Methane

Methane (US: /ˈmɛθeɪn/ MEH-thayn, UK: /ˈmiːθeɪn/ MEE-

thayn) is a chemical compound with the chemical formula Methane
CH4 (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms). It is
a group-14 hydride, the simplest alkane, and the main
constituent of natural gas. The relative abundance of
methane on Earth makes it an economically attractive fuel,
although capturing and storing it poses technical challenges
due to its gaseous state under normal conditions for
temperature and pressure.

Naturally occurring methane is found both below ground

and under the seafloor and is formed by both geological and
biological processes. The largest reservoir of methane is
under the seafloor in the form of methane clathrates. When
methane reaches the surface and the atmosphere, it is known
as atmospheric methane.[9] The Earth's atmospheric methane
concentration has increased by about 150% since 1750, and Names
it accounts for 20% of the total radiative forcing from all of
the long-lived and globally mixed greenhouse gases.[10] It Preferred IUPAC name
has also been detected on other planets, including Mars, Methane[1]
which has implications for astrobiology research.[11] Systematic IUPAC name
Carbane (never recommended[1])
Other names
Contents Marsh gas

Properties and bonding Natural gas

Chemical reactions Carbon tetrahydride

Selective oxidation Carburetted hydrogen
Acid–base reactions Hydrogen carbide
Combustion
Identifiers
Methane radical reactions
CAS Number 74-82-8 (https://common
Uses
chemistry.cas.org/detail?
Fuel
cas_rn=74-82-8) 
Chemical feedstock
3D model Interactive image (http
Generation (JSmol) s://chemapps.stolaf.edu/j
Geological routes
mol/jmol.php?model=C)
Biological routes
Ruminants 3DMet B01453 (http://www.3dm
Seafloor sediments et.dna.affrc.go.jp/cgi/sho
Industrial routes w_data.php?acc=B0145
Laboratory synthesis 3)

Occurrence 1718732
 Atmospheric methane Beilstein
Clathrates Reference

Extraterrestrial methane ChEBI CHEBI:16183 (https://ww

Interstellar medium w.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/search
Mars Id.do?chebiId=16183) 

History ChEMBL ChEMBL17564 (https://w

Etymology ww.ebi.ac.uk/chembldb/i
Abbreviations ndex.php/compound/ins
pect/ChEMBL17564) 
Safety
ChemSpider 291 (https://www.chems
See also
pider.com/Chemical-Stru
Explanatory notes
cture.291.html) 
Citations
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.739 (https://ech
Cited sources a.europa.eu/substance-i
External links nformation/-/substancein
fo/100.000.739)
EC Number 200-812-7
Properties and bonding
Gmelin 59
Methane is a tetrahedral molecule with four equivalent C–H Reference
bonds. Its electronic structure is described by four bonding KEGG C01438 (https://www.keg
molecular orbitals (MOs) resulting from the overlap of the g.jp/entry/C01438) 
valence orbitals on C and H. The lowest-energy MO is the
result of the overlap of the 2s orbital on carbon with the in- MeSH Methane (https://www.nl
phase combination of the 1s orbitals on the four hydrogen m.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/201
atoms. Above this energy level is a triply degenerate set of 4/MB_cgi?mode=&term=
MOs that involve overlap of the 2p orbitals on carbon with Methane)
various linear combinations of the 1s orbitals on hydrogen. PubChem CID 297 (https://pubchem.nc
The resulting "three-over-one" bonding scheme is consistent
bi.nlm.nih.gov/compoun
with photoelectron spectroscopic measurements.
d/297)
Methane is an odorless gas and appears to be colorless.[12] It RTECS PA1490000
does absorb visible light especially at the red end of the number
spectrum due to overtone bands, but the effect is only
noticeable if the light path is very long. This is what gives UNII OP0UW79H66 (https://fd
Uranus and Neptune their blue or bluish-green colors, as asis.nlm.nih.gov/srs/srsd
light passes through their atmospheres containing methane irect.jsp?regno=OP0UW
and is then scattered back out.[13] 79H66) 
UN number 1971
The familiar smell of natural gas as used in homes is
achieved by the addition of an odorant, usually blends CompTox DTXSID8025545 (http
containing tert-butylthiol, as a safety measure. Methane has a Dashboard s://comptox.epa.gov/das
boiling point of −161.5  °C at a pressure of one (EPA)
hboard/chemical/details/
atmosphere.[3] As a gas, it is flammable over a range of DTXSID8025545)
concentrations (5.4–17%) in air at standard pressure.
InChI
Solid methane exists in several modifications. Presently nine InChI=1S/CH4/h1H4  
are known.[14] Cooling methane at normal pressure results Key: VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYS
in the formation of methane I. This substance crystallizes in A-N 
the cubic system (space group Fm3m). The positions of the SMILES
hydrogen atoms are not fixed in methane  I, i.e. methane C
molecules may rotate freely. Therefore, it is a plastic
crystal.[15] Properties
Chemical CH4
formula
Chemical reactions
Molar mass 16.043 g·mol−1
The primary chemical reactions of methane are combustion, Appearance Colorless gas
steam reforming to syngas, and halogenation. In general, Odor Odorless
methane reactions are difficult to control.
Density 0.657 kg·m−3 (gas,
25 °C, 1 atm)
Selective oxidation 0.717 kg·m−3 (gas, 0 °C,
1 atm)[2]
Partial oxidation of methane to methanol, a more convenient,
liquid fuel, is challenging because the reaction typically 422.8 g·L−1 (liquid,
progresses all the way to carbon dioxide and water even −162 °C)[3]
with an insufficient supply of oxygen. The enzyme methane
Melting point −182.456 °C
monooxygenase produces methanol from methane, but
(−296.421 °F;
cannot be used for industrial-scale reactions.[16] Some
90.694 K)[3]
homogeneously catalyzed systems and heterogeneous
systems have been developed, but all have significant Boiling point −161.5 °C (−258.7 °F;
drawbacks. These generally operate by generating protected 111.6 K)[3]
products which are shielded from overoxidation. Examples Critical point 190.56 K (−82.59 °C;
include the Catalytica system, copper zeolites, and iron
(T, P) −116.66 °F), 4.5992
zeolites stabilizing the alpha-oxygen active site.[17]
megapascals
One group of bacteria catalyze methane oxidation with (45.391 atm)
nitrite as the oxidant in the absence of oxygen, giving rise to Solubility in 22.7 mg·L−1[4]
the so-called anaerobic oxidation of methane.[18] water
Solubility Soluble in ethanol,
diethyl ether, benzene,
Acid–base reactions
toluene, methanol,
Like other hydrocarbons, methane is an extremely weak acetone and insoluble in
acid. Its pKa in DMSO is estimated to be 56.[19] It cannot be water
deprotonated in solution, but the conjugate base is known in log P 1.09
forms such as methyllithium. Henry's law 14 nmol·Pa−1·kg−1
constant (kH)
A variety of positive ions derived from methane have been
observed, mostly as unstable species in low-pressure gas Conjugate acid Methanium
mixtures. These include methenium or methyl cation CH+3, Conjugate Methyl anion
methane cation CH+4, and methanium or protonated methane base
CH+5. Some of these have been detected in outer space. Magnetic −17.4 × 10−6 cm3·mol−1[5]
Methanium can also be produced as diluted solutions from susceptibility
methane with superacids. Cations with higher charge, such (χ)
as CH2+ 3+
6 and CH 7 , have been studied theoretically and Structure
conjectured to be stable.[20]
Point group Td
Molecular Tetrahedron
shape
Despite the strength of its C–H bonds, there is intense Dipole moment 0 D
interest in catalysts that facilitate C–H bond activation in Thermochemistry[6]
methane (and other lower numbered alkanes).[21]
Heat capacity 35.7 J·(K·mol)−1
(C)
Combustion Std molar 186.3 J·(K·mol)−1
entropy
Methane's heat of combustion is 55.5 MJ/kg.[22] (S ⦵298)
Combustion of methane is a multiple step reaction Std enthalpy of −74.6 kJ·mol−1
summarized as follows: formation
(Δ f H ⦵298)
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O (ΔH = −891 k J/mol,
at standard conditions) Gibbs free −50.5 kJ·mol−1
energy
Peters four-step chemistry is a systematically reduced four- (Δ f G⦵)
step chemistry that explains the burning of methane. Std enthalpy of −891 kJ·mol−1
combustion
(Δ c H ⦵298)
Methane radical reactions
Hazards[7]
Given appropriate conditions, methane reacts with halogen GHS labelling:
radicals as follows:
Pictograms
X• + CH4 → HX + CH3•
CH3• + X2 → CH3X + X•
Signal word Danger
where X is a halogen: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine Hazard H220
(Br), or iodine (I). This mechanism for this process is called statements
free radical halogenation. It is initiated when UV light or Precautionary P210
some other radical initiator (like peroxides) produces a statements
halogen atom. A two-step chain reaction ensues in which the NFPA 704
halogen atom abstracts a hydrogen atom from a methane
(fire diamond) 4
molecule, resulting in the formation of a hydrogen halide 2 0
molecule and a methyl radical (CH3 •). The methyl radical SA
then reacts with a molecule of the halogen to form a
molecule of the halomethane, with a new halogen atom as Flash point −188 °C (−306.4 °F;
byproduct.[23] Similar reactions can occur on the 85.1 K)
halogenated product, leading to replacement of additional Autoignition 537 °C (999 °F; 810 K)
hydrogen atoms by halogen atoms with dihalomethane, temperature
trihalomethane, and ultimately, tetrahalomethane structures, Explosive limits 4.4–17%
depending upon reaction conditions and the halogen-to-
methane ratio. Related compounds
Related Methyl iodide
alkanes
Uses Difluoromethane
Iodoform
Methane is used in industrial chemical processes and may be
Carbon tetrachloride
transported as a refrigerated liquid (liquefied natural gas, or
LNG). While leaks from a refrigerated liquid container are Supplementary data page
initially heavier than air due to the increased density of the Methane (data page)
cold gas, the gas at ambient temperature is lighter than air.
Gas pipelines distribute large amounts of natural gas, of
which methane is the principal component.
Fuel Except where otherwise noted, data are
given for materials in their standard state
(at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
Methane is used as a fuel for ovens, homes, water heaters,
kilns, automobiles,[24][25] turbines, etc. Activated carbon is  verify (what is   ?)
used to store methane. Refined liquid methane is used as a Infobox references
rocket fuel,[26] when combined with liquid oxygen, as in the
BE-4 and Raptor engines.[27]

As the major constituent of natural gas, methane is important for

electricity generation by burning it as a fuel in a gas turbine or
steam generator. Compared to other hydrocarbon fuels, methane
produces less carbon dioxide for each unit of heat released. At
about 891 kJ/mol, methane's heat of combustion is lower than that
of any other hydrocarbon, but the ratio of the heat of combustion
(891 kJ/mol) to the molecular mass (16.0 g/mol, of which 12.0 Methane bubbles can be burned on a
g/mol is carbon) shows that methane, being the simplest wet hand without injury.
hydrocarbon, produces more heat per mass unit (55.7 kJ/g) than
other complex hydrocarbons. In many cities, methane is piped into
homes for domestic heating and cooking. In this context it is usually known as natural gas, which is
considered to have an energy content of 39 megajoules per cubic meter, or 1,000 BTU per standard cubic
foot. Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is predominantly methane (CH4 ) converted into liquid form for ease of
storage or transport.

As a liquid rocket fuel, methane offers the advantage over kerosene of producing small exhaust molecules.
This deposits less soot on the internal parts of rocket motors, reducing the difficulty of booster re-use. The
lower molecular weight of the exhaust also increases the fraction of the heat energy which is in the form of
kinetic energy available for propulsion, increasing the specific impulse of the rocket. Liquid methane also
has a temperature range (91–112 K) nearly compatible with liquid oxygen (54–90 K).

Chemical feedstock

Natural gas, which is mostly composed of methane, is used to produce hydrogen gas on an industrial scale.
Steam methane reforming (SMR), or simply known as steam reforming, is the standard industrial method of
producing commercial bulk hydrogen gas. More than 50  million metric tons are produced annually
worldwide (2013), principally from the SMR of natural gas.[28] Much of this hydrogen is used in petroleum
refineries, in the production of chemicals and in food processing. Very large quantities of hydrogen are used
in the industrial synthesis of ammonia.

At high temperatures (700–1100  °C) and in the presence of a metal-based catalyst (nickel), steam reacts
with methane to yield a mixture of CO and H2 , known as "water gas" or "syngas":

CH4 + H2O ⇌ CO + 3 H2

This reaction is strongly endothermic (consumes heat, ΔHr = 206 kJ/mol).

Additional hydrogen is obtained
by the reaction of CO with water via the water-gas shift reaction:

CO + H2O ⇌ CO2 + H2

This reaction is mildly exothermic (produces heat, ΔHr = −41 kJ/mol).

Methane is also subjected to free-radical chlorination in the production of chloromethanes, although
methanol is a more typical precursor.[29]

Hydrogen can also be produced via the direct decomposition of methane, also known as methane Pyrolysis.
Methane decomposition is a promising route for low-emission hydrogen production since no direct carbon
emissions are produced unlike steam methane reforming. Temperatures in excess of 1200 °C are required to
break the bonds of methane to produce Hydrogen gas and solid carbon. However, through the use of a
suitable catalyst the reaction temperature can be reduced to between 600 °C - 1000 °C depending on the
chosen catalyst.[30] The reaction is moderately endothermic as shown in the reaction equation below.[31]

CH4(g) → C(s) + 2 H2(g) ΔH° = 74.8 kJ/mol

Generation

Geological routes

The two main routes for geological methane generation are (i) organic (thermally generated, or
thermogenic) and (ii) inorganic (abiotic).[11] Thermogenic methane occurs due to the breakup of organic
matter at elevated temperatures and pressures in deep sedimentary strata. Most methane in sedimentary
basins is thermogenic; therefore, thermogenic methane is the most important source of natural gas.
Thermogenic methane components are typically considered to be relic (from an earlier time). Generally,
formation of thermogenic methane (at depth) can occur through organic matter breakup, or organic
synthesis. Both ways can involve microorganisms (methanogenesis), but may also occur inorganically. The
processes involved can also consume methane, with and without microorganisms.

The more important source of methane at depth (crystalline bedrock) is abiotic. Abiotic means that methane
is created from inorganic compounds, without biological activity, either through magmatic processes or via
water-rock reactions that occur at low temperatures and pressures, like serpentinization.[32][33]

Biological routes

Most of Earth's methane is biogenic and is produced by methanogenesis,[34][35] a form of anaerobic

respiration only known to be conducted by some members of the domain Archaea.[36] Methanogens
occupy landfills and other soils,[37] ruminants (for example, cattle),[38] the guts of termites, and the anoxic
sediments below the seafloor and the bottom of lakes. Rice fields also generate large amounts of methane
during plant growth.[39] This multistep process is used by these microorganisms for energy. The net
reaction of methanogenesis is:

CO2 + 4 H2→ CH4 + 2 H2O

The final step in the process is catalyzed by the enzyme methyl coenzyme M reductase (MCR).[40]

Ruminants

Ruminants, such as cattle, belch methane, accounting for about 22% of the U.S. annual methane emissions
to the atmosphere.[41] One study reported that the livestock sector in general (primarily cattle, chickens, and
pigs) produces 37% of all human-induced methane.[42] A 2013 study estimated that livestock accounted for
44% of human-induced methane and about 15% of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions.[43] Many
efforts are underway to reduce livestock methane production, such as medical treatments and dietary
adjustments,[44][45] and to trap the gas to use its combustion
energy.[46]

Seafloor sediments

Most of the subseafloor is anoxic because oxygen is removed by

aerobic microorganisms within the first few centimeters of the
sediment. Below the oxygen-replete seafloor, methanogens produce
methane that is either used by other organisms or becomes trapped Testing Australian sheep for exhaled
methane production (2001), CSIRO
in gas hydrates.[36] These other organisms that utilize methane for
energy are known as methanotrophs ('methane-eating'), and are the
main reason why little methane generated at depth reaches the sea
surface.[36] Consortia of Archaea and Bacteria have been found to
oxidize methane via anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM); the
organisms responsible for this are anaerobic methanotrophic
Archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB).[47]

Industrial routes

Given its cheap abundance in natural gas, there is little incentive to This image represents a ruminant,
produce methane industrially. Methane can be produced by specifically a sheep, producing
hydrogenating carbon dioxide through the Sabatier process. methane in the four stages of
Methane is also a side product of the hydrogenation of carbon hydrolysis, acidogenesis,
monoxide in the Fischer–Tropsch process, which is practiced on a acetogenesis, and methanogenesis.
large scale to produce longer-chain molecules than methane.

An example of large-scale coal-to-methane gasification

is the Great Plains Synfuels plant, started in 1984 in
Beulah, North Dakota as a way to develop abundant
local resources of low-grade lignite, a resource that is
otherwise difficult to transport for its weight, ash
content, low calorific value and propensity to
spontaneous combustion during storage and transport.
A number of similar plants exist around the world,
although mostly these plants are targeted towards the
production of long chain alkanes for use as gasoline,
diesel, or feedstock to other processes.

Power to methane is a technology that uses electrical

power to produce hydrogen from water by electrolysis
and uses the Sabatier reaction to combine hydrogen
with carbon dioxide to produce methane. As of 2021,
this is mostly under development and not in large-scale
use. Theoretically, the process could be used as a
buffer for excess and off-peak power generated by
highly fluctuating wind turbines and solar arrays. This diagram shows a method for producing
However, as currently very large amounts of natural methane sustainably. See: electrolysis, Sabatier
gas are used in power plants (e.g. CCGT) to produce reaction
electric energy, the losses in efficiency are not
acceptable.
Laboratory synthesis

Methane can be produced by protonation of methyl lithium or a methyl Grignard reagent such as
methylmagnesium chloride. It can also be made from anhydrous sodium acetate and dry sodium hydroxide,
mixed and heated above 300 °C (with sodium carbonate as byproduct). In practice, a requirement for pure
methane can easily be fulfilled by steel gas bottle from standard gas suppliers.

Occurrence
Methane was discovered and isolated by Alessandro Volta between 1776 and 1778 when studying marsh
gas from Lake Maggiore. It is the major component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. The major
source of methane is extraction from geological deposits known as natural gas fields, with coal seam gas
extraction becoming a major source (see coal bed methane extraction, a method for extracting methane
from a coal deposit, while enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of recovering methane from
non-mineable coal seams). It is associated with other hydrocarbon fuels, and sometimes accompanied by
helium and nitrogen. Methane is produced at shallow levels (low pressure) by anaerobic decay of organic
matter and reworked methane from deep under the Earth's surface. In general, the sediments that generate
natural gas are buried deeper and at higher temperatures than those that contain oil.

Methane is generally transported in bulk by pipeline in its natural gas form, or by LNG carriers in its
liquefied form; few countries transport it by truck.

Atmospheric methane

In 2010, methane levels in the Arctic were measured at 1850

nmol/mol. This level is over twice as high as at any time in
the last 400,000 years. Historic methane concentrations in the
world's atmosphere have ranged between 300 and 400
nmol/mol during glacial periods commonly known as ice
ages, and between 600 and 700 nmol/mol during the warm
interglacial periods. The Earth's oceans are a potential
important source of Arctic methane.[48]
Methane (CH4) measured by the Advanced
Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment
Methane is an important greenhouse gas with a global
(AGAGE (http://agage.mit.edu/)) in the
warming potential of 34 compared to CO2 (potential of 1)
lower atmosphere (troposphere) at stations over a 100-year period, and 72 over a 20-year period.[49][50]
around the world. Abundances are given as
pollution free monthly mean mole fractions The Earth's atmospheric methane concentration has increased
in parts-per-billion. by about 150% since 1750, and it accounts for 20% of the
total radiative forcing from all of the long-lived and globally
mixed greenhouse gases. The AR6 of the IPCC states:
"Observed increases in well-mixed greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations since around 1750 are
unequivocally caused by human activities. Since 2011 (measurements reported in AR5), concentrations
have continued to increase in the atmosphere, reaching annual averages of 410 ppm for carbon dioxide
(CO2 ), 1866 ppb for methane (CH4 ), and 332 ppb for nitrous oxide (N2 O) in 2019. (…) In 2019,
atmospheric CO2 concentrations were higher than at any time in at least 2 million years (high confidence),
and concentrations of CH4 and N2 O were higher than at any time in at least 800,000 years (very high
confidence). Since 1750, increases in CO2 (47%) and CH4 (156%) concentrations far exceed, and
increases in N2 O (23%) are similar to, the natural multi-millennial changes between glacial and interglacial
periods over at least the past 800,000 years (very high confidence)".[10]

From 2015 to 2019 sharp rises in levels of atmospheric methane have been recorded.[51][52] In February
2020, it was reported that fugitive emissions and gas venting from the fossil fuel industry may have been
significantly underestimated.[53]

Climate change can increase atmospheric methane levels by increasing methane production in natural
ecosystems, forming a Climate change feedback.[36][54] Another explanation for the rise in methane
emissions could be a slowdown of the chemical reaction that removes methane from the atmosphere.[55]

Clathrates

Methane clathrates (also known as methane hydrates) are solid cages of water molecules that trap single
molecules of methane. Significant reservoirs of methane clathrates have been found in arctic permafrost and
along continental margins beneath the ocean floor within the gas clathrate stability zone, located at high
pressures (1 to 100 MPa; lower end requires lower temperature) and low temperatures (< 15 °C; upper end
requires higher pressure).[56] Methane clathrates can form from biogenic methane, thermogenic methane, or
a mix of the two. These deposits are both a potential source of methane fuel as well as a potential
contributor to global warming.[57][58] The global mass of carbon stored in gas clathrates is still uncertain
and has been estimated as high as 12,500 Gt carbon and as low as 500 Gt carbon.[59] The estimate has
declined over time with a most recent estimate of ~1800 Gt carbon.[60] A large part of this uncertainty is
due to our knowledge gap in sources and sinks of methane and the distribution of methane clathrates at the
global scale. For example, a source of methane was discovered relatively recently in an ultraslow spreading
ridge in the Arctic.[61] Some climate models suggest that today's methane emission regime from the ocean
floor is potentially similar to that during the period of the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM)
around 55.5 million years ago, although there are no data indicating that methane from clathrate
dissociation currently reaches the atmosphere.[60] Arctic methane release from permafrost and seafloor
methane clathrates is a potential consequence and further cause of global warming; this is known as the
clathrate gun hypothesis.[62][63][64][65] Data from 2016 indicate that Arctic permafrost thaws faster than
predicted.[66]

Extraterrestrial methane

Interstellar medium

Methane is abundant in many parts of the Solar System and potentially could be harvested on the surface of
another solar-system body (in particular, using methane production from local materials found on Mars[67]
or Titan), providing fuel for a return journey.[26][68]

Mars

Methane has been detected on all planets of the Solar System and most of the larger moons. With the
possible exception of Mars, it is believed to have come from abiotic processes.[69][70]

The Curiosity rover has documented seasonal fluctuations of atmospheric methane levels on Mars. These
fluctuations peaked at the end of the Martian summer at 0.6 parts per billion.[71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78]
Methane has been proposed as a possible rocket propellant on
future Mars missions due in part to the possibility of synthesizing it
on the planet by in situ resource utilization.[79] An adaptation of the
Sabatier methanation reaction may be used with a mixed catalyst
bed and a reverse water-gas shift in a single reactor to produce
methane from the raw materials available on Mars, utilizing water
from the Martian subsoil and carbon dioxide in the Martian
atmosphere.[67]

Methane could be produced by a non-biological process called Methane (CH4) on Mars – potential
serpentinization[a] involving water, carbon dioxide, and the mineral sources and sinks
olivine, which is known to be common on Mars.[80]

History
In November 1776, methane was first scientifically identified by
Italian physicist Alessandro Volta in the marshes of Lake Maggiore
straddling Italy and Switzerland. Volta was inspired to search for
the substance after reading a paper written by Benjamin Franklin
about "flammable air".[81] Volta collected the gas rising from the
marsh, and by 1778 had isolated pure methane.[82] He also
demonstrated that the gas could be ignited with an electric
spark.[82]

Following the Felling mine disaster of 1812 in which 92 men

perished, Sir Humphry Davy established that the feared firedamp
was in fact largely methane.[83]

The name "methane" was coined in 1866 by the German chemist

August Wilhelm von Hofmann.[84][85] The name was derived from
methanol.
Alessandro Volta

Etymology
Etymologically, the word methane is coined from the chemical suffix "-ane", which denotes substances
belonging to the alkane family; and the word methyl, which is derived from the German methyl (1840) or
directly from the French méthyle, which is a back-formation from the French méthylène (corresponding to
English "methylene"), the root of which was coined by Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugène Péligot in 1834
from the Greek μέθυ methy (wine) (related to English "mead") and ὕλη hyle (meaning "wood"). The
radical is named after this because it was first detected in methanol, an alcohol first isolated by distillation of
wood. The chemical suffix -ane is from the coordinating chemical suffix -ine which is from Latin feminine
suffix -ina which is applied to represent abstracts. The coordination of "-ane", "-ene", "-one", etc. was
proposed in 1866 by German chemist August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818–1892).[86]

Abbreviations

The abbreviation CH4 -C can mean the mass of carbon contained in a mass of methane, and the mass of
methane is always 1.33 times the mass of CH4 -C.[87][88] CH4 -C can also mean the methane-carbon ratio,
which is 1.33 by mass.[89] Methane at scales of the atmosphere is commonly measured in teragrams (Tg
CH4 ) or millions of metric tons (MMT CH4 ), which mean the same thing.[90] Other standard units are also
used, such as nanomole (nmol, one billionth of a mole), mole (mol), kilogram, and gram.

Safety
Methane is nontoxic, yet it is extremely flammable and may form explosive mixtures with air. Methane is
also an asphyxiant if the oxygen concentration is reduced to below about 16% by displacement, as most
people can tolerate a reduction from 21% to 16% without ill effects. The concentration of methane at which
asphyxiation risk becomes significant is much higher than the 5–15% concentration in a flammable or
explosive mixture. Methane off-gas can penetrate the interiors of buildings near landfills and expose
occupants to significant levels of methane. Some buildings have specially engineered recovery systems
below their basements to actively capture this gas and vent it away from the building.

Methane gas explosions are responsible for many deadly mining disasters.[91] A methane gas explosion
was the cause of the Upper Big Branch coal mine disaster in West Virginia on April 5, 2010, killing 29.[92]
Natural gas accidental release has also been a major focus in the field of safety engineering, due to past
accidental releases that concluded in the formation of jet fire disasters. [93][94]

See also
2007 Zasyadko mine disaster
Abiogenic petroleum origin
Aerobic methane production
Anaerobic digestion
Anaerobic respiration
Arctic methane emissions
Biogas
Coal Oil Point seep field
Energy density
Fugitive gas emissions
Global Methane Initiative
Thomas Gold
Halomethane, halogenated methane derivatives.
Hydrogen Cycle
Industrial gas
Lake Kivu (more general: limnic eruption)
List of straight-chain alkanes
Methanation
Methane emissions
Methane on Mars:
atmosphere
climate
Methanogen, archaea that produce methane.
Methanogenesis, microbes that produce methane.
Methanotroph, bacteria that grow with methane.
Methyl group, a functional group related to methane.
Explanatory notes
a. There are many serpentinization reactions. Olivine is a solid solution between forsterite and
fayalite whose general formula is (Fe,Mg)2SiO4. The reaction producing methane from
olivine can be written as: Forsterite + Fayalite + Water + Carbonic acid → Serpentine +
Magnetite + Methane , or (in balanced form): 18 Mg2SiO4 + 6 Fe2SiO4 + 26 H2O + CO2 → 12
Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + 4 Fe3O4 + CH4

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94. Casal, Joaquim; Gómez-Mares, Mercedes; Muñoz, Miguel; Palacios, Adriana (2012). "Jet
Fires: a "Minor" Fire Hazard?" (https://www.aidic.it/cet/12/26/003.pdf) (PDF). Chemical
Engineering Transactions. 26: 13–20. doi:10.3303/CET1226003 (https://doi.org/10.3303%2
FCET1226003). Retrieved July 1, 2022.

Cited sources
Haynes, William M., ed. (2016). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (97th ed.). CRC
Press. ISBN 9781498754293.

External links
Methane (http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/mv_methane.htm) at The Periodic Table of
Videos (University of Nottingham)
International Chemical Safety Card 0291 (http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics02
91.htm)
Gas (Methane) Hydrates – A New Frontier (https://web.archive.org/web/20040206225737/htt
ps://marine.usgs.gov/fact-sheets/gas-hydrates/title.html) – United States Geological Survey
Lunsford, Jack H. (2000). "Catalytic conversion of methane to more useful chemicals and
fuels: A challenge for the 21st century". Catalysis Today. 63 (2–4): 165–174.
 doi:10.1016/S0920-5861(00)00456-9 (https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0920-5861%2800%2900
456-9).
CDC – Handbook for Methane Control in Mining (https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/mining/UserFile
s/works/pdfs/2006-127.pdf)

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