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SQL_Questions_Answers

Uploaded by

bhoomi9122singh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1. What is the difference between BETWEEN and IN operators in SQL?

BETWEEN: Used to filter records within a specified range.


Example:

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE marks BETWEEN 50 AND 100;

● Retrieves students with marks between 50 and 100 (inclusive).

IN: Used to filter records matching a specific list of values.


Example:

SELECT * FROM Students WHERE grade IN ('A', 'B', 'C');

● Retrieves students with grades 'A', 'B', or 'C'.

2. What is a join in SQL? What are the types of joins?

A join combines rows from two or more tables based on a related


column.

● Types of Joins:

Inner Join: Returns matching records from both tables.


SELECT * FROM Orders INNER JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID =
Customers.CustomerID;

1.

Left Join (or Left Outer Join): Returns all records from the left
table and matching records from the right.
SELECT * FROM Orders LEFT JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID =
Customers.CustomerID;

2.

Right Join (or Right Outer Join): Returns all records from the right
table and matching records from the left.
SELECT * FROM Orders RIGHT JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID =
Customers.CustomerID;
3.

Full Join (or Full Outer Join): Returns all records when there is a
match in either table.
SELECT * FROM Orders FULL JOIN Customers ON Orders.CustomerID =
Customers.CustomerID;

4.

3. What is the ON DELETE CASCADE constraint?

This constraint ensures that when a record in the parent table is


deleted, the corresponding records in the child table are also
deleted automatically.

Example:

CREATE TABLE Orders (


OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID) ON
DELETE CASCADE
);

If a customer is deleted from the Customers table, their orders are


also removed from the Orders table.

4. What is the difference between SQL DELETE and SQL TRUNCATE


commands?
DELETE: Removes specific rows based on a condition. Can be rolled
back. DML
Example:

DELETE FROM Students WHERE grade = 'F';

TRUNCATE: Removes all rows from a table. Cannot be rolled back. DDL
Example:
TRUNCATE TABLE Students;

5. Name the function used to remove spaces at the end of a string.


RTRIM(): Removes trailing spaces from a string.
Example:
SELECT RTRIM('Hello ') AS TrimmedString;

6. Explain the SQL HAVING statement.

The HAVING clause filters groups created by the GROUP BY clause


based on a condition.

Example:

SELECT department, AVG(salary)


FROM Employees
GROUP BY department
HAVING AVG(salary) > 50000;

Retrieves departments where the average salary exceeds 50,000.

7. Are NULL values the same as zero or a blank space?

No, NULL represents the absence of a value, while zero (0) and blank
space (' ') are actual values.

Example:
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE age IS NULL;

8. Difference between NVL and NVL2 functions?


NVL(expr1, expr2): Replaces NULL with a default value.
Example:

SELECT NVL(salary, 0) FROM Employees;

NVL2(expr1, expr2, expr3): Returns expr2 if expr1 is not NULL, else


returns expr3.
Example:

SELECT NVL2(bonus, 'Eligible', 'Not Eligible') FROM Employees;

9. What is a foreign key?

A foreign key links one table to another by referencing a primary


key in the second table.

Example:

CREATE TABLE Orders (


OrderID INT PRIMARY KEY,
CustomerID INT,
FOREIGN KEY (CustomerID) REFERENCES Customers(CustomerID)
);

10. What is self-join and what is its requirement?

A self-join joins a table with itself, often using aliases.

Example:

SELECT A.EmployeeID, A.Name, B.Name AS ManagerName


FROM Employees A
JOIN Employees B ON A.ManagerID = B.EmployeeID;

Used to find hierarchical relationships, e.g., employees and their


managers.
11. How to write an SQL query to find students' names starting with
'A'?
SELECT * FROM Students WHERE Name LIKE 'A%';

12. Does the following query return output?


WHERE AVG(marks) > 70
SELECT subject_code, AVG(marks)
FROM Students
GROUP BY subject_code;

No, this query is invalid because the WHERE clause cannot use
aggregate functions. Use HAVING instead:

SELECT subject_code, AVG(marks)


FROM Students
GROUP BY subject_code
HAVING AVG(marks) > 70;

13. Differences between SQL and NoSQL databases?

Feature SQL NoSQL

Data Relational Non-relational (JSON,


Model (tables) key-value, graph)

Schema Fixed Flexible

Examples MySQL, MongoDB, Cassandra


PostgreSQL

14. What are some SQL constraints you know?

1. PRIMARY KEY: Ensures unique identification of each record.


2. FOREIGN KEY: Maintains referential integrity.
3. NOT NULL: Ensures no NULL values.
4. UNIQUE: Ensures all values in a column are unique.
5. CHECK: Validates a condition for each record.
15. Write an SQL query to print details of students whose FIRST_NAME
ends with 'a' and contains six alphabets.
SELECT * FROM Students
WHERE FIRST_NAME LIKE '_____a';

The underscore (_) represents one character.

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