正比的關係。但是,這不代表影能比光移動得更快,即使在光年之外的距離,影速也無法超越光速。光的缺失(影的投射),會以光速移向投影的表面。

影的邊緣看起來像是在投射面上移動,但實際上只是新投射出的影長度增長做造成的假象。由於影的各點並沒有實際關聯性(除了光的反射與干涉),因此在光年之外的影無法彼此傳達任何訊息。[6]

顔色

[编辑]

視覺傳達設計師通常都會使用多個有色光源,藉此產生具有多種顔色、複雜的影。明暗对照法晕涂法以及剪影都是涉及影的常用藝術技巧。[7]

白天期間,陽光照射在不透明物體上形成的影帶有偏藍色調,這是因為瑞利散射的緣故,也是為什麽天是藍色的原因。不透明物體可以遮擋陽光,但是無法有效將環境中的散射光完全擋下。因此,陽光下的影總是看起來藍藍的。[8]

空間

[编辑]
金门大桥南塔的霧影

影會佔據物體背後三維空間的體積,一般需要投射到反光的表面上才能體現出來。薄霧、水氣、塵埃雲都可以顯現光影的立體感和樣式。 霧影對於沒見過立體影的人來説是有點奇怪的。薄霧的密度正好足夠被穿過縫隙的光照亮,使得一個物體的影穿過薄霧的軌跡能呈現影的體積。某種程度上,這些軌跡是雲隙光的相反,只是這些軌跡是因為固體的影造成的。

煙霧特效英语Theatrical fog和强烈的光源有時候會被燈光設計師和視覺藝術創作者用來突顯作品的立體感。

反轉

[编辑]

鐵絲網(或其他類似物體)的影與物體距離足夠遠的時候,影的亮暗區域會對調。穿過鐵絲網的光影會照亮鑽石,刻畫出模糊的框線。但如果鐵絲網夠高,穿過的光影會是鑽石變暗,並照亮外框。

攝影

[编辑]
月光下拍攝者的影

在攝影中,「高光」和「影」分別是場景或照片中,最亮的和最暗的部分。一般情況下,攝影者會調整曝光,允許具有有限动态范围底片传感器記錄高光和影,使高光不會被沖洗掉,影不會和其他黑色區域糊成一團。

使用衛星成像空拍作垂直攝影時,影可以作為辨別高大建築的標示,並呈現其形狀等細部特徵。

類比概念

[编辑]

「影」也會被用來形容任何遮擋或阻塞,不僅限於光。雨影山脉背風坡的一個乾燥區域,上升的地形阻止雨雲進入該區域。聲影英语acoustic shadow是聲音無法直接到達的區域。

文化

[编辑]

影在一些文化中被視為神靈或鬼魂。比如説,者訶耶英语Chhaya是印度教中掌管影的神。

影通常也會被視為有關黑暗和邪惡的事物。在一些民間傳説或現代小説中,影通常都是邪惡的,想控制、取代投射出自己的人。電影《逆轉魔法》英语Upside-Down Magic (film)就有一位可以附身在人類身上,邪惡的影之靈。

能量生產

[编辑]

來自新加坡國立大學的科學家展示了一台利用影產生能量的發電機(Shadow-effect Energy Generator, SEG)——一張將摻入晶圓中的塑膠片上。在室内條件下,該發電機有0.14 μW cm−2功率密度(0.001個太陽)。[9]

畫廊

[编辑]

參見

[编辑]

參考文獻

[编辑]
  1. ^ March of the moons. [24 June 2015]. (原始内容存档于28 July 2015). 
  2. ^ NASA Science Question of the Week. Gsfc.nasa.gov (April 7, 2006). Retrieved on 2013-04-26.
  3. ^ Young astronomer captures a shadow cast by Jupiter : Bad Astronomy. Blogs.discovermagazine.com. 2011-11-18 [2013-05-27]. (原始内容存档于2013-07-02). 
  4. ^ Lunar Eclipse vs Solar Eclipse. www.moonconnection.com. [2019-11-27]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-18). 
  5. ^ The Edinburgh monthly review. 1820: 372. 
  6. ^ Is Faster-Than-Light Travel or Communication Possible?页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) math.ucr.edu
  7. ^ Shadow Art Trust the Dark Side. [2021-10-16]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-19). 
  8. ^ Question Board – Questions about Light页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆). Pa.uky.edu. Retrieved on 2013-04-26.
  9. ^ Qian Zhang; et al. Energy harvesting from shadow-effect. Energy & Environmental Science. 2020. doi:10.1039/D0EE00825G. 

外部連結

[编辑]