im:

1.To study the variation in current and voltage in a series LCR circuit
2.To find the resonant frequency of the circuit.

Theory:
f= 10 Hz
E= 100 V RMS
L = 2 H
C = 0.0003 F
R = 10 Ω
Our measured voltages come out as follows:
VL = 171.66 V
VC = 72.6 V
VR = 13.68 V

The Vectors:

We must take into account the different phase angles between voltage and current for each of the
three components in the circuit. The vector diagram to the right illustrates this
concept.

Since this is a series circuit, the same current passes through all the components and
therefore our reference is at a phase angle of 0°. This is shown in red in the diagram.
The voltage across the resistor, VR, is in phase with the current and is shown in
green. The blue vector shows VL at +90°, while the gold vector represents VC, at -
90°. Since they oppose each other diametrically, the total reactive voltage is V L - VC.
It is this difference vector that is combined with VR to find VT (shown in cyan in the
diagram).

We know that VT = 10 V RMS. Now we can see thatVT is also the vector sum of (VL - VC) and VR. In
addition, because of the presence of R, the phase angle between V T and "i" will be arc tan((VL-VC)/VR),
and can vary from -90° to +90°.

The Mathematics:

Voltage and current calculation for this circuit are based on Ohm's Law. Our basic expressions are:

; ; ;
Since this is a series circuit, the value of "i" in each expression is the same. That is

and we can use i as our reference value for our calculations. We will also need to know the value of ω
(= 2πf) to determine XL and XC. For f = 10 Hz,
Now we can complete our calculations, starting with XL, XC, and Z:

Allowing for calculator round-off errors through all these calculations, the total voltage V is exactly 100
volts, which is what we initially specified. Therefore our calculations check out and our results are
valid.

Resonance and Effect of R:

At very low frequencies, capacitor C will be an open circuit, and virtually no current will flow through
the circuit. At very high frequencies, inductor L will be an open circuit, and again no current will flow.
However, at intermediate frequencies, both XC and XL will be moderate, and the difference between
them will be small. At resonance, that difference will be zero, and only R will limit the current flow in
the circuit.

The graph to the right shows normalized values of current through a series RLC circuit at frequencies
ranging from 0.01 times the resonant frequency, to 100 times that frequency. Beyond that range, as
you can see from the graph, no significant current will flow at all. Within that range, current depends
primarily on the value of R.

(Note that these values are used specifically to obtain a normalized graph. Once we have the graph,
we can change the component values. Even though the resonant frequency and relative value of R
changes, the shape of the curve will always be the same, as long as the ratio L/C remains constant.
We'll see shortly what happens as that ratio changes.)

In a fully normalized circuit, R = 1Ω. This will permit a current of 1 A to flow at resonance, as
indicated by the green curve on the graph. Similarly, if we set R as 2Ω the current will be 0.5 A at
resonance. The blue curve shows this.

The remaining curves show what happens if we reduce R. The yellow curve shows current when R =
0.5Ω, while the red curve is for R = 0.1Ω.

Note that for low values of R, the current at resonance peaks much higher, but falls off very quickly as
frequency changes. For higher values of R, the curve is much broader, and maximum current remains
much lower. This is the standard trade-off between bandwidth and maximum current, and the value of
R is critical for controlling this factor.

Changing the Ratio of L/C:

When we change the ratio of L/C, we change the reactance of both components at any given
frequency without changing the resonant frequency. This is accomplished by making sure that the
product of L and C remains constant even when we change their ratio. Thus, if L = 1H and C = 1f, LC
= 1 and L/C = 1. However, if L = 2H and C = 0.5f, we still have LC = 1, but now L/C = 4. Or, if L =
0.5H and C = 2f, L/C = 0.25.

By changing L and C in this manner, we change the values of XL and XC at and near the resonant
frequency without changing the resonant frequency itself. This controls the overall impedance of the
circuit at frequencies near resonance and gives the resistor, R, either more or less control over current
at those frequencies. The result is a change in the frequency range over which this circuit will conduct
significant amounts of current. The following three graphs illustrate this:
L/C = 4 L/C =
1 L/C = 0.25
 When we plot the curves this way, it becomes clear that as we increase the L/C ratio, we limit the
circuit to passing current over an increasingly narrow band of frequencies. However, as we reduce the
L/C ratio, we widen the frequency band over which this circuit will pass significant amounts of current.
This becomes very important when we deal with certain types of filters, and especially with tuned
circuits.
This can be verified using the simulator by creating the above mentioned series LCR circuit and by
measuring the current and voltage across the inductor, capacitor and resistor. The values should be
consistent with the earlier findings.

fig:1
Applications:
1. LCR series circuit is also known as tuned or acceptor circuit.They have many applications particularly
for oscillating circuits.
2. Series LCR circuit has applications in radio and communication engineering.
3. They can be used to select a certain narrow range of frequencies from the total spectrum of ambient
radiowaves.For eg:AM/FM radio with analog tuners use a RLC circuit to tune a radio frequency.