CLASSICAL METHODS:

1. Double Integration Method (DIM)

2. Area-Moment Method (AMM)
3. Conjugate Beam Method (CBM)
4. Superposition Method (SPM)
5. Three-Moment Equation (3ME)
6. Unit Load Method (ULM)

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

EIy“ – Moment Equation

EIy’ – Slope Equation
EIy – Deflection Equation

For non-prismatic sections, I will be a denominator of

the equations.

For homogenous sections, E can be taken as a

constant.

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

A. Abrupt change from span to span

MA
EI
2EI L2
A B C
L1
VA VB VC

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x x

MA
EI
A 2EI B L2 C
L1
VA VB VC

segment AB
moment equation from A
x 2
VA x  M A 
y  2
2 EI

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
since structure is homogenous
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey  2 1
2I
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey   { 2 } c
1 2
2I
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey    { 2 } c x  c
1 2 3
2I
*the second and third equations produce
additional unknowns c1 and c2, respectively.
Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x x

MA
EI
A 2EI B L2 C
L1
VA VB VC

Segment BC
moment equation from C
x 2
VC x 
y  2
EI

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
since structure is homogenous
x 2
VC x 
Ey  2 4
I
x 2
VC x 
Ey   { 2 } c
3 5
I
x 2
VC x 
Ey    { 2 } c x  c
3 4 6
I
*the fifth and sixth equations produce
additional unknowns c3 and c4, respectively.
Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2
DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
After applying DIM on both segments,
there is a total of seven (7) unknowns:
M A ,VA ,VC , c1 , c2 , c3 , c4
Applying boundary conditions:
segment AB
x  0; y  0 : in eq 3; c2  0
x  0; y  0 : in eq 2; c1  0
x  L1 ; y  0 : in eq3;
x 2
VA x  M A 
0  2 A
2I

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x  L1; y  0 : ineq 2;
x 2
VA x  M A 
yBA   2 7
2I
segment BC
x  0; y  0 : in eq 6; c4  0
x  L2 ; y  0 : in eq 6;
x 2
VC x 
0   { 2 } c x
3 B
I

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x  L2 ; y  0 : ineq5;
x 2
VC x 
yBC   { 2 } c
3 8
I
from statics:

M B  0:
L1 2
L2 2
VA L1  M A    VC L2  0 C
2 2
 FV  0 : VB  ? (added unknown)

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
from MOCD:
slope @ B
yBA  yBC D

Solve A , B , C & D simultaneously:

VA = __________
MA = __________
VC = __________
c3 = __________

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

B. Abrupt change within a span

MA
EI
2EI L2
A B C
L1
VA VC

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

x x

MA
EI
A 2EI B L2 C
L1
VA VC

*same moment, slope and deflection equations from previous

analysis

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey  2 1
2I
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey   { 2 } c
1 2
2I
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey    { 2 } c x  c
1 2 3
2I

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x 2
VC x 
Ey  2 4
I
x 2
VC x 
Ey   { 2 } c
3 5
I
x 2
VC x 
Ey    { 2 } c x  c
3 4 6
I

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
After applying DIM on both segments,
there is a total of seven (7) unknowns:
M A ,VA ,VC , c1 , c2 , c3 , c4
Applying boundary conditions:
segment AB
x  0; y  0 : in eq 3; c2  0
x  0; y  0 : in eq 2; c1  0
x  L1 ; y  0 : in eq 3;
x 2
VA x  M A 
y BA    2 9
2I

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x  L1; y  0 : ineq 2;
x 2
VA x  M A 
yBA   2 7
2I
segment BC
x  0; y  0 : in eq 6; c4  0
x  L2 ; y  0 : in eq 6;
x 2
VC x 
y BC   { 2 } c x
3 10
I

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x  L2 ; y  0 : ineq5;
x 2
VC x 
yBC   { 2 } c
3 8
I
from statics:

M B  0:
L1 2
L2 2
VA L1  M A    VC L2  0 A
2 2
F V  0:
VA  VC   ( L1  L2 )  0 B

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
from MOCD:
Slope and deflection @ B
yBA  yBC C
yBA  yBC D
Solve A , B , C & D simultaneously:

VA = __________
MA = __________
VC = __________
c3 = __________

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

C. Gradual change

ω
d
2d
MA
b
b L B
A
VB
VA

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
First solution:
A as reference, at any section x-distance from A
x

MA d
2d dA
d' b
b L B
A
VB
VA

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
analyze section at x-distance:
by ratio and proportion

d d 1
 I xA  bd A
3
d
dA Lx L 12
d d
d' d   ( L  x) d A  d  ( L  x)
L L

1 d
I xA  b[d  ( L  x)]3
12 L

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x

MA d
2d dA
d' b
b L B
A
VB
VA
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey  2
I xA

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey  2 1
I xA
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey   { 2 } c
1 2
I xA
x 2
VA x  M A 
Ey    { 2 } c x  c
1 2 3
I xA

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
There is a total of four (4) unknowns:
M A ,VA , c1 , c2
Applying boundary conditions:
x  0; y  0 : in eq 3; c2  0
x  0; y  0 : in eq 2; c1  0
x  L; y  0 : in eq 3;
x 2
VA x  M A 
0  2
A
I xA

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
from statics:
M B  0:
L2
VA L  M A  0 B
2
Solve A & B simultaneously:

VA =__________
MA =__________

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
Second solution:
B as reference, at any section x-distance from B
x

MA d
2d dB
d" b
b L B
A
VB
VA

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
analyze section at x-distance:
by ratio and proportion

d  d 1
 I xB  bd B
3
d
dB x L 12
d d
d” d   x dB  d  x
L L

1 d 3
I xB  b[d  x]
12 L

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x

MA d
2d dB
d" b
b L B
A
VB
VA
x 2
VB x 
Ey  2
I xB

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x 2
VB x 
Ey  2 1
I xB
x 2
VB x 
Ey   { 2 } c
1 2
I xB
x 2
VB x 
Ey    { 2 } c x  c
1 2 3
I xB

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
There is a total of three (3) unknowns:
VB , c1 , c2
Applying boundary conditions:
x  0; y  0 : in eq3; c2  0
x  L; y  0 : in eq3;
x 2
VB x 
0   { 2 } c x
1 A
I xB

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD
x  L; y  0 : ineq 2;
x 2
VB x 
0  { 2 } c
1 B
I xB

Solve A & B simultaneously:

VB =__________
c1 =__________

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

 DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

D. Combination
ω
d
2d MA
L2 b
b L1 C
B
A
VB VC
VA

with support @ B: analyze similar to A. & C.

without support @ B: analyze similar to B. & C.

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2

DOUBLE INTEGRATION METHOD

MA EI MD
2EI 2EI
B L/3 C
L/3 L/3
A D

VA VD

Department of Civil Engineering_CE 423: Structural Theory 2