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Question Lab 7

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73 views3 pages

Question Lab 7

Uploaded by

ngominhkhoa2005
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1. State and write the equation of Ohm's law for a constant current.

Why characteristics volt-ampere (I = f(U)) line of an incandescent light

bulb is not a straight line?

Ohm s Law states that the current through a conductor between two points is directly
proportional to the voltage across the two points. The mathematical equation that describes this
relationship is:

I=R/V

where:

-I is the current in amperes (A),

-V is the voltage in volts (V), and

-R is the resistance in ohms (Ω).

- The volt-ampere characteristics of an incandescent light bulb are not a straight line due to the
temperature dependence of the filament’s resistance. When the bulb is off, the filament is at
room temperature, and its resistance is relatively low. As current begins to flow through the
filament, it heats up, which increases its resistance. This increase in resistance with temperature
makes the relationship between voltage and current nonlinear, resulting in a curved volt-ampere
characteristic. This is different from Ohm’s law, which assumes a constant resistance. The
filament of an incandescent bulb does not obey Ohm’s law because its resistance is not constant
but varies with temperature. Hence, the characteristic curve is not a straight line.

2. State the relationship between frequency, phase, and amplitude of alternating current and
alternating voltage in a circuit:

- Resistance R;

- Capacitance C;

- Inductance L.

In an alternating current (AC) circuit, the relationship between frequency (f), phase (ϕ), and
amplitude of current (I) and voltage (V) depends on the elements present in the circuit: resistance
(R), capacitance (C), and inductance (L). Here are the relationships:

1. Resistance R: In a purely resistive circuit, the current and voltage are in phase with each
other, meaning the phase difference (ϕ) is zero. inversely proportional to the resistance
(R). This is expressed by Ohm’s law: V=I⋅R.
2. Capacitance C: In a purely capacitive circuit, the current leads the voltage by a phase
difference of 90∘ (or π/2 radians). The amplitude of the current is inversely proportional
to the capacitive reactance ( z c=1/(2πfC)
3. Inductance (L): In a purely inductive circuit, the current lags the voltage by a phase
difference of 90∘ (or π/2 radians). The amplitude of the current is inversely proportional
to the inductive reactance ( z l=2πfL),

3. Use a Fresnel vector diagram, establish a frequency, phase, and amplitude relationship
between AC amperage and AC potential difference in an unbranched RC circuit. Then,
infer the expression determined impedance of the RLC circuit. Explain conditions for
amperage reaches the peak in RLC circuit?

1. Fresnel Diagram for RC Circuit: In the Fresnel diagram, the resistive component ® is
represented along the x-axis and the capacitive component (, Xc is the capacitive
reactance) is represented along the negative y-axis. The resultant vector gives the total
impedance (Z) of the circuit. The angle φ between the impedance vector and the resistive
axis represents the phase difference between the voltage and the current.
2. Impedance of the RLC Circuit: In an RLC circuit, the impedance (Z) is determined by
the resistance ®, the inductive reactance (XL), and the capacitive reactance (XC). The
impedance Z in an RLC circuit is given by:

Z=R2+( z l− z c )2

where z l = 2πfL and z c = 1/(2πfC). Here, f is the frequency, L is the inductance, and C is
the capacitance.

3. Peak Current in RLC Circuit: The current in an RLC circuit reaches its peak when the
circuit is at resonance. This happens when the inductive reactance equals the capacitive
reactance (XL = XC), which effectively cancels out the effects of the inductor and
capacitor, leaving only the resistance in the circuit. At resonance, the impedance is at its
minimum (equal to R), and hence the current is at its maximum.

4. . Demonstrate the determination of the capacitance C and the inductance L according to the
volt-ampere method for alternating current.

1. Determination of Capacitance C: In a purely capacitive AC circuit, the current


leads the voltage by 90 degrees. The capacitive reactance ( z c ) can be
determined from the relationship z c = V/I, where V is the voltage across the
capacitor and I is the current through the capacitor
2. Determination of Inductance (L): In a purely inductive AC circuit, the current
lags the voltage by 90 degrees. The inductive reactance ( z l) can be determined
from the relationship Xl = V/I, where V is the voltage across the inductor and I is
the current through the inductor.

5. Explain how to determine the absolute error of amperage and voltage measured
directly on digital multimeters.
-The absolute error of amperage and voltage measured directly on digital multimeters is the
difference between the true value and the measured value of the quantity. To calculate the
absolute error.

Δ x =∣ x measured−x true ∣

- The absolute error depends on the resolution and accuracy of the digital multimeter, as
well as the measurement conditions and techniques.

6. Based on the formula C and L, demonstrate the expression for relative error of
capacitance C and inductance L form:

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