Pointer

What is Pointer?
v A pointer is a variable whose value is the
address of another variable.

Ø Computer memory is divided

into byte for addressing.
Ø Each byte is numbered
sequentially- which is called
storage address.
Ø Storage address is represented in
hexadecimal number system. In
hexadecimal, following symbols
are used: A for 10, B for 11, C for
12, D for 13, E for 14 and F for
15.
 What is Pointer?
Declaration:
int *a, b;

Understanding point:
Question Answer
&a 0002
a 1008
*a 12
&b 1008
b 12

12
Read out:
*a: pointer of a
&a: ampersand or address of a
 Pointer Examples 1
Write down the output of the following program:

#include <stdio.h> Address EC7 Address F8E

main(){ F8E 3
int u = 3, v, *pu, *pv; pu u

pu = &u; Address EC5 Address F8C

v = *pu; F8C 3
pv = &v; pv v

printf(“\nu=%d &u=%x pu=%x *pu=%d”, u, &u, pu, *pu);

printf(“\nv=%d &v=%x pv=%x *pv=%d”, v, &v, pv, *pv);
}
Assume that, &pu = EC7, &u = F8E, &pv = EC5, &v = F8C

Output u=3
v=3
&u =F8E
&v =F8C
pu =F8E
pv =F8C
*pu = 3
*pv = 3
 Pointer Examples 2
Write down the output of the following program:

#include <stdio.h>
main(){ 16 16
int u1, u2; u1 u2
int v = 3, *pv;

u1 = 2 * ( v + 5 );
3
pv = &v;
pv v
u2 = 2 * ( *pv + 5 );

printf(“\nu1=%d u2=%d”, u1, u2);

}

Output u1 = 16 u2 =16
 Pointer Examples 3
Write down the output of the following program:

#include <stdio.h>
main(){
int v = 3; 3
pv v
int *pv;

pv = &v;
printf(“\n*pv=%d v=%d”, *pv, v);

*pv = 0;
printf(“\n*pv=%d v=%d”, *pv, v);
}

Output *pv = 3
*pv = 0
v=3
v=0
 Passing Pointer to Function
Function Arguments/Parameters

Call by value Call by reference

(without pointer) (pointer passing)

v Call by value: passing the value of a variable to a function as an

argument.
int funct(int u, int v);

v Call by reference: passing the address of a variable to a function

as an argument.
int funct(int *pu, int *pv);
 Call by value & call by reference Example
Write down the output of the following program:

#include <stdio.h>

void funct1(int u, int v); Address EC7 Address F8E

void funct2(int *pu, int *pv); 1 3
main(){ u v
int u = 1, v = 3;

printf(“\nBefore calling funct1: u = %d v = %d”, u, v);

funct1(u, v);
printf(“\n\n\nAfter calling funct1: u = %d v = %d”, u, v);

printf(“\nBefore calling funct2: u = %d v = %d”, u, v);

funct2(&u, &v);
printf(“\nAfter calling funct2: u = %d v = %d”, u, v);
}
 Call by value & call by reference Example Continue..

void funct1(int u, int v){

1 3
u = 0;
u v
v = 0;
printf(“\nWithin funct1: u = %d v = %d”, u, v);
}

void funct2(int *pu, int *pv){ EC7 F8E

*pu = 0; pu pv
*pv = 0;
printf(“\nWithin funct2: *pu = %d *pv = %d”, *pu, *pv);
}
Call by value & call by reference Example Continue..

Output:

Before calling funct1: u=1 v=3

Within funct1: u=0 v=0
After calling funct1: u=1 v=3

Before calling funct2: u=1 v=3

Within funct2: *pu = 0 *pv = 0
After calling funct2: u=0 v=0
 Pointer and Array
v An array name is a variable which points to some
consecutive memory location.
Declaration of 1D Array: Required memory size:
int A[10]; char 1 byte
int 2 bytes
float 4 bytes
Memory address

25D 25F 261 263 265 267 269 26B 26D 26F
A: 25D 12 14 10 23 14 30 27 19 25 13
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Index
Example: A[0] = 12 A[3] = 23 A[7] = 19
*A = 12 *( A + 3 ) = 23 *( A + 7 ) = 19
A = 25D ( A + 3 ) = 263 ( A + 7 ) = 26B
 Pointer and Array
Memory size:
Example: char 1 byte
For char pointer, char *A; int 2 bytes
float 4 bytes
char
A
For float pointer, float *A;
A +1 = A + size of char
A + 5 = A + 5 * size of char float
A
A +1 = A + size of float
A + 2 = A + 2 * size of float
For int pointer, int *A;

int
A
A +1 = A + size of int
A + 3 = A + 3 * size of int
 Pointer and Array
Declaration of 1D Array:
int A[10];
A:

Declaration of 1D Array using Pointer:

step 1. Declaration of pointer
int *A;
A:

step 2: Allocation of Memory

A = (int *) malloc(10*sizeof(int));
A:
 Pointer Exercise 1
int i, j = 25; F9C
int *pi, *pj = &j; F9E 35
………………………………… pi i
*pj = j + 5;
i = *pj + 5; F9E
Pi = pj; F9E 25 30 65
*pi = i + j; pj j

The value assigned to i begins at address F9C and the value assigned
to j begins at address F9E.

Output &i = F9C &j = F9E pj = F9E *pj = 65

i = 35 pi = F9E *pi = 65 (pi + 2) = F9E + 4 = FA2
*(pi + 2) = unknown.
 Pointer Exercise 2
float a = 0.001, b = 0.003; 1130
float c, *pa, *pb; 1130 0.001 0.002
1138
pa = &a; pa a
0.003
*pa = 2 * a; c
1134
pb = &b;
1134 0.003
c = 3 * (*pb - *pa);
pb b

The value assigned to a begins at address 1130 and the value assigned to b
begins at address 1134 and the value assigned to c begins at 1138.

Output &a = 1130 &b = 1134 &c = 1138

pa = 1130 *pa = 0.002 &(*pa) = 1130
pb = 1134 *pb = 0.003 c = 0.003
 Pointer Exercise 3
static int x[10] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 }

The value assigned to x begins at address 25D.

Memory address

25D 25F 261 263 265 267 269 26B 26D 26F
x: 25D 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Index

Output x = 25D (x + 2) = 25D + 2*2 = 261 *x = 10

(*x + 2 ) = 10 + 2 = 12 *(x + 2) = 30
 Pointer and 2D Array
v * operator has a lower precedence than the [] operator.

Declaration 1: char *person[10]; //Array of pointers

person

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr ch ptr

Declaration 2: int (*A)[5]; //Pointer to an array

0 1 2 3 4
A 0 int int int int int

Ø This is useful for processing two-dimensional array parameters declared with unknown
number of rows.
 Pointer and 2D Array
Declaration of 1D Array:
int A[5][2];

Memory address

25D 25F 261 263 265 267 269 26B 26D 26F
A: 25D 12 14 10 23 14 30 27 19 25 13
[0][0] [0][1] [1][0] [1][1] [2][0] [2][1] [3][0] [3][1] [4][0] [4][1]
Index

Example: A[2][1] = 30 *(*(A+2) +1) = 30

A = 25D, *A = 25D, **A = 12
(A+1) = 261, *A + 1 = 25F, *(A+1) = 261
 Pointer and 2D Array
Declaration of 2D Array using Pointer:
step 1. Declaration of pointer
int **A;
A:

step 2: Allocation of row A:

A = (int *) malloc(row*sizeof(int *));

step 3: Allocation of Memory A: …

for ( i = 0; i < row; ++i)
A[i] = (int) malloc(col*sizeof(int)); …

…
 Pointer and function
int *func_name ( int a ); //function returns a pointer to an integer

int (*func_name)( int a ); // pointer to a function

Try Yourself…..
(1) int *(*f)( int a);
(2) int *(*p)(int (*a)[]);
(3) int *(*p)(int *a[]);
(4) char *f(char *a);