‫الجمهورية العربية السورية‬

‫المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‬

‫ الحقيقة المعززة‬/ ‫ التعلم العميق‬/ ‫ التعلم اآللي‬/ ‫دورة لغة البايثون في مجال تطبيقات الذكاء الصنعي‬

Python Programming Language for Applications of Artificial

intelligence, Machine learning, Deep learning, and Augmented reality

Session 2 (Data types / Control Statements / Functions / Input-Output /

Exceptions / Data Types 2)

‫ علي خضور‬.‫م‬ ‫ وسام شريفة‬.‫ما‬ ‫ وسيم صافي‬.‫د‬

03/10/2023

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 ‫الجمهورية العربية السورية‬
‫المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‬

2) Data Types (ctd..) :

Tuple (Count / index / sum)
Operations on sequences:(x in s / x not in s / len / min / max)
indexing in python
Boolean Values (True / False) ( None )
References in Python (is / == )

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 ‫الجمهورية العربية السورية‬
‫المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‬
3) Control Statements:
if / else / elif / Comparison ( == , < , > , <= , >= , !=)
while loops
For loops

4) Functions:
Definition / parameters / return values /
Multiple Return Values
Optional Parameters – Default Values
Positional Parameters
Functions & Modules ( math)

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 ‫الجمهورية العربية السورية‬
5- Input/Output: ‫المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‬
String Formatting
Files (read / write / close )
with statement

6- Errors and Exceptions:

Syntax Errors, Indentation Errors
Exceptions
Handling Exceptions
Exception Objects
Raising Exceptions

7- Data Types II:

Sets / Dictionaries

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2) Data Types:
• Tuple (Count / index / sum):
• Data type: tuple / ordered collection similar to list
• Constant list / no change of values (tuple vs. list) (tuple is faster)
• s = 1, "spam", 9.0, 42 student = (“name”,id,year)
print(s)  (1, 'spam', 9.0, 42)
• s = (1, "spam", 9.0, 42)
print(s)  (1, 'spam', 9.0, 42)
• Count appearance of an element: s.count(x)
• s = (1, "spam", 9.0, 42)
• print(s.count("spam"))
• Position of an element: s.index(x)  similar to list / Exception if not existed
• Sum of the elements: sum(s)  similar to list / Exception if different types 5
2) Data Types:
• Lists are mutable (‫)قابل للتغير‬
• Strings and tuples are immutable )‫(غير قابل للتغيير‬
• No assignment s[i] = ...
• No appending and removing of elements
• Functions like x.upper() return a new string!
• s1 = " spam "
• s2 = s1. upper ()
• print(s1)  spam
• print(s2)  SPAM

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2) Data Types:
• Operations on sequences:(x in s / x not in s / len / min / max):
• Strings, lists and tuples have much in common: They are sequences.
Does/doesn’t s contain an element?
x in s , x not in s a= [1,2,3,[5,6]]
a= (1,2,3) print(a)
print(1 in a)  True print(max(a))  TypeError:
print(9 in a)  False '>' not supported between instances of 'list' and 'int'
print(9 not in a)  True
• print(len(a))
• print(min(a))
• print(max(a)) 7
 2) Data Types:
• indexing in python: Slicing of a List

• a = "Python Kurs"
• print(a)  Python Kurs
• print(a[2]) t
• print(a[-4]) K
• print(a[-500]) print(a[500])  IndexError: string index out of range
• print(a[2:3]) t
• print(a[2:2])  print(a[3:3]) 
• print(type(a[2:2]))  <class 'str'>
• print(a[2:1]) 
• print(a[-4: -1])  Kur print(a[-1: -4]) 
• print(a[-4:])  Kurs
• print(a[:])  Python Kurss
• print(a[-6: -8: -1])  no
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• print(a[-6: -5: -1]) 
2) Data Types:
• Boolean Values (True / False) :
• Data type bool: True , False
• Values that are evaluated to False : bool()
• None (data type NoneType )
a = None
print(bool(a))
• False print(bool(2>1))
• 0 (in every numerical data type) print(bool(0)) / print(bool(0)) vs. print(bool(0.1))
• Empty strings, lists and tuples: ‘’ , [] , ()
• Empty dictionaries: {}
• Empty sets set()

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 ‫الجمهورية العربية السورية‬
‫المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‬

‫‪3) Control Statements:‬‬

‫)=! ‪if / else / elif / Comparison ( == , < , > , <= , >= ,‬‬
‫‪while loops‬‬
‫‪For loops‬‬

‫‪10‬‬
 3) Control Statements:
• if a == 3:
print (“Ok")
• Blocks are defined by indentation
• Standard: Indentation with four spaces
if a == 3: • Comparison of content: == , < , > , <= , >= , !=
print (" Three ") • And/or operator: a and b , a or b
elif a == 10:
• Chained comparison: a <= x < b , a == b == c , . . .
print (" Ten ")
elif a == -3: if a <= b <= c <= d <= 0:
print (" Minus Three ") • Negation: not a
else: if not (a==b) and (c <3):
print (" something else ") pass
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• Hint: pass is a No Operation (NOOP) function
3) Control Statements:
• i=0
• while i < 10:
print(i)
i += 1
• break and continue work for while loops, too. Examples (Break /
Continue)
• Substitute for do-while loop:
while True :
# important code
if condition :
break
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3) Control Statements:
• for i in range (10):
print (i) # 0, 1, 2, 3, ... , 9
• for i in range (3, 10):
print (i) # 3, 4, 5, ... , 9
• for i in range (0, 10, 2):
print (i) # 0, 2, 4, 6, 8

range(start, stop, step)

print(type(range(10)))  <class 'range'>

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3) Control Statements:
• Iterating directly over sequences (without using an index):
for item in [" A ", " B ", " C "]:
print ( item )

• If indexes are necessary:

s=[" A ", " B ", " C "]
for (i, char ) in enumerate(s):
print(i , char)
0 A
1 B
2 C 14
 ‫الجمهورية العربية السورية‬
‫المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‬

4) Functions:
Definition / parameters / return values /
Multiple Return Values
Optional Parameters – Default Values
Positional Parameters
Functions & Modules ( math)

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 4) Functions:
• def add(a, b): • Return Values and Parameters:
""" Returns the sum • Types of parameters and return values are unspecified
of a and b.""" • Functions without explicit return value return None
mysum = a + b • def hello_world ():
print(" Hello World !")
return mysum a = hello_world ()
print (a)
result = add (3, 5)
Hello World !
print ( result ) None

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 4) Functions: • Optional Parameters – Default Values:
• Multiple Return Values: • Parameters can be defined with default
• Multiple return values values.
are realized using tuples • Hint: It is not allowed to define non-
or lists: default parameters after default
• def foo (): parameters
a= 17 • def fline (x, m=1, b =0): # f(x) = m*x + b
b = 42 return m*x + b
• for i in range (5):
return (a, b) • end in print defines
print ( fline (i), end=" ")
• ret = foo() • # force newline the last character,
• (x, y) = foo () • print ()
default is linebreak
for i in range (5):
print ( fline (i , -1 ,1) , end=" ")
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4) Functions:
• Positional Parameters:
• Parameters can be passed to a function in a different order than
specified:
• def printContact (name ,age , location ):
print (" Person : ", name )
print ("Age : ", age , " years ")
print (" Address : ", location )
• printContact ( name =" Peter Pan", location =" Neverland ", age =10)

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4) Functions:
• Functions are Objects:
• Functions are objects and as such can be assigned and passed on:
• def foo( fkt ):
print (fkt (33))

• foo ( float )
33.0
• foo (str)
33
• foo ( complex )
(33+0 j) 19
4) Functions:
• Functions & Modules:
• Functions thematically belonging together can be stored in a separate
Python file.
• This file is called module and can be loaded in any Python script.
• Multiple modules available in the Python Standard Library
• (part of the Python installation)
• Command for loading a module: import <filename>
• (filename without ending .py)
• import math
• s = math.sin(math.pi)

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 ‫الجمهورية العربية السورية‬
‫المعهد العالي للعلوم التطبيقية والتكنولوجيا‬

‫‪5- Input/Output:‬‬
‫‪String Formatting‬‬
‫) ‪Files (read / write / close‬‬
‫‪with statement‬‬

‫‪21‬‬
5) Input/Output :
• Format string + class method x.format()
• print ("The answer is {0:4d}". format (42))  ‘The answer is 42 ‘
• s = " {0}: {1:08.3f}".format(" spam ", 3.14)  ’spam : 0003.140 ’
format purpose
m.nf floating point  m filed size, n digits after the decimal point (default: 6)
(s = " {0}: {1:020.8f}".format(" spam ", 3.14))  spam : 00000000003.14000000
s = " {0}: {1:20.8f}".format(" spam ", 3.14)  spam : 3.14000000
s = " {0}: {1:020f}".format(" spam ", 3.14)  spam : 0000000000003.140000
s = " {0}: {1:05f}".format(" spam ", 3.14)  spam : 3.140000
m.ne floating point (exponential)  m filed size, 1 digit before and n digits behind the
decimal point (default: 6)
s = " {0}: {1:020.8e}".format(" spam ", 3.14)  spam : 0000003.14000000e+00

m.n% percentage: similar to format f, value 100 with finalizing ’%’

s = " {0}: {1:020.8%}".format(" spam ", 3.14)  spam : 0000000314.00000000%
md Integer number: m field size (0m )leading “0”)
s = " {0}: {1:020d}".format(" spam ", 3)  spam : 00000000000000000003 (if float number  Error)
format d can be replaced by b (binary), o (octal) or x (hexadecimal)
s = " {0}: {1:08b}".format(" spam ", 3)  spam : 00000011 22
5) Input/Output :
• Literal String Interpolation (f-strings)
• Provides a way to embed expressions inside string literals, using a minimal syntax
• Is a literal string, prefixed with ‘f’, which contains expressions inside braces
• Expressions are evaluated at runtime and replaced with their values.
• Hint: Since Python 3.6
• name = " Martin "
• age = 50
• s = f"My name is { name } and my age next year is {age +1}"
• print(s)  My name is Martin and my age next year is 51
• value = 12.345
• s =f"{ value :5.2f}"
• print(s)  12.35
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 5) Input/Output :
• Files:
• file1 = open ("spam .txt ", "r") #file1 = open("C:\Users\user\PycharmProjects\pythonProject2\test.txt", "r")
• file2 = open ("test.txt", "w") error
• Read mode: r
• Write mode (new file): w (delete file1 = open("C:\\Users\\user\\PycharmProjects\\pythonProject2\\test.txt", "r")
contents if exists)
• Write mode, appending to the end: a file1 = open(r"C:\\Users\\user\\PycharmProjects\\pythonProject2\\test.txt", "r")

• Read and write (update): r+

file1 = open("C:/Users/user/PycharmProjects/pythonProject2/test.txt", "r")
(update data starting from the first
char)
for line in file1:
print(line)
for line in file1 :
print (line )

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 5) Input/Output : for line in file1 :
print (line )
• Files:
• file1 = open ("spam .txt ", "r") • Read: f.read(size) (how many chars)
• file2 = open ("test.txt", "w")
• Read a line: f.readline()
• Read mode: r
• Write mode (new file): w (delete
• Read multiple lines: f.readlines()
contents if exists) 123456789
aaaaa
• Write mode, appending to the end: a
bbbbbbbb
• Read and write (update): r+
ccccccccc
(update data starting from the first ddddd
char)
 ['123456789\n', 'aaaaa\n', 'bbbbbbbb\n', 'ccccccccc\n', 'ddddd']

• Write: f.write(str)
• Write multiple lines: f.writelines(sequence)
• Close file: f.close() 25
 5) Input/Output :
• file1 = open ("test4.txt ", "w") file1 = open ("test4.txt ", "w")
• lines = [" spam \n", " test1 \n", “AAAA\n"] lines = [" spam ", " test1 ", "AAAA"]
• file1.writelines( lines ) file1.writelines(lines)
• file1.close () file1.close()

spam spam test1 AAAA

test1
AAAA

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 5) Input/Output :
• The with statement:
• File handling (open/close) can be done by the context manager
with .
• with open (" test .txt ") as f:
for line in f:
print ( line )
• with open("test4.txt","w") as f:
for i in range(5):
f.write(str(i)+"\n")

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