Handbook Kanthal PDF

KSHB foder 99-05-04 11.
44 Sidan 1
Copyright by Kanthal AB.

May be reproduced
only with proper acknowledgement
of the source.
Catalogue 2 A 1 3
ISBN 91 86720 08 -2
5000 05.99
Edit by Texter med Tryck AB Hallstahammar.
Design and set in DTP by
Mediaid, Eskilstuna. (180)
Printed in Sweden by
PRIMAtryck, Hallstahammar, 1999.
This information, which may be subjected to change, is offered solely

for your consideration and should not be taken as a warranty or
representation for which we assume legal responsibility. It is not to be
understood as permission or recommendation to practice a patented
invention without a licence and the user should determine wether
relevant patents exist.
KANTHAL is a registered trademark of Kanthal Group companies in

Sweden and other countries.
TM
SUPERTHAL.
KSHB Frord s 1-8 99-05-10 08.51 Sidan 3

KANTHAL
SUPER
Electric
Heating Element
Handbook
KANTHAL AB
P O Box 502
SE 734 27 Hallstahammar, Sweden
Telephone: + 46 220 210 00
Fax : +46 220 211 92
www.kanthal.com
A Sandvik Company
Kanthal AB, Hallstahammar, Sweden.

Kanthal Super Handbook Introduction 5
K ANTHAL is a world-renowned name within the field of

electric heating and you will find our handbook an
indispensable aid when installing and operating our KANTHAL
SUPER resistance elements that are designed for all types of
electric heated industrial furnaces.
When we introduced the now world-famous KANTHAL
iron-chromium-aluminium electric resistance alloys in the early
thirties this represented a considerable rise in the maximum
operating temperature of metallic resistance elements.
Again, when KANTHAL SUPER elements were introduced in
1956, this represented a step upwards on the temperature scale
for resistance elements.
The aim of our R&D department, however, has always been to
improve our materials to enable their use at still higher
temperatures.
Through intense research work, we have been able to raise
this temperature from 1650 C (3000 F) element temperature
in 1956, to 1850 C (3360 F) today.
New element forms have also been developed and in this
handbook you will find information about SUPERTHAL high
temperature heating modules.
KANTHAL SUPER elements have proved to be very useful not
only at high furnace temperatures, but also at lower
temperatures, particularly in the field of heat treatment of
metallic products in controlled atmospheres and melting of
glass.
The fields of possible applications are unlimited and have yet
to be fully investigated. With the increasing interest in electric
heating, we can expect many new designs and applications in
the future.
In addition to information on the properties of our KANTHAL
SUPER material this handbook will also provide data on our
standard elements and instructions for element calculation,
installation, operation, etc. Further, advice is given on furnace
designs, and some examples of actual KANTHAL SUPER
element installations are shown in the installation section.
We have tried to give you enough information to enable you to
calculate and install KANTHAL SUPER elements and how to
operate furnaces. If our advice is followed, you will be assured of
an efficient and economical installation for your special heat
treatment operations.
If you need any further advice, specialists at our companies,
our agents and the skilled staff at our technical service
department in Hallstahammar will be pleased to assist you.
Hallstahammar, Sweden 1999

KANTHAL
6 Contents Kanthal Super Handbook
Preface ................................................................................................................. 5
1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 9
This is KANTHAL SUPER ............................................................................................ 9
Quality and product summary ................................................................................... 10
2 Properties ......................................................................................................... 11
Mechanical and physical properties .......................................................................... 11
Chemical resistance ..................................................................................................... 12
3 Elements and tubes ............................................................................. 17

Two-shank elements .................................................................................................... 17
Terminal shapes ........................................................................................................... 18
Two-shank bent elements ........................................................................................... 20
Four-shank 1700 elements for horizontal use ......................................................... 20
Tubes ............................................................................................................................. 22
4 SUPERTHAL heating modules ............................................... 25

Basic data for SUPERTHAL (Table 6) ........................................................................ 27
Temperature-loading diagram .................................................................................... 28
SUPERTHAL terminal design ..................................................................................... 29
5 Electrical data .............................................................................................. 33

6 Performance ................................................................................................. 63
Resistivity ...................................................................................................................... 63
Temperature-loading diagram, KANTHAL SUPER 1700 and 1800 ........................ 64
Temperature-loading diagram, KANTHAL SUPER 1900 ......................................... 65
Wall loading .................................................................................................................. 66
7 Installation ....................................................................................................... 67
Vertically mounted elements ...................................................................................... 67
Horizontally mounted elements .................................................................................. 67
Brick lined furnaces .................................................................................................... 68
Ceramic fibre lined furnaces ....................................................................................... 69
Element holders and anchor systems ....................................................................... 74
Contacts ........................................................................................................................ 78
Assembling of KANTHAL SUPER elements ............................................................... 80
Assembling of SUPERTHAL furnaces ........................................................................ 85
Elements in radiant tubes .......................................................................................... 86
8 Calculations..................................................................................................... 87
Examples of element calculations .............................................................................. 94
Kanthal Super Handbook Contents 7
9 Control, power supply and wiring .......................................107

Material characteristics ............................................................................................. 107
Control in general ...................................................................................................... 107
Thyristor control ........................................................................................................ 108
Phase-angle firing ...................................................................................................... 108
Burst firing with phase-angle start .......................................................................... 109
On/off control ............................................................................................................. 110
Tapped transformer ................................................................................................... 110
Contactor switch, changing the element connection ............................................. 111
Scott-connected transformers .................................................................................. 114
Calculation of transformers ...................................................................................... 114
Wiring to counteract electromagnetic forces .......................................................... 115
10 Furnace operation ................................................................................. 121

Initial start-up procedure recommendations .......................................................... 121
Starting up a newly-built furnace ............................................................................ 121
Replacement of elements .......................................................................................... 122
Temperature control .................................................................................................. 122
Standard platinum-platinum/rhodium thermocouples ........................................ 123
11 Appendix 1 ..................................................................................................... 125

Accessories ................................................................................................................. 125
Element size 3/6 and 4/9 ......................................................................................... 125
Element size 6/12 ...................................................................................................... 127
Element size 9/18 ...................................................................................................... 130
Element size 12/24 .................................................................................................... 132
Anchor systems .......................................................................................................... 134
Passage bricks ............................................................................................................ 136
Other accessories ....................................................................................................... 139
12 Appendix 2 ..................................................................................................... 145

Troubleshooting ......................................................................................................... 145
Temperature colour ................................................................................................... 146
Resistivity as a function of temperature for some
resistor materials and for copper ............................................................................. 147
Physical data, gases .................................................................................................. 148
Content of water, gases ............................................................................................. 148
Average theoretical heat storage in kW/t for some common metals .................... 149
Physical data, metals ................................................................................................ 150
Temperature conversion table .................................................................................. 152
Miscellaneous conversion factors ............................................................................ 154
Thermocouples ........................................................................................................... 156
Intensity of black body radiation ............................................................................. 157
Relative intensity of radiation of KANTHAL SUPER ............................................... 158
Heat transfer by radiation ......................................................................................... 159
Calculation of furnace insulation ............................................................................. 160
Fig. 1 Range of KANTHAL SUPER 6/12, 9/18, 12/24 elements and SUPERTHAL heating modules.
Fig. 2 Range of KANTHAL SUPER 3/6 and 4/9 elements.

KSHB Kap1 s9-10 99-05-10 10.09 Sidan 9
Kanthal Super Handbook Introduction 9
Introduction 1
This is KANTHAL SUPER
Composition
KANTHAL SUPER is a dense cermet material consisting of MoSi2
and an oxide component, mainly a glass phase.
KANTHAL SUPER has the ability to withstand oxidation at
high temperatures. This is due to the formation of a thin and
adhesive protective layer of quartz glass on the surface. When
MoSi2 reacts with oxygen in the atmosphere, the layer of quartz
glass is formed and under this a thin layer of molybdenum
silicide with a lower silicon content Mo5Si3.
When KANTHAL SUPER elements are operated at
temperatures around 1200 C (2190 F) the material becomes
ductile, whilst at lower temperatures the material is more brittle.
The silica layer possesses the capacity to clean itself from
adhering impurities. If the impurities react with silica, the
melting point will be lowered. The contaminated layer then flows
down the element and drops off. A new silica layer is, however,
spontaneously rebuilt.
The unique properties

1. The elements may be used in an oxidizing atmosphere up to
an element temperature of 1850 C (3360 F).
2. Long life combined with ease of replacing failed elements
contributes to a high degree of utilization of the furnace and
low maintenance costs.
3. New and old elements can be connected in series.
4. High power concentration may be applied.
5. Can be used continuously or intermittently.
6. Fast ramping.
Fig. 3 Microstructure of a KANTHAL SUPER element. Grey= MoSi2 . White = Mo5Si3, Dark = SiO2 .
KSHB Kap1 s9-10 99-05-10 10.09 Sidan 10
10 Introduction Kanthal Super Handbook
Quality and product summary

1
Type of element Max. element General applications
temperature in air
KANTHAL SUPER 1700 1700 C (3090 F) Most types of industrial

furnaces for heat treatment
forging, sintering, glass
melting and refining and for
use in radiant tubes.
KANTHAL SUPER 1800 1800 C (3270 F) Laboratory furnaces, testing

equipment and high
temperature sintering
production furnaces.
KANTHAL SUPER 1900 1850 C (3360 F) Laboratory furnaces, testing

equipment and high
temperature sintering
furnaces.
SUPERTHAL SMU/SHC 1600 C (2910 F) Laboratory furnaces,

1650 C (3000 F) testing equipment, tube
KANTHAL Super furnaces, diffusion furnaces
Excel and glass feeders.
KSHB kap2 s11-16 99-05-10 10.32 Sidan 1
Kanthal Super Handbook Properties 11
Properties 2
Introduction
KANTHAL SUPER is a unique material combining the best
properties of metallic and ceramic materials.
Like metallic materials it has good heat and electric
conductivity and like ceramics it withstands corrosion and
oxidation and has a low thermal expansion.
It is not affected by thermal shock and is strong enough to
withstand many years of service as a heating element.
Resistivity
The resistivity of KANTHAL SUPER increases sharply with
temperature. This means that when the elements are connected
to a constant voltage, the power will be higher at lower
temperatures and will be gradually reduced with increasing
temperature, thus shortening the time for the furnace to reach
operating temperature. Furthermore, as the power of the
elements decreases, the danger of overheating will be reduced.
The resistance of KANTHAL SUPER elements does not change
due to ageing even after having been in operation for a long time
at high temperatures. There is only a slight reduction ( 5 %)
during the first period of time.
Due to these properties a failed element can easily be
replaced without the performance of other elements connected
in series being influenced.
See page 63, Fig. 26, Resistivity for KANTHAL SUPER 1700,
1800 and 1900.
Mechanical and physical properties

Tensile strength at 1550 C (2820 F) ................... 100 Mpa 25%
Bending strength at 20 C (68 F) ......................... 450 Mpa 10%
Compression strength at 20 C (68 F) ................. 1400-1500 Mpa
Fracture Toughness, KIC, at 20 C (68 F) ............ 3-4 Mpam1/2
Hardness, HV, at 20 C (68 F) ............................. 9 Gpa
Density, KS 1700 and KS 1800 ............................. 5.6 g/cm3
Density, KS 1900 ................................................... 6.5 g/cm3
Porosity .................................................................. <1%
Thermal conductivity:
20 - 600 C (68 - 1110 F) ........................... 30 W m-1 K-1
600 - 1200 C (1110 - 2190 F) ................... 15 W m-1 K-1
Coefficient of linear expansion ............................... 7-8 10-6 K-1
Specific heat capacity at 20 C (68 F) .................. 0.42 kJ kg-1 K-1
Emissivity ............................................................... 0.70 - 0.80
Resistivity as a Function of Temperature, Ct ......... See page 63, Fig 26.
Table 1 The mechanical and physical properties of the KANTHAL SUPER

electric heating material.
KSHB kap2 s11-16 99-05-10 14.53 Sidan 12
12 Properties Kanthal Super Handbook
2 Chemical resistance
Atmospheres
KANTHAL SUPER can be used in most furnace atmospheres.
Most favourable are oxidizing atmospheres such as air, carbon
dioxide and water vapour, but KANTHAL SUPER elements are
also operating successfully in neutral, reducing and carburizing
atmospheres.
Table 2 indicates the maximum recommended element
temperatures in some common types of furnace atmospheres
and gases.
Air
At low temperatures, an oxidation of molybdenum and silicon
on the surface of the elements can occur at temperatures
around 500 C (930 F). The oxidation product is a yellowish
powder, M0O3 and has normally no detrimental effect on the
performance of KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Water vapour and carbon dioxide

Water vapour and carbon dioxide in any amount in the
atmosphere have an oxidizing effect. The presence of water
vapour in a controlled atmosphere increases the maximum
permissible operating temperature
Sulphur dioxide
This gas sometimes occurs as an impurity in the
atmosphere. It normally has no harmful effect on KANTHAL
SUPER elements.
KANTHAL SUPER element 1700 1800 1900

Atmosphere C F C F C F
Air 1700 3090 1800 3270 1850 3360

Nitrogen 1600 2910 1700 3090 1800 3270
Argon, Helium 1600 2910 1700 3090 1800 3270
Dry hydrogen, dewpoint -80 C (-112 F) 1150 2100 1150 2100 1150 2100
Moist hydrogen, dewpoint 20 C (68 F) 1450 2640 1450 2640 1450 2640
Endogas (Ex. 40% N2, 40% H2, 20% CO) 1400 2550 1450 2640 1450 2640
Cracked and partially burnt ammonia 1400 2550 1400 2550 1400 2550
Table 2 Maximum recommended element temperatures in atmospheres.

KSHB kap2 s11-16 99-05-10 15.07 Sidan 3
Endogas 2
A typical gas composition is: 20% CO,40% H2 and balance N2.
Since hydrogen is present in this gas composition, the dewpoint
and gas velocity are important for determining the maximum
temperature.
Carburizing atmosphere
KANTHAL SUPER elements are widely used in carburizing
furnaces. The elements are not attacked by the atmosphere
which normally consists of an endogas or nitrogen with
controlled additions of a carburizing gas such as propane or
methanol.
In this type of furnace, the element temperature is normally
kept below 1400 C (2550 F). If carbon is built up in the
furnace because of high carbon potential, it can lead to element
failure. Regular removal of the carbon by firing the furnace
under oxidizing conditions is recommended.
Nitrogen atmosphere
Nitrogen is used for different purposes such as:
Nitration of ceramics (reaction)
Protective gas
Balancing furnace atmospheres
In the element temperature range of 1250-1550 C
(2280-2820 F), nitration of ceramics usually occurs. At such
temperatures, when the protective glaze is consumed, silicon in
the silicide of the element may react with nitrogen forming
silicon nitride (Si3N4 ), which could damage the element by
scaling. The elements to be used for this purpose should be
specially heat treated by Kanthal in order to reduce nitrogen
penetration into the material. This treatment is always advisable
when operating in nitrogen and when the dewpoint is low.
With operation below 1250 C (2280 F) element temperature
the reaction is minor. Above 1500 C (2820 F)
up to 1700-1800 C (3090-3270 F) the performance of the
element very much depends on dewpoint and time at
temperature. In cyclic conditions where the time at temperature
is short, the oxide layer on elements can be restored by
operating for a short time in air.
When operating for extended periods at temperature
(continuous furnaces), the actual formation of a thin layer of
Si3N4 at the surface of the elements, offers the best protection
against further gaseous reaction. When special heat treatment
is recommended, it can usually be performed in the furnace
where the elements are installed, by operating them in air above
KSHB kap2 s11-16 99-05-10 15.07 Sidan 4
2 Noble gases, argon and helium

These gases are inert and do not react chemically with
KANTHAL SUPER. However, if there is a gas flow around
the elements, it will disturb the chemical equilibrium existing
around the elements. At high temperatures the glaze is
consumed. When using these gases, a regeneration of the
glaze is recommended before the old glaze has disappeared
completely.
Hydrogen
In dry hydrogen the silica layer is reduced and MoSi2
disintegrates by forming gaseous silicon and silicides with
lower silicon content. This reaction is dependent on temperature
and the reduction potential of the hydrogen gas. By increasing
the dewpoint the maximum permissible element temperature
can be increased (Fig. 4). Installation of the elements in niches
can reduce the gas flow around the elements, and this can help
to reduce the chemical attacks.
Element temperature
1600 C 2910 F
1500 2730
H 22 H2
% %
1400 55% 100 2550
N2
5%
9
1300 2370
1200 2190
1100 2010
1000 1830
-80 -60 -40 -20 0 +20 +40 C
-112 -76 -40 -4 +32 +68 +104 F
Dewpoint
Fig. 4 Maximum element temperature in hydrogen atmospheres (All KANTHAL SUPER qualities).
KSHB kap2 s11-16 99-05-10 15.07 Sidan 5
Nitrogen and hydrogen

This mixture of these gases should be considered as hydrogen.
2
Although nitrogen reduces the reactivity of hydrogen, the effect
of hydrogen is considerable, especially with extended periods in
operation. The dewpoint of the gas mixture and the gas velocity
are always very important (See diagram Fig. 4, page 14). Special
heat treatment will improve the performance.
Fluorine and chlorine

These halogens attack KANTHAL SUPER strongly, even oxidized
elements, already at temperatures below 600 C (1110 F). Both
fluorine and chlorine can be formed by dissociation of organic
compounds, which may often enter the furnace together with
unclean products.
Vacuum
KANTHAL SUPER elements are not suitable for operation in a
high vacuum at high temperatures due to silica vaporization.
Fig. 5 shows the maximum permissible element temperatures at
different air pressures.
Element temperature
1700 C 3090 F
1600 2910
1500 2730
1400 2550
1300 2370
1200 2190
1100 2010
10-4 10-3 10-2 1
1
0- 1 10 100 TORR
0.013 0.13 1.33 13.33 133.3 1333 13 330 Pa
Fig. 5 Maximum element temperatures in vacuum (All KANTHAL SUPER qualities).

KSHB kap2 s11-16 99-05-10 15.07 Sidan 6
Metals
2 All metals in direct contact with KANTHAL SUPER react with
MoSi2, forming silicides. At higher furnace temperatures,
vapours from molten metal, (zinc, copper, bronze) may also
attack the elements. Dust from metal oxides in the furnace
atmosphere reacts with the glaze. It is also important that the
elements are protected from splashes of molten metal. Any
metal or alloy with a melting point lower than approximately
1300 C
(2370 F) may be melted in a KANTHAL SUPER furnace if
necessary precautions are taken. In small crucible furnaces
where the elements are protected from metal fumes approx.
1550 C (2820 F) is possible.
Alkali
Compounds such as K2O and Na2O in the furnace atmosphere
will act as a fluxing agent on the silica layer and attack the
elements.Their salts also attack elements which may occur in
glass melting furnaces.
The choice of lining material for furnaces operating at
temperatures above 1550-1600 C (2820-2910 F) in particular
is very important. Castables always contain alkalis. Due to how
these are chemically bound in the castable they could be more
or less aggressive to the KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Avoid castables containing alkali above 1550-1600 C
(2820-2910 F) furnace temperature.
Ceramics
As the operating temperature of KANTHAL SUPER elements is
normally rather high, reactions can easily take place between
the silica layer on the element surface and most salts and
oxides. This is of particular importance when the elements are
supported by ceramics. The ceramics in these cases must
consist of stable compounds, silicates, which do not react with
silica. Suitable ceramics are sillimanite and mullite. At
element temperatures exceeding 1600 C (2910 F) reactions
can nevertheless occur. This element temperature should not be
exceeded when the element rests on a ceramic support.
Firing of ceramics
Green ceramics (before firing ) contain binders or similar, which
during firing fume off, developing residual products. These
residual products must be removed in order to minimize the
contamination of furnace atmosphere and walls. At higher
element temperatures, these residual products may attack the
elements.
Glass
The atmosphere in a glass furnace normally has a slightly
fluxing effect on the silica layer, thus lowering the viscosity and
causing the glaze to flow slowly down the element. However, this
normally has no detrimental effect on the life of the element.
Kanthal Super Handbook Elements and tubes 17
Elements and Tubes 3

The most commonly used design is a two-shank U-shaped
element (Fig. 6, page 18 ). The heating zone is welded to
terminals which normally have a diameter double that of the
heating zone.
The two-shank element can be bent 45 or 90 either in the
heating zone or in the terminals (Fig. 7 - 10, pages 18 - 19).
Four-shank elements are used (Fig. 11) only horizontally.
KANTHAL SUPER is also available as a SUPERTHAL heating
unit (Pages 25 32).
Two-shank elements
Two-shank elements with straight terminals are defined by:
The quality
Heating zone diameter, mm
Terminal diameter, mm
Terminal length, L u, mm (in.)
Heating zone length, L e, mm (in.)
Centre distance between shanks, a, mm (in.)
Example: KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18 Lu = 450 (17.7 in.)

Le = 560 (22 in.)
a = 60 (2.36 in.)
The maximum length of the heating zone depends on the

element temperature. Fig. 12, page 21 shows the maximum
recommended heating zone lengths for vertically suspended
6/12, 9/18 and 12/24 elements.
* Note: 3/6 and 4/9 mm KANTHAL SUPER 1800 elements are not normally
manufactured with a heating zone Le longer than 400 mm (15.8 in ).
Qualities Standard dimensions
Heating zone, Le Terminal, Lu

1700 1800 1900 mm mm
X X 3 6
X X 4 9
X X X 6 12
X X X 9 18
X X 12 24
Table 3 Range of KANTHAL SUPER two-shank elements.

KSHB Kap3 s17-24 99-05-10 17.13 Sidan 18
18 Elements and tubes Kanthal Super Handbook
Terminal shapes:
3
a
Lu = l + k + m
f
l a
k
Lu
r
c n
c f
m
g g
Le
Le
d
Fig. 6 Straight terminals. Fig. 7 Element bent 90 at the terminals.
The following parameters are valid for all KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Dimensional tolerances 5% (except c and d ).
Element a c d f g k90 k45 m n r
size mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm
Standard Minimum Standard Minimum Standard Minimum
3/6 25 20 6 3 25 15 19 9 30 42 37 12
4/9 25 20 9 4 25 15 19 9 35 47 37 12
6/12 50 25 12 6 45 25 47 24 60 90 80 30 20
9/18 60 40 18 9 75 30 71 35 90 135 110 45 30
12/24 80 50 24 12 100 40
Element a c d f g k90 k45 m n r

size in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in. in.
Standard Minimum Standard Minimum Standard Minimum
3/6 1.0 0.79 0.24 0.12 1.0 0.6 0.75 0.35 1.18 1.65 1.44 0.47
4/9 1.0 0.79 0.35 0.16 1.0 0.6 0.75 0.35 1.38 1.85 1.44 0.47
6/12 1.97 1.0 0.47 0.24 1.8 1 1.85 0.94 2.36 3.55 3.15 1.18 0.79
9/18 2.36 1.57 0.71 0.35 3.0 1.2 2.8 1.38 3.71 5.31 4.33 1.77 1.18
12/24 3.15 1.97 0.95 0.47 4.0 1.6
Table 4 Parameters of KANTHAL SUPER Elements.

KSHB Kap3 s17-24 99-05-10 17.13 Sidan 19
3
Lu a Lu a
g 12 mm .50 in.
h 18 mm .70 in.
c c
f f
h = 15 mm .59 in. (6/12)
20 mm .79 in. (9/18)
40 mm 1.57 in. (12/24)
Leh =
Leh Le
Le 6 mm .24 in. (6/12) Le
9 mm .35 in. (9/18)
27 mm 1.07 in. (12/24)
d d
Fig. 8 Element bent 90. Fig. 9 3/6 and 4/9 element bent 90.
a a = a1 + a2 + a3
Lu l
=
l+
f
k
+
m
f
c k Lu
c
m
g g
Le
Le
d d B
a1 a2 a3
Fig. 10 Element bent 45at the terminals. Fig. 11 Four-shank element for horizontal use
20 Elements and tubes Kanthal Super Handbook
Two-shank bent elements

3 Bent elements are used when the electrical connections for
some reason cannot be made above the roof. When the furnace
is too high to permit installation of elements suspended from
the roof, due to the limitation regarding the maximum permitted
heating zone length, it may also be necessary to install elements
with bent terminals or heating zones. By installing several rows
of such elements it is also possible to control the power at
different levels in the furnace.
The terminals are supported by brick or fibre, which normally
limits the maximum temperature to 1600 C (2910 F) furnace
temperature.
Four-shank 1700 elements

for horizontal use
In many cases, particularly in furnaces with a low chamber
height, the best choice is horizontally mounted elements.
The advantage of this shape is that fewer elements are needed
than in the case of two-shank elements, with lower terminal
losses, making the four-shank elements more economical.
Maximum element temperature 1600 C (2910 F). Available as
6/12, 9/18 and 12/24 elements.
Four-shank elements with straight terminals (Fig. 11, page 19)

are defined by:
The quality
Heating zone diameter, mm
Terminal diameter, mm
Terminal length, Lu, mm (in.)
Heating zone length, Le, mm (in.)
Heating zone length, B, mm (in.)
Centre distances between shanks, a, mm (in.)
Example: KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18

Lu = 450 (17.7 in.),
Le = 450 (17.7 in.),
B = 400 (15.8 in.),
a = 3 x 60 (3 x 2.36 in.)
Kanthal Super Handbook
Le mm Le inch
1400 55
17 1 19
1200
00 800 00 47
1000 40
800 32
600 24
400 16
Elements and tubes

200 8
0 0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1850C
2730 2910 3090 3270 3360F Element temperature
21
Fig.12 Maximum recommended heating zone lengths for vertically suspended 6/12, 9/18 and 12/24 mm elements.
3
KSHB Kap3 s17-24 99-05-21 09.26 Sidan 22
22 Element and tubes Kanthal Super Handbook
3 Tubes
Tubes are normally manufactured in a quality corresponding
to KANTHAL Super 1700. As the same material is used
in the tubes as in the elements the data regarding properties
previously given in the handbook is also valid for tubes.
Standard sizes are manufactured as per table 5 page 23.
Maximum lengths
For outer diameter = 7 25 mm maximum 2000 mm.
For outer diameter = 32 and 50 mm maximum 1000 mm.
Super bubble tubes

The standard Super bubbler tube has an ID of 3 mm and
OD 12 mm fig 14. Some glass works inquire smaller end holes
for generation of smaller air bubbles.
Kanthal can now supply 12/3 tubes with a 5 mm welded
endcap, in which we are able to make min 0,7 mm hole by
water jet.
Examples of applications for KANTHAL SUPER tubes are:

m
3
m
0,
7
12 be
tu
L
Fig. 13 Protection tubes for thermocouples. Fig. 14 Bubbler tubes for glass melting.
Standard tube sizes 3

Outside mm 7 10 12 12 18 22 25 32 50
diameter
5% in. .28 .39 .47 .47 .71 .87 .98 1.26 1.97
Inside mm 3 6 3 6 10 13 15 18 28
diameter
5% in. .12 .24 .12 .24 .39 .51 .59 .71 1.10
Table 5 KANTHAL SUPER tube diameters.
Fig. 15 Tubes for electrodes for glass melting.

KSHB Kap3 s17-24 99-05-10 18.07 Sidan 24
Fig. 16 SUPERTHAL multi-zone tube furnace.

Kanthal Super Handbook SUPERTHAL 25
SUPERTHAL Heating Modules 4

The heating modules consist of vacuum formed ceramic fibre shapes, with
an integral KANTHAL SUPER heating element.
The standard range includes muffles (SMU) and half cylinders (SHC).
These can be readily adapted for use in test equipment and production
units where compactness, rapid heating and accurate temperature profiles
are needed.
The heating element in the standard modules is made from 3/6 mm
KANTHAL SUPER 1800 material. The modules are capable of operating
continuously in air up to a maximum of 1600 C (2910 F), element
temperature.
The SUPERTHAL modules can be delivered as heating packages
complete with back-up insulation and stainless steel casing.
The table 6 on page 27 gives basic data for standard modules which are
based on an element temperature of 1500 C (2730 F) with a ceramic
tube (work piece) inside.
When the modules are to be used to operate in their highest
temperature range around 1550 C (2820 F ), a higher voltage may be
needed than shown in the tables, in order to achieve a satisfactory
heating-up time from room temperature. However it is essential that the
element temperature is not allowed to exceed 1600 C (2910 F) at any
time during the heating cycle.
Naturally the SUPERTHAL modules are used at work-piece
temperatures other than 1400 C (2550 F ), and at different power levels
where the element temperature will be lower than 1600 C (2910 F). For
re-calculating the element data to suit the new requirements, the
temperature loading diagram Fig.17 page 28 is used.
The potential risk of over-heating the elements is even more pronounced
when utilizing the SUPERTHAL modules for their high power capability at
lower process temperatures, especially in very fast ramping situations,
when SUPERTHAL can be considered as a highly powered infrared
radiator rather than a conventional furnace heating system.
The IR energy from the KANTHAL SUPER heating element, emitted at a
peak wavelength of about 1.5 m, is absorbed by the ceramic fibre
insulation and re-emitted at a longer wavelength.The effective energy
transfer to the work piece is highly dependent on its geometry and the
absorptive properties of the material, combined with the element (emitter)
temperature.
Control of the heating rate is attained by varying the element
temperature. Accurate control of the element temperature is critical in
radiant heat transfer, as any fluctuation in the element temperature will
be amplified in the heating rate by the fourth power function according to
the heating equation. See Appendix 2 page 159.
The work-piece temperature also influences the heating rate. Therefore
as the temperature of the work piece increases towards the element
temperature, the effective heat transfer decreases at a constant element
temperature.
Different materials also exhibit different emissivity values at the same
temperature. Table 11 on page 159 in Appendix 2, lists some emissivity
values of various materials with varying surface conditions.
26 SUPERTHAL Kanthal Super Handbook
Examples of calculations
4 Element data: SUPERTHAL SHC 200 H
Pe tab = 1870 W Rt = 1.06 Te = 1500C (2730F)
Ue tab = 44.5 V I = 42 A Max. work piece temperature is 1400 C (2550 F)
p tab = 8.2 W/cm2 (53 W/in.2 )
Alt. 1. The maximum power should be calculated.

At 1400C (2550 F) according to the temperature - loading diagram Fig.17 on page 28, the
maximum surface loading is 18 W/cm2 (116 W/in.2) at Te = 1600 C (2910 F).
Maximum power is calculated:
p 18
P 5 Pe 3 }} 51870 3 }} 5 4105 W
ptab 8.2
The resistance of KANTHAL SUPER 1800 is proportional to the element temperature
according to the formula:
0.0028 3 Te 2 0.255
Rt 5 }}}
d2
/m;
1 (0.393 3 Te 2 71)31024
Rt 5 }}}
d2
/in. (Te in F, d in mm)
2
See also page 92.
Rt is calculated at Te = 1600 C (2910 F)
0.0028 3 1600 2 0.255
Rt 5 }}} 3 1.06 5 1.14
0.0028 3 1500 2 0.255 1 0.393 3 2910 2 71
Rt 5 }}} 3 1.06 5 1.14
0.393 3 2730 2 71 2
Voltage is calculated: U 5 P ww
3wRwt 5 4
w1w0w5ww
3w w4w 5 68.4 V
1.1
U 68.4
Current is calculated: I 5 }} 5 }} 5 60.0 A
Rt 1.14
Alt. 2. The power needed is 1000 W.
The surface loading is calculated:
P 1000
p 5 p tab 3 }} 5 8.2 3 }} 5 4.4 W/cm2 (28 W/in.2 )
Petab 1870
According to the temperature loading diagram Fig.17 page 28, the element temperature
will be 1455 C (2650 F)
Rt is calculated according to the formula above at Te = 1455 C (2650 F)
0.0028 31455 2 0.255
Rt 5 }}} 3 1.06 5 1.03
0.0028 31500 2 0.255 1 0.393 3 2650 2 71
Rt 5 }}} 3 1.06 5 1.03
0.393 3 2730 2 71 2
Voltage is calculated: U 5 P ww
3wRwt 5 1
w0w0w0ww
3w w3w 5 32.1 V
1.0
U 32.1
Current is calculated: I 5 }} 5 }} 5 31.2 A
Rt 1.03
Examples demonstrating SUPERTHALs high power

capabilities and the effect of the emissivity of the work piece
One module type SMU 150 A (Pe tab = 5050 W) was used to heat a water-cooled iron
tube of 75 mm (3 in.). A black colored coating was applied to the surface of the tube and
the voltage was adjusted to attain an element temperature of 1600 C (2910 F ).
The voltage, current, and power was measured and recorded as follows:
Voltage: 220 V Current: 69 A Power: 15 200 W
An identical tube was painted with aluminium paint, the voltage was then readjusted to
achieve the 1600C (2910F ) element temperature.
KSHB Kap4 s25-32 99-05-10 18.24 Sidan 27
SUPERTHAL SMU and SHC 3/6 - standard modules 4

SMU SHC
Element length , LE 209 mm, option A 150 mm
Overall length, LT 250 mm 200 mm
Data at element temperature 1500 C (2730 F) Surface loading 8.2 W/cm2 (53 W/in.2 )
Furnace (work-piece) temperature 1400 C (2550 F) Current 42 A
Max. continuous current 75 A
Type Inner dia Outer dia Resistance Voltage Power

mm (Di) mm (Do) V W
SMU 40 A 40 240 0.82 34.4 1445
SMU 60 A 60 260 1.19 50.0 2100
SMU 80 A 80 280 1.56 65.6 2760
SMU 100 A 90 300 1.94 81.3 3410
SMU 125 A 115 325 2.40 101 4230
SMU 150 A 140 350 2.86 120 5050
SMU 200 A 190 400 3.80 159 6690
SHC 100 H,V 85 300 0.57 23.9 1000
SHC 150 H,V 135 350 0.85 35.5 1490
SHC 200 H,V 185 400 1.12 47.1 1980
SHC 250 H,V 235 450 1.40 58.6 2460
SHC 300 H,V 285 500 1.67 70.2 2950
LE
Do
Di
Di LE
LT Do LT
SMU SHC
Table 6.
KSHB Kap4 s25-32 99-05-10 18.24 Sidan 28
The voltage, current, and power was measured and recorded

4 as follows:
Voltage: 178.5 V Current: 56 A Power: 10 000 W
These tests indicate that the emissivity of the work piece has to be
considered in addition to its thermal mass.
Please consult KANTHAL for advice regarding lower temperature
processes which may require very high power utilization.
W / cm2 W / in.2
20 129
18 116
Ele
me
el
16 65A Exc 103
nt t
em
thal 1800
55A Super
per
14 60A 90
atu
re
12 50A 55A 77
10 50A 64
45A
8 45A 52
40A
40A
6 39
35A
35A
4 30A 26
170
30A
160
15
0C
14
13 25A
00
0C
00
00
2 C 13
C
20A
309
291
23
27
25
70
30
0F
F
50
0 F
F
F
0 0
1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 C
2190 2370 2550 2730 2910 3090 F
Furnace (work-piece) temperature
Fig. 17 Temperature loading diagram for SUPERTHAL.
Fig. 18 SUPERTHAL SMU. Fig. 19 SUPERTHAL SHC.

KSHB Kap4 s25-32 99-05-10 18.24 Sidan 29
Option A is standard.
Option A Option A 4
Horizontal
Vertical
Option C
Horizontal Vertical
Fig. 20 SUPERTHAL terminal designs.

KSHB Kap4 s25-32 99-05-10 18.24 Sidan 30
Fig. 21 SUPERTHAL tube furnace for materials testing and as IR-heater at plastic pipe
manufacturing
KSHB Kap4 s25-32 99-05-10 18.24 Sidan 31
Non standard SUPERTHAL modules

Special elements for muffles, half cylinders, and flat panels with 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 4
and 12 mm material can also be manufactured.
SUPERTHAL Flat Panels (SFP)

Multi shank elements are fitted to flat ceramic fibre panels for horizontal
installation.
They are capable of operating continuously up to a maximum of 1600 C
(2900 F ) element temperature, in air. Typical applications include glass
feeders, continuous sintering furnaces and continuous case hardening of steel.
SUPERTHAL Single Wafer Reactors (SWR)

Multi shank and flat coil elements are fitted to circular flat ceramic fibre panels
for horizontal or vertical installation. The power is controlled radially, in order
to attain even temperature.
They are capable of operating continuously up to a maximum of 1600 C
(2900 F) element temperature, in air. Typical application is development of
prototypes and processing of Silicon Wafers, where accurate temperature
profiles, fast heat-up/cooling cycles, and high temperature capabilities are
desirable parameters.
SUPERTHAL Infrared Radiators (SIR)

Multi shank elements of 3 or 4 mm KANTHAL SUPER 1800 material mounted
in ceramic fibre boxes, freely radiating, are mainly used for drying purposes.
The element temperature is in the range of 1550 C (2820 F), corresponding to
a peak energy wavelength of about 1.5 m. The inner surface of the ceramic
fibre box normally has a temperature of 1100 C (2010 F), corresponding to a
peak energy wavelength of about 2.2 m. The maximum power concentration is
about 240 kW/m2.
(SFP )
(SWR )
(SIR)
Fig. 22 SUPERTHAL high temperature material testing furnace.
Fig. 23 SUPERTHAL creep testing furnaces.

Kanthal Super Handbook Electrical data 33
Electrical data 5
Page
Two-shank KANTHAL SUPER 1700 6/12 34
Four-shank KANTHAL SUPER 1700 6/12 36
Four-shank KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18 40
Four-shank KANTHAL Super 1700 12/24 41

Sidan 1

99-05-10 18.35
s33-35 T1700 6/12
Kanthal Super Handbook, Electrical data 34-35 5
Power W
Two-Shank KANTHAL SUPER 1700 6/12 Resistance
Volt V
Max. element temperature 1700 C (3090 F) Heating zone mm 6 Furnace temp. C 1300 (2370 F) Element current A 166
Terminal mm 12 Element temp. C 1550 (2820 F) Surface loading W/cm 2 16.6
Shank distance mm 50 W/in.2 107
Heating zone, Le mm
4.9 in. 6.3 in. 7.1 in. 7.9 in. 8.9 in. 9.8 in. 11 in. 12.4 in. 14 in. 15.8 in. 17.7 in. 19.7 in. 22 in. 24.8 in. 26.4 in. 28 in. 31.5 in. 35.4 in. 39.4 in. 44.1 in. 49.2 in. 55.1 in.
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710 800 900 1000 1120 1250 1400
Terminal Lu mm
4.9 in. 1020 1240 1370 1490 1650 1810 1990 2210 2460 2740 3060 3370 3740 4180 4430 4680 5250 5870 6500 7250 8060 9000
125 0.037 0.045 0.050 0.054 0.060 0.066 0.072 0.080 0.089 0.100 0.111 0.122 0.136 0.152 0.161 0.170 0.190 0.213 0.236 0.263 0.292 0.327
6.2 7.5 8.2 9.0 9.9 10.9 12.0 13.3 14.8 16.5 18.4 20.3 22.6 25.2 26.7 28.2 31.6 35.4 39.1 43.7 48.6 54.2
5.5 in. 1040 1260 1380 1510 1660 1820 2010 2230 2480 2760 3070 3380 3760 4200 4450 4700 5260 5880 6510 7260 8070 9010
140 0.038 0.046 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.066 0.073 0.081 0.090 0.100 0.111 0.123 0.136 0.152 0.161 0.170 0.191 0.214 0.236 0.263 0.293 0.327
6.2 7.6 8.3 9.1 10.0 11.0 12.1 13.4 14.9 16.6 18.5 20.4 22.6 25.3 26.8 28.3 31.7 35.4 39.2 43.7 48.6 54.3
6.3 in. 1060 1270 1400 1520 1680 1840 2020 2240 2490 2770 3090 3400 3780 4210 4460 4710 5280 5900 6530 7280 8090 9030
160 0.038 0.046 0.051 0.055 0.061 0.067 0.073 0.081 0.090 0.101 0.112 0.123 0.137 0.153 0.162 0.171 0.191 0.214 0.237 0.264 0.294 0.328
6.4 7.7 8.4 9.2 10.1 11.1 12.2 13.5 15.0 16.7 18.6 20.5 22.7 25.4 26.9 28.4 31.8 35.6 39.3 43.8 48.7 54.4
7.1 in. 1070 1290 1420 1540 1700 1850 2040 2260 2510 2790 3110 3420 3790 4230 4480 4730 5290 5920 6540 7290 8110 9050
180 0.039 0.047 0.051 0.056 0.062 0.067 0.074 0.082 0.091 0.101 0.113 0.124 0.138 0.154 0.163 0.172 0.192 0.215 0.237 0.265 0.294 0.328
6.5 7.8 8.5 9.3 10.2 11.2 12.3 13.6 15.1 16.8 18.7 20.6 22.8 25.5 27.0 28.5 31.9 35.7 39.4 43.9 48.8 54.5
7.9 in. 1090 1310 1430 1560 1720 1870 2060 2280 2530 2810 3120 3440 3810 4250 4500 4750 5310 5940 6560 7310 8130 9060
200 0.040 0.048 0.052 0.057 0.062 0.068 0.075 0.083 0.092 0.102 0.113 0.125 0.138 0.154 0.163 0.172 0.193 0.215 0.238 0.265 0.295 0.329
6.6 7.9 8.6 9.4 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.7 15.2 16.9 18.8 20.7 23.0 25.6 27.1 28.6 32.0 35.8 39.5 44.1 48.9 54.6
8.9 in. 1110 1330 1460 1580 1740 1890 2080 2300 2550 2830 3140 3460 3830 4270 4520 4770 5330 5960 6580 7330 8150 9090
225 0.040 0.048 0.053 0.057 0.063 0.069 0.076 0.083 0.093 0.103 0.114 0.125 0.139 0.155 0.164 0.173 0.194 0.216 0.239 0,266 0.296 0.330
6.7 8.0 8.8 9.5 10.5 11.4 12.5 13.9 15.4 17.1 18.9 20.8 23.1 25.7 27.2 28.7 32.1 35.9 39.7 44.2 49.1 54.7
9.8 in 1130 1350 1480 1600 1760 1920 2100 2320 2570 2850 3170 3480 3850 4290 4540 4790 5360 5980 6610 7360 8170 9110
250 0.041 0.049 0.054 0.058 0.064 0.070 0.076 0.084 0.093 0.104 0.115 0.126 0.140 0.156 0.165 0.174 0.194 0.217 0.240 0.267 0.296 0.331
6.8 8.1 8.9 9.7 10.6 11.5 12.7 14.0 15.5 17.2 19.1 21.0 23.2 25.9 27.4 28.9 32.3 36.0 39.8 44.3 49.2 54.9
11 in. 1160 1380 1500 1630 1790 1940 2130 2350 2600 2880 3190 3510 3880 4320 4570 4820 5380 6010 6630 7380 8200 9130
280 0.042 0.050 0.055 0.059 0.065 0.070 0.077 0.085 0.094 0.105 0.116 0.127 0.141 0.157 0.166 0.175 0.195 0.218 0.241 0.268 0.297 0.331
7.0 8.3 9.1 9.8 10.8 11.7 12.8 14.1 15.7 17.3 19.2 21.1 23.4 26.0 27.5 29.0 32.4 36.2 40.0 44.5 49.4 55.0
12.4 in. 1190 1410 1530 1660 1820 1970 2160 2380 2630 2910 3220 3540 3910 4350 4600 4850 5410 6040 6660 7410 8230 9160
315 0.043 0.051 0.056 0.060 0.066 0.072 0.078 0.086 0.095 0.106 0.117 0.128 0.142 0.158 0.167 0.176 0.196 0.219 0.242 0.269 0.299 0.333
7.2 8.5 9.2 10.0 10.9 11.9 13.0 14.3 15.8 17.5 19.4 21.3 23.6 26.2 27.7 29.2 32.6 36.4 40.1 44.7 49.6 55.2
14 in. 1230 1450 1570 1700 1850 2010 2200 2410 2660 2950 3260 3570 3950 4380 4630 4880 5450 6070 6700 7450 8260 9200
355 0.044 0.052 0.057 0.062 0.067 0.073 0.080 0.088 0.097 0.107 0.118 0.130 0.143 0.159 0.168 0.177 0.198 0.220 0.243 0.270 0.300 0.334
7.4 8.7 9.5 10.2 11.2 12.1 13.2 14.5 16.1 17.7 19.6 21.5 23.8 26.4 27.9 29.4 32.8 36.6 40.4 44.9 49.8 55.4
15.8 in 1270 1480 1610 1730 1890 2050 2230 2450 2700 2990 3300 3610 3990 4420 4670 4920 5490 6110 6740 7490 8300 9240
400 0.046 0.054 0.058 0.063 0.069 0.074 0.081 0.089 0.098 0.108 0.120 0.131 0.145 0.161 0.170 0.179 0.199 0.222 0.245 0.272 0.301 0.335
7.6 8.9 9.7 10.4 11.4 12.3 13.5 14.8 16.3 18.0 19.9 21.8 24.0 26.6 28.2 29.7 33.1 36.8 40.6 45.1 50.0 55.7
17.7 in. 1310 1530 1650 1780 1930 2090 2280 2500 2750 3030 3340 3650 4030 4470 4720 4970 5530 6160 6780 7530 8340 9280
450 0.048 0.055 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.076 0.083 0.091 0.100 0.110 0.121 0.133 0.146 0.162 0.171 0.180 0.201 0.223 0.246 0.273 0.303 0.337
7.9 9.2 10.0 10.7 11.7 12.6 13.7 15.0 16.6 18.2 20.1 22.0 24.3 26.9 28.4 29.9 33.3 37.1 40.9 45.4 50.3 55.9
19.7 in. 1350 1570 1700 1820 1980 2140 2320 2540 2790 3070 3390 3700 4070 4510 4760 5010 5570 6200 6830 7580 8390 9330
500 0.049 0.057 0.062 0.066 0.072 0.077 0.084 0.092 0.101 0.112 0.123 0.134 0.148 0.164 0.173 0.182 0.202 0.225 0.248 0.275 0.304 0.338
8.2 9.5 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.9 14.0 15.3 16.8 18.5 20.4 22.3 24.5 27.2 28.7 30.2 33.6 37.3 41.1 45.6 50.5 56.2
22 in. 1410 1620 1750 1880 2030 2190 2380 2590 2840 3130 3440 3750 4130 4560 4810 5060 5630 6250 6880 7630 8440 9380
560 0.051 0.059 0.064 0.068 0.074 0.079 0.086 0.094 0.103 0.113 0.125 0.136 0.150 0.166 0.175 0.184 0.204 0.227 0.250 0.277 0.306 0.340
8.5 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.2 13.2 14.3 15.6 17.1 18.8 20.7 22.6 24.9 27.5 29.0 30.5 33.9 37.7 41.4 46.0 50.9 56.5
24.8 in. 1470 1690 1810 1940 2090 2250 2440 2660 2910 3190 3500 3810 4190 4630 4880 5130 5690 6310 6940 7690 8500 9440
630 0.053 0.061 0.066 0.070 0.076 0.082 0.088 0.096 0.105 0.116 0.127 0.138 0.152 0.168 0.177 0.186 0.206 0.229 0.252 0.279 0.309 0.343
8.8 10.2 10.9 11.7 12.6 13.5 14.7 16.0 17.5 19.2 21.1 23.0 25.2 27.9 29.4 30.9 34.3 38.0 41.8 46.3 51.2 56.9
26.4 in. 1500 1720 1850 1970 2130 2280 2470 2690 2940 3220 3540 3850 4220 4660 4910 5160 5720 6350 6970 7720 8540 9480
670 0.055 0.062 0.067 0.072 0.077 0.083 0.090 0.098 0.107 0.117 0.128 0.140 0.153 0.169 0.178 0.187 0.208 0.230 0.253 0.280 0.310 0.344
9.1 10.4 11.1 11.9 12.8 13.8 14.9 16.2 17.7 19.4 21.3 23.2 25.4 28.1 29.6 31.1 34.5 38.2 42.0 46.5 51.4 57.1
28 in. 1540 1760 1880 2010 2160 2320 2510 2730 2980 3260 3570 3880 4260 4700 4950 5200 5760 6380 7010 7760 8570 9510
710 0.056 0.064 0.068 0.073 0.078 0.084 0.091 0.099 0.108 0.118 0.130 0.141 0.155 0.170 0.179 0.189 0.209 0.232 0.254 0.282 0.311 0.345
9.3 10.6 11.3 12.1 13.0 14.0 15.1 16.4 17.9 19.6 21.5 23.4 25.7 28.3 29.8 31.3 34.7 38.5 42.2 46.7 51.6 57.3
31.5 in. 1620 1840 1960 2090 2240 2400 2590 2800 3060 3340 3650 3960 4340 4770 5020 5280 5840 6460 7090 7840 8650 9590
800 0.059 0.067 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.087 0.094 0.102 0.111 0.121 0.132 0.144 0.157 0.173 0.182 0.191 0.212 0.235 0.257 0.284 0.314 0.348
9.7 11.1 11.8 12.6 13.5 14.4 15.6 16.9 18.4 20.1 22.0 23.9 26.1 28.8 30.3 31.8 35.2 38.9 42.7 47.2 52.1 57.8
Power W
Four-Shank KANTHAL SUPER 1700 6/12 Resistance
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
5.5 in. 7.9 in. 9.8 in. 11.4 in. 12.4 in. 14 in. 16.1 in. 17.7 in. 19.7 in. 24.4 in. 29.5 in.
140 200 250 290 315 355 410 450 500 620 750
Terminal Lu mm
15.8 in 2380 3130 3750 4250 4560 5060 5750 6250 6880 8380 10010
400 0.086 0.113 0.136 0.154 0.166 0.184 0.209 0.227 0.250 0.304 0.363
14.3 18.8 22.6 25.6 27.5 30.5 34.7 37.7 41.4 50.5 60.3
17.7 in. 2420 3170 3800 4300 4610 5110 5800 6300 6920 8420 10050
450 0.088 0.115 0.138 0.156 0.167 0.185 0.210 0.229 0.251 0.306 0.365
14.6 19.1 22.9 25.9 27.8 30.8 34.9 37.9 41.7 50.7 60.5
18.5 in. 2440 3190 3810 4310 4630 5130 5810 6310 6940 8440 10070
470 0.088 0.116 0.138 0.157 0.168 0.186 0.211 0.229 0.252 0.306 0.365
14.7 19.2 23.0 26.0 27.9 30.9 35.0 38.0 41.8 50.8 60.6
19.7 in. 2460 3210 3840 4340 4650 5150 5840 6340 6970 8470 10090
500 0.089 0.117 0.139 0.157 0.169 0.187 0.212 0.230 0.253 0.307 0.366
14.8 19.4 23.1 26.1 28.0 31.0 35.2 38.2 42.0 51.0 60.8
20.5 in. 2480 3230 3860 4360 4670 5170 5860 6360 6980 8480 10110
520 0.090 0.117 0.140 0.158 0.169 0.188 0.213 0.231 0.253 0.308 0.367
14.9 19.5 23.2 26.2 28.1 31.1 35.3 38.3 42.1 51.1 60.9
22 in. 2520 3270 3890 4390 4700 5210 5890 6390 7020 8520 10150
560 0.091 0.119 0.141 0.159 0.171 0.189 0.214 0.232 0.255 0.309 0.368
15.2 19.7 23.4 26.5 28.3 31.4 35.5 38.5 42.3 51.3 61.1
23.6 in. 2550 3300 3930 4430 4740 5240 5930 6430 7050 8550 10180
600 0.093 0.120 0.143 0.161 0.172 0.190 0.215 0.233 0.256 0.310 0.369
15.4 19.9 23.7 26.7 28.6 31.6 35.7 38.7 42.5 51.5 61.3
24.8 in. 2580 3330 3950 4450 4770 5270 5950 6450 7080 8580 10210
630 0.094 0.121 0.143 0.162 0.173 0.191 0.216 0.234 0.257 0.311 0.370
15.5 20.0 23.8 26.8 28.7 31.7 35.9 38.9 42.7 51.7 61.5
28 in. 2650 3400 4020 4520 4840 5340 6020 6520 7150 8650 10280
710 0.096 0.123 0.146 0.164 0.176 0.194 0.219 0.237 0.259 0.314 0.373
16.0 20.5 24.2 27.3 29.1 32.1 36.3 39.3 43.1 52.1 61.9
Power W
Volt V
Shank distance mm 60 W/in. 2 107
Heating zone, Le mm
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710 800 900 1000 1120 1250 1400
Terminal Lu mm
11 in. 1750 2080 2270 2460 2690 2930 3210 3540 3910 4330 4800 5270 5840 6490 6870 7240 8090 9030 9960 11090 12310 13720
280 0.019 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.029 0.031 0.034 0.038 0.042 0.047 0.052 0.057 0.063 0.070 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.097 0.107 0.119 0.132 0.147
5.7 6.8 7.4 8.1 8.8 9.6 10.5 11.6 12.8 14.2 15.7 17.3 19.1 21.3 22.5 23.7 26.5 29.6 32.7 36.4 40.4 45.0
12.4 in. 1800 2130 2320 2500 2740 2970 3250 3580 3960 4380 4850 5320 5880 6540 6910 7290 8130 9070 10010 11140 12360 13760
315 0.019 0.023 0.025 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.052 0.057 0.063 0.070 0.074 0.078 0.087 0.098 0.108 0.120 0.133 0.148
5.9 7.0 7.6 8.2 9.0 9.7 10.7 11.7 13.0 14.4 15.9 17.4 19.3 21.4 22.7 23.9 26.7 29.7 32.8 36.5 40.5 45.1
14 in. 1850 2180 2370 2560 2790 3030 3310 3640 4010 4430 4900 5370 5930 6590 6970 7340 8190 9120 10060 11190 12410 13820
355 0.020 0.023 0.025 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.058 0.064 0.071 0.075 0.079 0.088 0.098 0.108 0.120 0.133 0.149
6.1 7.1 7.8 8.4 9.1 9.9 10.8 11.9 13.1 14.5 16.1 17.6 19.5 21.6 22.8 24.1 26.8 29.9 33.0 36.7 40.7 45.3
15.8 in 1910 2240 2430 2620 2850 3080 3370 3690 4070 4490 4960 5430 5990 6650 7030 7400 8250 9180 10120 11250 12470 13870
400 0.021 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.031 0.033 0.036 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.053 0.058 0.064 0.071 0.076 0.080 0.089 0.099 0.109 0.121 0.134 0.149
6.3 7.3 8.0 8.6 9.3 10.1 11.0 12.1 13.3 14.7 16.3 17.8 19.6 21.8 23.0 24.3 27.0 30.1 33.2 36.9 40.9 45.5
17.7 in. 1980 2310 2490 2680 2920 3150 3430 3760 4140 4560 5030 5500 6060 6720 7090 7470 8310 9250 10190 11310 12530 13940
450 0.021 0.025 0.027 0.029 0.031 0.034 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.049 0.054 0.059 0.065 0.072 0.076 0.080 0.089 0.099 0.110 0.122 0.135 0.150
6.5 7.6 8.2 8.8 9.6 10.3 11.3 12.3 13.6 14.9 16.5 18.0 19.9 22.0 23.2 24.5 27.2 30.3 33.4 37.1 41.1 45.7
19.7 in. 2040 2370 2560 2750 2980 3220 3500 3830 4200 4620 5090 5560 6120 6780 7160 7530 8380 9320 10250 11380 12600 14010
500 0.022 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.032 0.035 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.066 0.073 0.077 0.081 0.090 0.100 0.110 0.122 0.135 0.151
6.7 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.8 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.8 15.2 16.7 18.2 20.1 22.2 23.5 24.7 27.5 30.5 33.6 37.3 41.3 45.9
22 in. 2120 2450 2640 2830 3060 3300 3580 3910 4280 4700 5170 5640 6200 6860 7240 7610 8460 9390 10330 11460 12680 14090
560 0.023 0.026 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.038 0.042 0.046 0.051 0.056 0.061 0.067 0.074 0.078 0.082 0.091 0.101 0.111 0.123 0.136 0.151
7.0 8.0 8.7 9.3 10.0 10.8 11.7 12.8 14.0 15.4 17.0 18.5 20.3 22.5 23.7 25.0 27.7 30.8 33.9 37.6 41.6 46.2
24.8 in. 2210 2540 2730 2920 3150 3390 3670 4000 4370 4790 5260 5730 6300 6950 7330 7700 8550 9490 10420 11550 12770 14180
630 0.024 0.027 0.029 0.031 0.034 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.052 0.057 0.062 0.068 0.075 0.079 0.083 0.092 0.102 0.112 0.124 0.137 0.152
7.3 8.3 9.0 9.6 10.3 11.1 12.0 13.1 14.3 15.7 17.3 18.8 20.6 22.8 24.0 25.3 28.0 31.1 34.2 37.9 41.9 46.5
26.4 in. 2270 2600 2780 2970 3210 3440 3720 4050 4430 4850 5320 5790 6350 7010 7380 7760 8600 9540 10480 11600 12820 14230
670 0.024 0.028 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.057 0.062 0.068 0.075 0.079 0.083 0.092 0.103 0.113 0.125 0.138 0.153
7.4 8.5 9.1 9.7 10.5 11.3 12.2 13.3 14.5 15.9 17.4 19.0 20.8 23.0 24.2 25.4 28.2 31.3 34.4 38.0 42.0 46.7
28 in. 2320 2650 2840 3020 3260 3490 3770 4100 4480 4900 5370 5840 6400 7060 7430 7810 8650 9590 10530 11660 12880 14280
710 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.038 0.041 0.044 0.048 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.069 0.076 0.080 0.084 0.093 0.103 0.113 0.125 0.138 0.154
7.6 8.7 9.3 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.4 13.5 14.7 16.1 17.6 19.1 21.0 23.1 24.4 25.6 28.4 31.4 34.5 38.2 42.2 46.8
31.5 in. 2440 2770 2950 3140 3380 3610 3890 4220 4600 5020 5490 5960 6520 7180 7550 7930 8770 9710 10650 11770 12990 14400
800 0.026 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.045 0.049 0.054 0.059 0.064 0.070 0.077 0.081 0.085 0.094 0.104 0.114 0.127 0.140 0.155
8.0 9.1 9.7 10.3 11.1 11.8 12.8 13.8 15.1 16.5 18.0 19.5 21.4 23.5 24.8 26.0 28.8 31.8 34.9 38.6 42.6 47.2
KSHB_37 99-05-21 10.41 Sidan 1
Kanthal Super Handbook, Electrical data 40 5

Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
7.1 in. 8.9 in. 10.6 in. 12.2 in. 13.8 in. 15.8 in. 17.7 in. 20.5 in. 23.6 in. 26.4 in. 28.4 in.
180 225 270 310 350 400 450 520 600 670 720
Terminal Lu mm
17.7 in. 4420 5260 6110 6860 7610 8550 9490 10800 12300 13610 14550
450 0.048 0.057 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.092 0.102 0.116 0.132 0.146 0.156
14.5 17.3 20.0 22.5 24.9 28.0 31.1 35.4 40.3 44.6 47.7
19.7 in. 4480 5330 6170 6920 7670 8610 9550 10870 12370 13680 14620
500 0.048 0.057 0.066 0.074 0.083 0.093 0.103 0.117 0.133 0.147 0.157
14.7 17.5 20.2 22.7 25.2 28.2 31.3 35.6 40.5 44.9 47.9
22 in. 4560 5410 6250 7000 7750 8690 9630 10940 12450 13760 14700
560 0.049 0.058 0.067 0.075 0.083 0.093 0.104 0.118 0.134 0.148 0.158
15.0 17.7 20.5 23.0 25.4 28.5 31.6 35.9 40.8 45.1 48.2
24 in. 4630 5470 6320 7070 7820 8760 9700 11010 12510 13820 14760
610 0,050 0,059 0,068 0,076 0,084 0,094 0,104 0,118 0,134 0,149 0,159
15.2 17.9 20.7 23.2 25.6 28.7 31.8 36.1 41.0 45.3 48.4
26.4 in. 4710 5550 6400 7150 7900 8840 9780 11090 12590 13900 14840
670 0.051 0.060 0.069 0.077 0.085 0.095 0.105 0.119 0.135 0.149 0.160
15.4 18.2 21.0 23.4 25.9 29.0 32.1 36.4 41.3 45.6 48.7
28.5 in. 4780 5630 6470 7220 7970 8910 9850 11160 12660 13980 14910
725 0.051 0.060 0.070 0.078 0.086 0.096 0.106 0.120 0.136 0.150 0.160
15.7 18.4 21.2 23.7 26.1 29.2 32.3 36.6 41.5 45.8 48.9
30.3 in. 4840 5680 6530 7280 8030 8970 9910 11220 12720 14040 14970
770 0.052 0.061 0.070 0.078 0.086 0.096 0.106 0.121 0.137 0.151 0.161
15.9 18.6 21.4 23.9 26.3 29.4 32.5 36.8 41.7 46.0 49.1
s41 4sh T1700 12/24 99-05-10 18.41 Sidan 41
Kanthal Super Handbook

Power W
Volt V
Max. element temperature 1700 C (3090 F) Heating zone mm12 Furnace temp. C 1300 (2370 F) Element current A 470
Heating zone, Le mm
7.1 in. 8.9 in. 10.6 in. 12.2 in. 13.8 in. 15.8 in. 17.7 in. 20.5 in. 23.6 in. 26.4 in. 28.4 in.
180 225 270 310 350 400 450 520 600 670 720
Terminal Lu mm
17.7 in. 5850 6970 8100 9100 10110 11360 12610 14370 16370 18130 19380
Electrical data, Four-shank 1700 12/24Element

450 0.026 0.032 0.037 0.041 0.046 0.051 0.057 0.065 0.074 0.082 0.088
12.4 14.8 17.2 19.4 21.5 24.2 26.8 30.6 34.8 38.6 41.2
19.7 in. 5930 7060 8190 9190 10200 11450 12700 14460 16460 18220 19470
500 0.027 0.032 0.037 0.042 0.046 0.052 0.058 0.065 0.075 0.082 0.088
12.6 15.0 17.4 19.6 21.7 24.4 27.0 30.8 35.0 38.8 41.4
22 in. 6040 7170 8300 9300 10300 11550 12810 14560 16570 18320 19580
560 0.027 0.032 0.038 0.042 0.047 0.052 0.058 0.066 0.075 0.083 0.089
12.8 15.2 17.6 19.8 21.9 24.6 27.2 31.0 35.2 39.0 41.6
24 in. 6130 7260 8380 9390 10390 11640 12900 14650 16660 18410 19660
610 0.028 0.033 0.038 0.042 0.047 0.053 0.058 0.066 0.075 0.083 0.089
13.0 15.4 17.8 20.0 22.1 24.8 27.4 31.2 35.4 39.2 41.8
26.4 in. 6230 7360 8490 9490 10490 11750 13000 14760 16760 18520 19770
670 0.028 0.033 0.038 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.059 0.067 0.076 0.084 0.089
13.3 15.7 18.1 20.2 22.3 25.0 27.7 31.4 35.7 39.4 42.1
28.5 in. 6330 7460 8590 9590 10590 11840 13100 14850 16860 18610 19870
725 0.029 0.034 0.039 0.043 0.048 0.054 0.059 0.067 0.076 0.084 0.090
13.5 15.9 18.3 20.4 22.5 25.2 27.9 31.6 35.9 39.6 42.3
30.3 in. 6410 7540 8660 9670 10670 11920 13180 14930 16940 18690 19940
770 0.029 0.034 0.039 0.044 0.048 0.054 0.060 0.068 0.077 0.085 0.090
13.6 16.0 18.4 20.6 22.7 25.4 28.0 31.8 36.0 39.8 42.4
41
5
KSHB_39 99-05-21 10.48 Sidan 1

Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710 800 900 1000 1120 1250 1400
Terminal Lu mm
11 in. 2390 2830 3080 3330 3650 3960 4340 4780 5280 5840 6470 7090 7850 8720 9230 9730 10850 12110 13360 14870 16490 18370
280 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.029 0.032 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.044 0.049 0.055 0.060 0.067 0.075 0.083
5.1 6.0 6.6 7.1 7.8 8.4 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.4 13.8 15.1 16.7 18.6 19.6 20.7 23.1 25.8 28.4 31.6 35.1 39.1
12.4 in. 2460 2900 3150 3400 3710 4020 4400 4840 5340 5900 6530 7160 7910 8790 9290 9790 10920 12170 13420 14930 16560 18440
315 0.011 0.013 0.014 0.015 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.027 0.030 0.032 0.036 0.040 0.042 0.044 0.049 0.055 0.061 0.068 0.075 0.083
5.2 6.2 6.7 7.2 7.9 8.6 9.4 10.3 11.4 12.6 13.9 15.2 16.8 18.7 19.8 20.8 23.2 25.9 28.6 31.8 35.2 39.2
14 in. 2530 2970 3220 3470 3780 4090 4470 4910 5410 5970 6600 7230 7980 8860 9360 9860 10990 12240 13490 15000 16630 18510
355 0.011 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.050 0.055 0.061 0.068 0.075 0.084
5.4 6.3 6.8 7.4 8.0 8.7 9.5 10.4 11.5 12.7 14.0 15.4 17.0 18.8 19.9 21.0 23.4 26.0 28.7 31.9 35.4 39.4
15.8 in 2610 3040 3300 3550 3860 4170 4550 4990 5490 6050 6680 7310 8060 8940 9440 9940 11070 12320 13570 15080 16710 18590
400 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.040 0.043 0.045 0.050 0.056 0.061 0.068 0.076 0.084
5.5 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.2 8.9 9.7 10.6 11.7 12.9 14.2 15.5 17.1 19.0 20.1 21.1 23.5 26.2 28.9 32.1 35.5 39.5
17.7 in. 2690 3130 3380 3630 3950 4260 4640 5080 5580 6140 6770 7390 8150 9020 9520 10030 11150 12410 13660 15160 16790 18670
450 0.012 0.014 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.028 0.031 0.033 0.037 0.041 0.043 0.045 0.050 0.056 0.062 0.069 0.076 0.085
5.7 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.4 9.1 9.9 10.8 11.9 13.1 14.4 15.7 17.3 19.2 20.3 21.3 23.7 26.4 29.1 32.3 35.7 39.7
19.7 in. 2780 3220 3470 3720 4040 4350 4720 5160 5660 6230 6860 7480 8230 9110 9610 10110 11240 12490 13750 15250 16880 18760
500 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.023 0.026 0.028 0.031 0.034 0.037 0.041 0.044 0.046 0.051 0.057 0.062 0.069 0.076 0.085
5.9 6.9 7.4 7.9 8.6 9.3 10.1 11.0 12.1 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.5 19.4 20.5 21.5 23.9 26.6 29.3 32.5 35.9 39.9
22 in. 2890 3330 3580 3830 4140 4450 4830 5270 5770 6330 6960 7590 8340 9220 9720 10220 11350 12600 13850 15360 16990 18870
560 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.029 0.032 0.034 0.038 0.042 0.044 0.046 0.051 0.057 0.063 0.070 0.077 0.085
6.1 7.1 7.6 8.1 8.8 9.5 10.3 11.2 12.3 13,.5 14.8 16.1 17.7 19.6 20.7 21.7 24.1 26.8 29.5 32.7 36.1 40.1
24.8 in. 3010 3450 3700 3950 4260 4580 4950 5390 5890 6460 7080 7710 8460 9340 9840 10340 11470 12720 13980 15480 17110 18990
630 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.038 0.042 0.045 0.047 0.052 0.058 0.063 0.070 0.077 0.086
6.4 7.3 7.9 8.4 9.1 9.7 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.7 15.1 16.4 18.0 19.9 20.9 22.0 24.4 27.1 29.7 32.9 36.4 40.4
26.4 in. 3080 3520 3770 4020 4330 4650 5020 5460 5960 6530 7150 7780 8530 9410 9910 10410 11540 12790 14050 15550 17180 19060
670 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.027 0.030 0.032 0.035 0.039 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.052 0.058 0.064 0.070 0.078 0.086
6.6 7.5 8.0 8.6 9.2 9.9 10.7 11.6 12.7 13.9 15.2 16.6 18.2 20.0 21.1 22.2 24.6 27.2 29.9 33.1 36.6 40.6
28 in. 3150 3590 3840 4090 4400 4720 5090 5530 6030 6600 7220 7850 8600 9480 9980 10480 11610 12860 14120 15620 17250 19130
710 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.045 0.047 0.053 0.058 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.087
6.7 7.6 8.2 8.7 9.4 10.0 10.8 11.8 12.8 14.0 15.4 16.7 18.3 20.2 21.2 22.3 24.7 27.4 30.0 33.2 36.7 40.7
31.5 in. 3310 3750 4000 4250 4560 4880 5250 5690 6190 6760 7380 8010 8760 9640 10140 10640 11770 13020 14280 15780 17410 19290
800 0.015 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.031 0.033 0.036 0.040 0.044 0.046 0.048 0.053 0.059 0.065 0.071 0.079 0.087
7.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.7 10.4 11.2 12.1 13.2 14.4 15.7 17.0 18.6 20.5 21.6 22.6 25.0 27.7 30.4 33.6 37.0 41.0
Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
2 in. 3 in. 3.9 in. 4.9 in. 6.3 in. 7.1 in. 7.9 in. 8.9 in. 9.8 in. 11 in. 12.4 in. 14 in. 15.8 in.
50 75 100 125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400
Terminal Lu mm
2 in. 166 223 279 336 415 460 505 562 618 686 765 855 957
50 0.074 0.099 0.124 0.149 0.184 0.204 0.224 0.249 0.274 0.304 0.339 0.379 0.424
3.5 4.7 5.9 7.1 8.7 9.7 10.6 11.8 13.0 14.4 16.1 18.0 20.1
3 in. 175 232 288 345 424 469 514 571 627 695 774 864 966
75 0.078 0.103 0.128 0.153 0.188 0.208 0.228 0.253 0.278 0.308 0.343 0.383 0.428
3.7 4.9 6.1 7.3 8.9 9.9 10.8 12.0 13.2 14.6 16.3 18.2 20.3
3.9 in. 184 241 297 354 433 478 523 580 636 704 783 873 975
100 0.082 0.107 0.132 0.157 0.192 0.212 0.232 0.257 0.282 0.312 0.347 0.387 0.432
3.9 5.1 6.3 7.4 9.1 10.1 11.0 12.2 13.4 14.8 16.5 18.4 20.5
4.9 in. 193 250 306 363 442 487 532 589 645 713 792 882 984
125 0.086 0.111 0.136 0.161 0.196 0.216 0.236 0.261 0.286 0.316 0.351 0.391 0.436
4.1 5.3 6.4 7.6 9.3 10.3 11.2 12.4 13.6 15.0 16.7 18.6 20.7
5.5 in. 199 255 312 368 447 492 538 594 651 718 797 888 989
140 0.088 0.113 0.138 0.163 0.198 0.218 0.238 0.263 0.288 0.318 0.353 0.393 0.438
4.2 5.4 6.6 7.8 9.4 10.4 11.3 12.5 13.7 15.1 16.8 18.7 20.8
6.3 in. 206 262 319 375 454 500 545 601 658 726 805 895 997
160 0.091 0.116 0.141 0.166 0.201 0.221 0.241 0.267 0.292 0.322 0.357 0.397 0.442
4.3 5.5 6.7 7.9 9.6 10.5 11.5 12.7 13.8 15.3 16.9 18.8 21.0
7.1 in. 213 270 326 383 462 507 552 609 665 733 812 902 1004
180 0.095 0.120 0,145 0.170 0.205 0.225 0.245 0.270 0.295 0.325 0.360 0.400 0.445
4.5 5.7 6.9 8.1 9.7 10.7 11.6 12.8 14.0 15.4 17.1 19.0 21.1
7.9 in. 220 277 333 390 469 514 559 616 672 740 819 909 1011
200 0.098 0.123 0.148 0.173 0.208 0.228 0.248 0.273 0.298 0.328 0.363 0.403 0.448
4.6 5.8 7.0 8.2 9.9 10.8 11.8 13.0 14.2 15.6 17.2 19.1 21.3
8.9 in. 229 286 342 399 478 523 568 625 681 749 828 918 1020
225 0.102 0.127 0.152 0.177 0.212 0.232 0.252 0.277 0.302 0.332 0.367 0.407 0.452
4.8 6.0 7.2 8.4 10.1 11.0 12.0 13.2 14.3 15.8 17.4 19.3 21.5
9.8 in 239 295 351 408 487 532 577 634 690 758 837 927 1029
250 0.106 0.131 0.156 0.181 0.216 0.236 0.256 0.281 0.306 0.336 0.371 0.411 0.456
5.0 6.2 7.4 8.6 10.3 11.2 12.2 13.3 14.5 16.0 17.6 19.5 21.7
11 in. 249 306 362 419 498 543 588 645 701 769 848 938 1040
280 0.111 0.136 0.161 0.186 0.221 0.241 0.261 0.286 0.311 0.341 0.376 0.416 0.461
5.2 6.4 7.6 8.8 10.5 11.4 12.4 13.6 14.8 16.2 17.9 19.8 21.9
12.4 in. 262 318 375 431 510 556 601 657 714 781 861 951 1053
315 0.116 0.141 0.166 0.191 0.226 0.246 0.266 0.291 0.316 0.346 0.381 0.421 0.467
5.5 6.7 7.9 9.1 10.7 11.7 12.6 13.8 15.0 16.5 18.1 20.0 22.2
14 in. 276 333 389 446 525 570 615 672 728 796 875 965 1067
355 0.123 0.148 0.173 0.198 0.233 0.253 0.273 0.298 0.323 0.353 0.388 0.428 0.473
5.8 7.0 8.2 9.4 11.1 12.0 13.0 14.1 15.3 16.8 18.4 20.3 22.5
15.8 in 293 349 406 462 541 586 631 688 744 812 891 982 1083
400 0.130 0.155 0.180 0.205 0.240 0.260 0.280 0.305 0.330 0.360 0.395 0.435 0.480
6.2 7.4 8.5 9.7 11.4 12.3 13.3 14.5 15.7 17.1 18.8 20.7 22.8
Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
50 75 100 125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400
Terminal Lu mm
2 in. 215 291 366 441 547 607 667 743 818 909 1014 1135 1270
50 0.040 0.054 0.068 0.082 0.102 0.113 0.125 0.139 0.153 0.170 0.189 0.212 0.237
2.9 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 8.3 9.1 10.2 11.2 12.4 13.9 15.5 17.4
3 in. 225 300 376 451 556 617 677 752 828 918 1024 1144 1280
75 0.042 0.056 0.070 0.084 0.104 0.115 0.126 0.141 0.155 0.172 0.191 0.214 0.239
3.1 4.1 5.1 6.2 7.6 8.4 9.3 10.3 11.3 12.5 14.0 15.6 17.5
3.9 in. 234 310 385 460 566 626 686 762 837 928 1033 1154 1289
100 0.044 0.058 0.072 0.086 0.106 0.117 0.128 0.142 0.156 0.173 0.193 0.216 0.241
3.2 4.2 5.3 6.3 7.7 8.6 9.4 10.4 11.4 12.7 14.1 15.8 17.6
4.9 in. 244 319 395 470 575 636 696 771 847 937 1043 1163 1299
125 0.046 0.060 0.074 0.088 0.108 0.119 0.130 0.144 0.158 0.175 0.195 0.217 0.243
3.3 4.4 5.4 6.4 7.9 8.7 9.5 10.5 11.6 12.8 14.3 15.9 17.8
5.5 in. 250 325 400 476 581 641 702 777 852 943 1048 1169 1305
140 0.047 0.061 0.075 0.089 0.109 0.120 0.131 0.145 0.159 0.176 0.196 0.218 0.244
3.4 4.4 5.5 6.5 7.9 8.8 9.6 10.6 11.7 12.9 14.3 16.0 17.8
6.3 in. 257 333 408 483 589 649 709 785 860 950 1056 1176 1312
160 0.048 0.062 0.076 0.090 0.110 0.121 0.133 0.147 0.161 0.178 0.197 0.220 0.245
3.5 4.5 5.6 6.6 8.0 8.9 9.7 10.7 11.8 13.0 14.4 16.1 17.9
7.1 in. 265 340 416 491 596 657 717 792 868 958 1064 1184 1320
180 0.049 0.064 0.078 0.092 0.111 0.123 0.134 0.148 0.162 0.179 0.199 0.221 0.247
3.6 4.6 5.7 6.7 8.2 9.0 9.8 10.8 11.9 13.1 14.5 16.2 18.0
7.9 in. 272 348 423 498 604 664 725 800 875 966 1071 1192 1327
200 0.051 0.065 0.079 0.093 0.113 0.124 0.135 0.149 0.164 0.180 0.200 0.223 0.248
3.7 4.8 5.8 6.8 8.3 9.1 9.9 10.9 12.0 13.2 14.6 16.3 18.1
8.9 in. 282 357 433 508 614 674 734 809 885 975 1081 1201 1337
225 0.053 0.067 0.081 0.095 0.115 0.126 0.137 0.151 0.165 0.182 0.202 0.224 0.250
3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 8.4 9.2 10.0 11.1 12.1 13.3 14.8 16.4 18.3
9.8 in 291 367 442 518 623 683 744 819 894 985 1090 1211 1346
250 0.054 0.069 0.083 0.097 0.116 0.128 0.139 0.153 0.167 0.184 0.204 0.226 0.252
4.0 5.0 6.0 7.1 8.5 9.3 10.2 11.2 12.2 13.5 14.9 16.5 18.4
11 in. 303 378 454 529 634 695 755 830 906 996 1102 1222 1358
280 0.057 0.071 0.085 0.099 0.119 0.130 0.141 0.155 0.169 0.186 0.206 0.228 0.254
4.1 5.2 6.2 7.2 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.6 15.1 16.7 18.6
12.4 in. 316 392 467 542 648 708 768 844 919 1009 1115 1236 1371
315 0.059 0.073 0.087 0.101 0.121 0.132 0.144 0.158 0.172 0.189 0.208 0.231 0.256
4.3 5.4 6.4 7.4 8.9 9.7 10.5 11.5 12.6 13.8 15.2 16.9 18.7
14 in. 331 407 482 558 663 723 784 859 934 1025 1130 1251 1386
355 0.062 0.076 0.090 0.104 0.124 0.135 0.146 0.160 0.175 0.191 0.211 0.234 0.259
4.5 5.6 6.6 7.6 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.7 12.8 14.0 15.4 17.1 18.9
15.8 in 349 424 499 575 680 740 801 876 951 1042 1147 1268 1404
400 0.065 0.079 0.093 0.107 0.127 0.138 0.150 0.164 0.178 0.195 0.214 0.237 0.262
4.8 5.8 6.8 7.9 9.3 10.1 10.9 12.0 13.0 14.2 15.7 17.3 19.2
KSHB_42 99-05-21 10.55 Sidan 1

Power W
Volt V
Terminal mm 12 Element temp. C 1700 (2090 F) Surface loading W/cm2 12.0
Heating zone, Le mm
4.9 in. 6.3 in. 7.1 in. 7.9 in. 8.9 in. 9.8 in. 11 in. 12.4 in. 14 in. 15.8 in. 17.7 in. 19.7 in. 22 in. 24.8 in. 26.4 in. 28 in. 31.5 in. 35.4 in. 39.4 in.
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710 800 900 1000
Terminal Lu mm
4.9 in. 750 910 1000 1090 1200 1320 1450 1610 1790 1990 2220 2450 2720 3030 3220 3400 3800 4260 4710
125 0.042 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.067 0.073 0.080 0.089 0.099 0.110 0.123 0.135 0.150 0.168 0.178 0.188 0.211 0.236 0.261
5.6 6.8 7.4 8.1 9.0 9.8 10.8 12.0 13.3 14.8 16.5 18.2 20.2 22.6 23.9 25.3 28.3 31.7 35.0
5.5 in. 760 920 1010 1100 1210 1330 1460 1620 1800 2010 2230 2460 2730 3050 3230 3410 3810 4270 4720
140 0.042 0.051 0.056 0.061 0.067 0.073 0.081 0.090 0.100 0.111 0.124 0.136 0.151 0.169 0.179 0.189 0.211 0.236 0.261
5.7 6.8 7.5 8.2 9.0 9.9 10.9 12.1 13.4 14.9 16.6 18.3 20.3 22.7 24.0 25.4 28.4 31.7 35.1
6.3 in. 780 940 1030 1120 1230 1340 1480 1640 1820 2020 2250 2470 2740 3060 3240 3420 3830 4280 4730
160 0.043 0.052 0.057 0.062 0.068 0.074 0.082 0.091 0.101 0.112 0.124 0.137 0.152 0.169 0.179 0.189 0.212 0.237 0.262
5.8 7.0 7.6 8.3 9.1 10.0 11.0 12.2 13.5 15.0 16.7 18.4 20.4 22.8 24.1 25.5 28.5 31.8 35.2
7.1 in. 790 950 1040 1130 1240 1360 1490 1650 1830 2030 2260 2490 2760 3070 3260 3440 3840 4290 4750
180 0.044 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.069 0.075 0.083 0.091 0.101 0.113 0.125 0.138 0.153 0.170 0.180 0.190 0.213 0.238 0.263
5.9 7.1 7.7 8.4 9.3 10.1 11.1 12.3 13.6 15.1 16.8 18.5 20.5 22.9 24.2 25.6 28.6 32.0 35.3
7.9 in. 810 960 1050 1140 1260 1370 1510 1660 1850 2050 2280 2500 2770 3090 3270 3450 3860 4310 4760
200 0.045 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.070 0.076 0.083 0.092 0.102 0.113 0.126 0.138 0.153 0.171 0.181 0.191 0.214 0.239 0.264
6.0 7.2 7.8 8.5 9.4 10.2 11.2 12.4 13.7 15.2 16.9 18.6 20.6 23.0 24.3 25.7 28.7 32.1 35.4
8.9 in. 820 980 1070 1160 1280 1390 1520 1680 1860 2070 2290 2520 2790 3110 3290 3470 3880 4330 4780
225 0.046 0.054 0.059 0.064 0.071 0.077 0.084 0.093 0.103 0.114 0.127 0.139 0.154 0.172 0.182 0.192 0.215 0.240 0.265
6.1 7.3 8.0 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.3 12.5 13.9 15.4 17.1 18.7 20.8 23.1 24.5 25.8 28.8 32.2 35.6
9.8 in 840 1000 1090 1180 1290 1410 1540 1700 1880 2090 2310 2540 2810 3120 3310 3490 3890 4350 4800
250 0.047 0.055 0.060 0.065 0.072 0.078 0.085 0.094 0.104 0.115 0.128 0.140 0.155 0.173 0.183 0.193 0.216 0.241 0.266
6.3 7.4 8.1 8.8 9.6 10.5 11.5 12.7 14.0 15.5 17.2 18.9 20.9 23.3 24.6 25.9 29.0 32.3 35.7
11 in. 860 1020 1110 1200 1320 1430 1560 1720 1900 2110 2330 2560 2830 3150 3330 3510 3920 4370 4820
280 0.048 0.057 0.062 0.067 0.073 0.079 0.087 0.095 0.105 0.117 0.129 0.142 0.157 0.174 0.184 0.194 0.217 0.242 0.267
6.4 7.6 8.3 8.9 9.8 10.6 11.6 12.8 14.2 15.7 17.4 19.0 21.1 23.4 24.8 26.1 29.1 32.5 35.9
12.4 in. 890 1050 1140 1230 1340 1450 1590 1750 1930 2130 2360 2580 2860 3170 3350 3530 3940 4390 4840
315 0.049 0.058 0.063 0.068 0.074 0.080 0.088 0.097 0.107 0.118 0.131 0.143 0.158 0.176 0.186 0.196 0.218 0.243 0.268
6.6 7.8 8.5 9.1 10.0 10.8 11.8 13.0 14.4 15.9 17.5 19.2 21.2 23.6 24.9 26.3 29.3 32.7 36.0
14 in. 920 1080 1170 1260 1370 1480 1620 1780 1960 2160 2390 2610 2880 3200 3380 3560 3970 4420 4870
355 0.051 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.076 0.082 0.090 0.098 0.108 0.120 0.132 0.145 0.160 0.177 0.187 0.197 0.220 0.245 0.270
6.8 8.0 8.7 9.4 10.2 11.0 12.0 13.2 14.6 16.1 17.8 19.4 21.5 23.8 25.2 26.5 29.5 32.9 36.3
15.8 in 950 1110 1200 1290 1400 1520 1650 1810 1990 2190 2420 2650 2920 3230 3410 3590 4000 4450 4910
400 0.053 0.061 0.066 0.071 0.078 0.084 0.091 0.100 0.110 0.121 0.134 0.146 0.161 0.179 0.189 0.199 0.222 0.247 0.272
7.1 8.2 8.9 9.6 10.4 11.3 12.3 13.5 14.8 16.3 18.0 19.7 21.7 24.1 25.4 26.7 29.8 33.1 36.5
17.7 in. 990 1140 1240 1330 1440 1550 1690 1850 2030 2230 2460 2680 2950 3270 3450 3630 4040 4490 4940
450 0.055 0.063 0.068 0.073 0.080 0.086 0.093 0.102 0.112 0.123 0.136 0.148 0.163 0.181 0.191 0.201 0.224 0.249 0.274
7.3 8.5 9.2 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.6 13.7 15.1 16.6 18.3 20.0 22.0 24.3 25.7 27.0 30.0 33.4 36.8
19.7 in. 1020 1180 1270 1360 1470 1590 1720 1880 2060 2270 2490 2720 2990 3310 3490 3670 4070 4530 4980
500 0.057 0.065 0.070 0.075 0.082 0.088 0.095 0.104 0.114 0.125 0.138 0.150 0.165 0.183 0.193 0.203 0.226 0.251 0.276
7.6 8.8 9.5 10.1 11.0 11.8 12.8 14.0 15.3 16.9 18.5 20.2 22.2 24.6 25.9 27.3 30.3 33.7 37.0
22 in. 1070 1220 1310 1400 1520 1630 1770 1920 2110 2310 2540 2760 3030 3350 3530 3710 4120 4570 5020
560 0.059 0.068 0.073 0.078 0.084 0.090 0.098 0.107 0.117 0.128 0.140 0.153 0.168 0.185 0.195 0.205 0.228 0.253 0.278
7.9 9.1 9.8 10.5 11.3 12.1 13.1 14.3 15.7 17.2 18.9 20.5 22.6 24.9 26.3 27.6 30.6 34.0 37.4
24.8 in. 1120 1270 1370 1460 1570 1680 1820 1980 2160 2360 2590 2810 3080 3400 3580 3760 4170 4620 5070
630 0.062 0.071 0.076 0.081 0.087 0.093 0.101 0.109 0.119 0.131 0.143 0.156 0.171 0.188 0.198 0.208 0.231 0.256 0.281
8.3 9.5 10.2 10.8 11.7 12.5 13.5 14.7 16.0 17.6 19.2 20.9 22.9 25.3 26.6 28.0 31.0 34.4 37.7
26.4 in. 1150 1300 1390 1480 1600 1710 1850 2000 2190 2390 2610 2840 3110 3430 3610 3790 4200 4650 5100
670 0.063 0.072 0.077 0.082 0.088 0.095 0.102 0.111 0.121 0.132 0.145 0.157 0.172 0.190 0.200 0.210 0.232 0.257 0.282
8.5 9.7 10.4 11.0 11.9 12.7 13.7 14.9 16.3 17.8 19.5 21.1 23.2 25.5 26.9 28.2 31.2 34.6 38.0
28 in. 1170 1330 1420 1510 1630 1740 1880 2030 2210 2420 2640 2870 3140 3460 3640 3820 4230 4680 5130
710 0.065 0.074 0.079 0.084 0.090 0.096 0.104 0.113 0.123 0.134 0.146 0.159 0.174 0.191 0.201 0.211 0.234 0.259 0.284
8.7 9.9 10.6 11.3 12.1 12.9 14.0 15.1 16.5 18.0 19.7 21.4 23.4 25.7 27.1 28.4 31.4 34.8 38.2
31.5 in. 1240 1400 1490 1580 1690 1800 1940 2100 2280 2480 2710 2930 3210 3520 3700 3880 4290 4740 5200
800 0.069 0.077 0.082 0.087 0.094 0.100 0.107 0.116 0.126 0.137 0.150 0.162 0.177 0.195 0.205 0.215 0.238 0.263 0.288
9.2 10.4 11.1 11.7 12.6 13.4 14.4 15.6 17.0 18.5 20.2 21.8 23.9 26.2 27.6 28.9 31.9 35.3 38.7
KSHB_43 99-05-21 11.44 Sidan 1

Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710 800 900 1000
Terminal Lu mm
11 in. 1310 1540 1680 1810 1980 2150 2360 2590 2870 3170 3510 3850 4260 4730 5000 5280 5890 6560 7240
280 0.021 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.052 0.058 0.063 0.070 0.078 0.082 0.086 0.096 0.108 0.119
5.3 6.2 6.8 7.3 8.0 8.7 9.5 10.5 11.6 12.8 14.2 15.6 17.2 19.2 20.3 21.4 23.8 26.6 29.3
12.4 in. 1340 1580 1720 1850 2020 2190 2400 2630 2900 3210 3550 3890 4300 4770 5040 5310 5920 6600 7280
315 0.022 0.026 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.048 0.053 0.058 0.064 0.070 0.078 0.083 0.087 0.097 0.108 0.119
5.4 6.4 7.0 7.5 8.2 8.9 9.7 10.7 11.8 13.0 14.4 15.7 17.4 19.3 20.4 21.5 24.0 26.7 29.5
14 in. 1390 1620 1760 1900 2070 2240 2440 2680 2950 3250 3590 3930 4340 4810 5090 5360 5970 6650 7320
355 0.023 0.027 0.029 0.031 0.034 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.053 0.059 0.064 0.071 0.079 0.083 0.088 0.098 0.109 0.120
5.6 6.6 7.1 7.7 8.4 9.0 9.9 10.8 11.9 13.2 14.5 15.9 17.6 19.5 20.6 21.7 24.2 26.9 29.7
15.8 in 1440 1670 1810 1940 2110 2280 2490 2730 3000 3300 3640 3980 4390 4860 5130 5410 6020 6700 7370
400 0.024 0.027 0.030 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.054 0.060 0.065 0.072 0.080 0.084 0.089 0.099 0.110 0.121
5.8 6.8 7.3 7.9 8.6 9.2 10.1 11.0 12.1 13.4 14.7 16.1 17.8 19.7 20.8 21.9 24.4 27.1 29.9
17.7 in. 1490 1730 1860 2000 2170 2340 2540 2780 3050 3360 3700 4030 4440 4920 5190 5460 6070 6750 7430
450 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.033 0.036 0.038 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.055 0.061 0.066 0.073 0.081 0.085 0.089 0.100 0.111 0.122
6.0 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.5 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.6 15.0 16.3 18.0 19.9 21.0 22.1 24.6 27.3 30.1
19.7 in. 1540 1780 1920 2050 2220 2390 2600 2830 3110 3410 3750 4090 4500 4970 5240 5510 6120 6800 7480
500 0.025 0.029 0.031 0.034 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.046 0.051 0.056 0.061 0.067 0.074 0.081 0.086 0.090 0.100 0.112 0.123
6.3 7.2 7.8 8.3 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.5 12.6 13.8 15.2 16.6 18.2 20.1 21.2 22.3 24.8 27.5 30.3
22 in. 1610 1850 1980 2120 2290 2460 2660 2900 3170 3480 3810 4150 4560 5040 5310 5580 6190 6870 7550
560 0.026 0.030 0.032 0.035 0.038 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.057 0.063 0.068 0.075 0.083 0.087 0.091 0.101 0.113 0.124
6.5 7.5 8.0 8.6 9.3 9.9 10.8 11.7 12.8 14.1 15.4 16.8 18.5 20.4 21.5 22.6 25.1 27.8 30.6
24.8 in. 1690 1920 2060 2190 2360 2530 2740 2970 3250 3550 3890 4230 4640 5110 5380 5660 6270 6940 7620
630 0.028 0.032 0.034 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.045 0.049 0.053 0.058 0.064 0.069 0.076 0.084 0.088 0.093 0.103 0.114 0.125
6.8 7.8 8.3 8.9 9.6 10.3 11.1 12.0 13.1 14.4 15.8 17.1 18.8 20.7 21.8 22.9 25.4 28.1 30.9
26.4 in. 1730 1970 2100 2240 2410 2580 2780 3020 3290 3590 3930 4270 4680 5160 5430 5700 6310 6990 7670
670 0.028 0.032 0.034 0.037 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.049 0.054 0.059 0.064 0.070 0.077 0.085 0.089 0.093 0.103 0.115 0.126
7.0 8.0 8.5 9.1 9.7 10.4 11.3 12.2 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.3 18.9 20.9 22.0 23.1 25.5 28.3 31.0
28 in. 1770 2010 2150 2280 2450 2620 2820 3060 3330 3640 3980 4320 4720 5200 5470 5740 6350 7030 7710
710 0.029 0.033 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.046 0.050 0.055 0.060 0.065 0.071 0.077 0.085 0.090 0.094 0.104 0.115 0.126
7.2 8.1 8.7 9.2 9.9 10.6 11.4 12.4 13.5 14.7 16.1 17.5 19.1 21.0 22.1 23.2 25.7 28.5 31.2
31.5 in. 1870 2110 2240 2380 2550 2720 2920 3160 3430 3740 4080 4410 4820 5300 5570 5840 6450 7130 7810
800 0.031 0.035 0.037 0.039 0.042 0.045 0.048 0.052 0.056 0.061 0.067 0.072 0.079 0.087 0.091 0.096 0.106 0.117 0.128
7.6 8.5 9.1 9.6 10.3 11.0 11.8 12.8 13.9 15.1 16.5 17.9 19.5 21.4 22.5 23.6 26.1 28.9 31.6
KSHB_44 99-05-21 11.00 Sidan 1

Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710 800 900 1000
Terminal Lu mm
11 in. 1780 2090 2270 2450 2680 2910 3180 3490 3850 4260 4710 5160 5710 6340 6700 7060 7870 8780 9680
280 0.012 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.040 0.044 0.046 0.049 0.055 0.061 0.067
4.7 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.1 7.6 8.4 9.2 10.1 11.2 12.4 13.6 15.0 16.7 17.6 18.6 20.7 23.1 25.5
12.4 in. 1830 2140 2320 2500 2730 2960 3230 3540 3900 4310 4760 5210 5760 6390 6750 7110 7930 8830 9730
315 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.025 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.040 0.044 0.047 0.049 0.055 0.061 0.067
4.8 5.6 6.1 6.6 7.2 7.8 8.5 9.3 10.3 11.3 12.5 13.7 15.1 16.8 17.8 18.7 20.9 23.2 25.6
14 in. 1880 2200 2380 2560 2790 3010 3280 3600 3960 4370 4820 5270 5810 6450 6810 7170 7980 8890 9790
355 0.013 0.015 0.016 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.027 0.030 0.033 0.037 0.040 0.045 0.047 0.050 0.055 0.062 0.068
5.0 5.8 6.3 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.6 9.5 10.4 11.5 12.7 13.9 15.3 17.0 17.9 18.9 21.0 23.4 25.8
15.8 in 1950 2270 2450 2630 2850 3080 3350 3670 4030 4430 4890 5340 5880 6510 6870 7230 8050 8950 9850
400 0.013 0.016 0.017 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.028 0.031 0.034 0.037 0.041 0.045 0.048 0.050 0.056 0.062 0.068
5.1 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.8 9.6 10.6 11.7 12.9 14.0 15.5 17.1 18.1 19.0 21.2 23.6 25.9
17.7 in. 2020 2340 2520 2700 2930 3150 3420 3740 4100 4510 4960 5410 5950 6580 6950 7310 8120 9020 9930
450 0.014 0.016 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.031 0.034 0.037 0.041 0.046 0.048 0.051 0.056 0.062 0.069
5.3 6.2 6.6 7.1 7.7 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.8 11.9 13.0 14.2 15.7 17.3 18.3 19.2 21.4 23.7 26.1
19.7 in. 2090 2410 2590 2770 3000 3220 3490 3810 4170 4580 5030 5480 6020 6660 7020 7380 8190 9100 10000
500 0.014 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.038 0.042 0.046 0.049 0.051 0.057 0.063 0.069
5.5 6.3 6.8 7.3 7.9 8.5 9.2 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.2 14.4 15.9 17.5 18.5 19.4 21.6 23.9 26.3
22 in. 2180 2500 2680 2860 3080 3310 3580 3900 4260 4670 5120 5570 6110 6740 7100 7470 8280 9180 10090
560 0.015 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.023 0.025 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.039 0.042 0.047 0.049 0.052 0.057 0.064 0.070
5.7 6.6 7.0 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.4 10.3 11.2 12.3 13.5 14.7 16.1 17.7 18.7 19.6 21.8 24.2 26.5
24.8 in. 2280 2600 2780 2960 3190 3410 3680 4000 4360 4770 5220 5670 6210 6840 7210 7570 8380 9280 10190
630 0.016 0.018 0.019 0.020 0.022 0.024 0.025 0.028 0.030 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.047 0.050 0.052 0.058 0.064 0.071
6.0 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.4 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.7 14.9 16.3 18.0 19.0 19.9 22.1 24.4 26.8
26.4 in. 2340 2660 2840 3020 3240 3470 3740 4060 4420 4820 5280 5730 6270 6900 7260 7620 8440 9340 10240
670 0.016 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.031 0.033 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.048 0.050 0.053 0.058 0.065 0.071
6.2 7.0 7.5 7.9 8.5 9.1 9.8 10.7 11.6 12.7 13.9 15.1 16.5 18.2 19.1 20.1 22.2 24.6 27.0
28 in. 2400 2710 2890 3070 3300 3530 3800 4110 4480 4880 5330 5790 6330 6960 7320 7680 8500 9400 10300
710 0.017 0.019 0.020 0.021 0.023 0.024 0.026 0.028 0.031 0.034 0.037 0.040 0.044 0.048 0.051 0.053 0.059 0.065 0.071
6.3 7.1 7.6 8.1 8.7 9.3 10.0 10.8 11.8 12.8 14.0 15.2 16.7 18.3 19.3 20.2 22.4 24.7 27.1
31.5 in. 2530 2840 3020 3200 3430 3660 3930 4240 4610 5010 5460 5920 6460 7090 7450 7810 8630 9530 10430
800 0.018 0.020 0.021 0.022 0.024 0.025 0.027 0.029 0.032 0.035 0.038 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.052 0.054 0.060 0.066 0.072
6.7 7.5 8.0 8.4 9.0 9.6 10.3 11.2 12.1 13.2 14.4 15.6 17.0 18.7 19.6 20.6 22.7 25.1 27.5
KSHB_45 99-05-21 11.03 Sidan 1

Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
50 75 100 125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400
Terminal Lu mm
2 in. 125 167 210 252 311 345 379 421 464 514 574 641 717
50 0.073 0.098 0.122 0.147 0.182 0.201 0.221 0.246 0.270 0.300 0.335 0.374 0.419
3.0 4.0 5.1 6.1 7.5 8.3 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.4 13.9 15.5 17.3
3 in. 132 174 217 259 318 352 386 428 471 521 581 648 724
75 0.077 0.102 0.126 0.151 0.186 0.205 0.225 0.250 0.275 0.304 0.339 0.378 0.423
3.2 4.2 5.2 6.3 7.7 8.5 9.3 10.3 11.4 12.6 14.0 15.7 17.5
3.9 in. 139 181 224 266 325 359 393 435 478 528 588 655 731
100 0.081 0.106 0.131 0.155 0.190 0.209 0.229 0.254 0.279 0.308 0.343 0.382 0.427
3.4 4.4 5.4 6.4 7.9 8.7 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.8 14.2 15.8 17.7
4.9 in. 146 188 231 273 332 366 400 442 485 535 595 662 738
125 0.085 0.110 0.135 0.159 0.194 0.214 0.233 0.258 0.283 0.312 0.347 0.386 0.431
3.5 4.6 5.6 6.6 8.0 8.8 9.7 10.7 11.7 12.9 14.4 16.0 17.8
5.5 in. 150 193 235 277 336 370 404 446 489 539 599 666 743
140 0.088 0.112 0.137 0.162 0.196 0.216 0.236 0.260 0.285 0.315 0.349 0.389 0.433
3.6 4.7 5.7 6.7 8.1 8.9 9.8 10.8 11.8 13.0 14.5 16.1 17.9
6.3 in. 156 198 240 283 342 376 410 452 494 545 604 672 748
160 0.091 0.116 0.140 0.165 0.200 0.219 0.239 0.264 0.288 0.318 0.353 0.392 0.437
3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 8.3 9.1 9.9 10.9 11.9 13.2 14.6 16.2 18.1
7.1 in. 161 204 246 288 348 381 415 458 500 551 610 678 754
180 0.094 0.119 0.144 0.168 0.203 0.223 0.242 0.267 0.292 0.321 0.356 0.395 0.440
3.9 4.9 5.9 7.0 8.4 9.2 10.0 11.1 12.1 13.3 14.7 16.4 18.2
7.9 in. 167 209 252 294 353 387 421 463 506 556 616 683 759
200 0.097 0.122 0.147 0.172 0.206 0.226 0.246 0.270 0.295 0.325 0.359 0.399 0.443
4.0 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.5 9.3 10.2 11.2 12.2 13.4 14.9 16.5 18.3
8.9 in. 174 216 259 301 360 394 428 470 513 563 623 690 766
225 0.102 0.126 0.151 0.176 0.210 0.230 0.250 0.274 0.299 0.329 0.363 0.403 0.447
4.2 5.2 6.2 7.3 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.4 12.4 13.6 15.0 16.7 18.5
9.8 in 181 223 266 308 367 401 435 477 520 570 630 697 773
250 0.106 0.130 0.155 0.180 0.214 0.234 0.254 0.278 0.303 0.333 0.367 0.407 0.451
4.4 5.4 6.4 7.4 8.9 9.7 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.8 15.2 16.8 18.7
11 in. 189 232 274 316 376 409 443 486 528 579 638 706 782
280 0.111 0.135 0.160 0.185 0.219 0.239 0.259 0.283 0.308 0.338 0.372 0.412 0.456
4.6 5.6 6.6 7.6 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.7 12.8 14.0 15.4 17.0 18.9
12.4 in. 199 242 284 326 385 419 453 495 538 589 648 715 792
315 0.116 0.141 0.166 0.190 0.225 0.245 0.264 0.289 0.314 0.343 0.378 0.417 0.462
4.8 5.8 6.9 7.9 9.3 10.1 10.9 12.0 13.0 14.2 15.6 17.3 19.1
14 in. 211 253 295 337 397 431 464 507 549 600 659 727 803
355 0.123 0.148 0.172 0.197 0.231 0.251 0.271 0.296 0.320 0.350 0.384 0.424 0.468
5.1 6.1 7.1 8.2 9.6 10.4 11.2 12.2 13.3 14.5 15.9 17.6 19.4
15.8 in 223 265 308 350 409 443 477 519 562 612 672 739 815
400 0.130 0.155 0.180 0.204 0.239 0.259 0.278 0.303 0.328 0.357 0.392 0.431 0.476
5.4 6.4 7.4 8.5 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.5 13.6 14.8 16.2 17.9 19.7
Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
50 75 100 125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400
Terminal Lu mm
2 in. 193 260 327 395 489 543 596 664 731 812 906 1013 1135
50 0.040 0.055 0.069 0.083 0.103 0.114 0.125 0.139 0.154 0.170 0.190 0.213 0.238
2.8 3.8 4.7 5.7 7.1 7.9 8.6 9.6 10.6 11.8 13.1 14.7 16.4
3 in. 202 269 336 403 498 551 605 672 740 820 915 1022 1143
75 0.042 0.056 0.071 0.085 0.105 0.116 0.127 0.141 0.155 0.172 0.192 0.215 0.240
2.9 3.9 4.9 5.8 7.2 8.0 8.8 9.7 10.7 11.9 13.3 14.8 16.6
3.9 in. 210 278 345 412 506 560 614 681 749 829 923 1031 1152
100 0.044 0.058 0.072 0.087 0.106 0.118 0.129 0.143 0.157 0.174 0.194 0.217 0.242
3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.3 8.1 8.9 9.9 10.8 12.0 13.4 14.9 16.7
4.9 in. 219 286 354 421 515 569 623 690 757 838 932 1040 1161
125 0.046 0.060 0.074 0.088 0.108 0.119 0.131 0.145 0.159 0.176 0.196 0.218 0.244
3.2 4.2 5.1 6.1 7.5 8.2 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.1 13.5 15.1 16.8
5.5 in. 224 292 359 426 520 574 628 695 763 843 937 1045 1166
140 0.047 0.061 0.075 0.090 0.109 0.121 0.132 0.146 0.160 0.177 0.197 0.220 0.245
3.3 4.2 5.2 6.2 7.5 8.3 9.1 10.1 11.1 12.2 13.6 15.1 16.9
6.3 in. 231 299 366 433 527 581 635 702 770 850 944 1052 1173
160 0.049 0.063 0.077 0.091 0.111 0.122 0.133 0.148 0.162 0.179 0.198 0.221 0.246
3.4 4.3 5.3 6.3 7.6 8.4 9.2 10.2 11.2 12.3 13.7 15.2 17.0
7.1 in. 238 306 373 440 534 588 642 709 777 857 952 1059 1180
180 0.050 0.064 0.078 0.092 0.112 0.124 0.135 0.149 0.163 0.180 0.200 0.222 0.248
3.5 4.4 5.4 6.4 7.7 8.5 9.3 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.8 15.3 17.1
7.9 in. 245 313 380 447 541 595 649 716 784 864 959 1066 1187
200 0.052 0.066 0.080 0.094 0.114 0.125 0.136 0.150 0.165 0.182 0.201 0.224 0.249
3.6 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.8 8.6 9.4 10.4 11.4 12.5 13.9 15.5 17.2
8.9 in. 254 322 389 456 550 604 658 725 792 873 967 1075 1196
225 0.053 0.068 0.082 0.096 0.116 0.127 0.138 0.152 0.166 0.183 0.203 0.226 0.251
3.7 4.7 5.6 6.6 8.0 8.8 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.7 14.0 15.6 17.3
9.8 in 263 330 398 465 559 613 667 734 801 882 976 1084 1205
250 0.055 0.069 0.084 0.098 0.117 0.129 0.140 0.154 0.168 0.185 0.205 0.228 0.253
3.8 4.8 5.8 6.7 8.1 8.9 9.7 10.6 11.6 12.8 14.1 15.7 17.5
11 in. 274 341 408 475 570 623 677 744 812 892 987 1094 1215
280 0.057 0.072 0.086 0.100 0.120 0.131 0.142 0.156 0.170 0.187 0.207 0.230 0.255
4.0 4.9 5.9 6.9 8.3 9.0 9.8 10.8 11.8 12.9 14.3 15.9 17.6
12.4 in. 286 353 420 488 582 636 689 757 824 905 999 1107 1228
315 0.060 0.074 0.088 0.102 0.122 0.134 0.145 0.159 0.173 0.190 0.210 0.232 0.258
4.1 5.1 6.1 7.1 8.4 9.2 10.0 11.0 11.9 13.1 14.5 16.0 17.8
14 in. 300 367 434 502 596 650 704 771 838 919 1013 1121 1242
355 0.063 0.077 0.091 0.105 0.125 0.136 0.148 0.162 0.176 0.193 0.213 0.235 0.261
4.3 5.3 6.3 7.3 8.6 9.4 10.2 11.2 12.1 13.3 14.7 16.2 18.0
15.8 in 316 383 450 518 612 666 719 787 854 935 1029 1136 1257
400 0.066 0.080 0.095 0.109 0.128 0.140 0.151 0.165 0.179 0.196 0.216 0.239 0.264
4.6 5.6 6.5 7.5 8.9 9.6 10.4 11.4 12.4 13.5 14.9 16.5 18.2
Power W
Volt V
Heating zone, Le mm
4.9 in. 6.3 in. 7.1 in. 7.9 in. 8.9 in. 9.8 in. 11 in. 12.4 in. 14 in. 15.8 in. 17.7 in. 19.7 in. 22 in. 24.8 in. 26.4 in. 28 in.
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710
Terminal Lu mm
5.5 in. 680 810 890 970 1070 1170 1290 1430 1590 1770 1970 2160 2400 2680 2840 3000
140 0.043 0.052 0.057 0.062 0.069 0.075 0.083 0.092 0.102 0.113 0.126 0.139 0.154 0.172 0.182 0.192
5.4 6.5 7.2 7.8 8.6 9.4 10.3 11.4 12.7 14.1 15.7 17.3 19.2 21.4 22.7 24.0
6.3 in. 690 830 910 990 1090 1190 1300 1440 1600 1780 1980 2180 2420 2690 2850 3010
160 0.044 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.070 0.076 0.083 0.092 0.103 0.114 0.127 0.139 0.155 0.172 0.183 0.193
5.5 6.6 7.3 7.9 8.7 9.5 10.4 11.5 12.8 14.2 15.8 17.4 19.3 21.6 22.8 24.1
7.1 in. 700 840 920 1000 1100 1200 1320 1460 1620 1790 1990 2190 2430 2710 2870 3030
180 0.045 0.054 0.059 0.064 0.070 0.077 0.084 0.093 0.103 0.115 0.128 0.140 0.155 0.173 0.183 0.194
5.6 6.7 7.4 8.0 8.8 9.6 10.5 11.7 12.9 14.4 15.9 17.5 19.4 21.7 22.9 24.2
7.9 in. 720 860 930 1010 1110 1210 1330 1470 1630 1810 2010 2210 2440 2720 2880 3040
200 0.046 0.055 0.060 0.065 0.071 0.078 0.085 0.094 0.104 0.116 0.128 0.141 0.156 0.174 0.184 0.194
5.7 6.8 7.5 8.1 8.9 9.7 10.7 11.8 13.0 14.5 16.1 17.6 19.5 21.8 23.0 24.3
8.9 in. 730 870 950 1030 1130 1230 1350 1490 1650 1820 2020 2220 2460 2740 2900 3060
225 0.047 0.056 0.061 0.066 0.072 0.079 0.086 0.095 0.105 0.117 0.130 0.142 0.157 0.175 0.185 0.196
5.9 7.0 7.6 8.2 9.0 9.8 10.8 11.9 13.2 14.6 16.2 17.8 19.7 21.9 23.2 24.4
9.8 in 750 890 970 1050 1150 1250 1370 1500 1660 1840 2040 2240 2480 2760 2910 3070
250 0.048 0.057 0.062 0.067 0.073 0.080 0.087 0.096 0.106 0.118 0.131 0.143 0.159 0.176 0.186 0.197
6.0 7.1 7.7 8.4 9.2 10.0 10.9 12.0 13.3 14.7 16.3 17.9 19.8 22.0 23.3 24.6
11 in. 770 910 990 1070 1170 1270 1390 1520 1680 1860 2060 2260 2500 2780 2930 3090
280 0.049 0.058 0.063 0.068 0.075 0.081 0.089 0.098 0.108 0.119 0.132 0.145 0.160 0.178 0.188 0.198
6.2 7.3 7.9 8.5 9.3 10.1 11.1 12.2 13.5 14.9 16.5 18.1 20.0 22.2 23.5 24.7
12.4 in. 790 930 1010 1090 1190 1290 1410 1550 1710 1890 2080 2280 2520 2800 2960 3120
315 0.051 0.060 0.065 0.070 0.076 0.083 0.090 0.099 0.109 0.121 0.133 0.146 0.161 0.179 0.189 0.199
6.4 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.5 10.3 11.3 12.4 13.7 15.1 16.7 18.3 20.2 22.4 23.7 24.9
14 in. 820 960 1040 1120 1220 1320 1440 1580 1730 1910 2110 2310 2550 2830 2990 3140
355 0.053 0.061 0.067 0.072 0.078 0.084 0.092 0.101 0.111 0.122 0.135 0.148 0.163 0.181 0.191 0.201
6.6 7.7 8.3 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.5 12.6 13.9 15.3 16.9 18.5 20.4 22.6 23.9 25.2
15.8 in 850 990 1070 1150 1250 1350 1470 1610 1760 1940 2140 2340 2580 2860 3020 3170
400 0.055 0.063 0.068 0.074 0.080 0.086 0.094 0.103 0.113 0.124 0.137 0.150 0.165 0.183 0.193 0.203
6.8 7.9 8.6 9.2 10.0 10.8 11.7 12.8 14.1 15.5 17.1 18.7 20.6 22.9 24.1 25.4
14 in. 890 1020 1100 1180 1280 1380 1500 1640 1800 1980 2180 2370 2610 2890 3050 3210
450 0.057 0.066 0.071 0.076 0.082 0.088 0.096 0.105 0.115 0.127 0.139 0.152 0.167 0.185 0.195 0.205
7.1 8.2 8.8 9.5 10.3 11.1 12.0 13.1 14.4 15.8 17.4 19.0 20.9 23.1 24.4 25.7
15.8 in 920 1060 1140 1220 1320 1420 1540 1670 1830 2010 2210 2410 2650 2920 3080 3240
500 0.059 0.068 0.073 0.078 0.084 0.091 0.098 0.107 0.117 0.129 0.141 0.154 0.169 0.187 0.197 0.207
7.4 8.5 9.1 9.7 10.5 11.3 12.3 13.4 14.7 16.1 17.7 19.3 21.2 23.4 24.7 25.9
Power W
Volt V
Max. element temperature 1850 C Heating zone mm 9 Furnace temp. C 1800 (3270 F) Element current A 229
(3360 F) Intermediate piece mm 12 Element temp. C 1850 (3450 F) Surface loading W/cm 2 10.5
Intermediate piece length mm 70 W/in.2 68
Terminal mm 18
Shank distance (a) mm 60
Heating zone, Le mm
Terminal Lu mm
4.9 in. 6.3 in. 7.1 in. 7.9 in. 8.9 in. 9.8 in. 11 in. 12.4 in. 14 in. 15.8 in. 17.7 in. 19.7 in. 22 in. 24.8 in. 26.4 in. 28 in.
125 160 180 200 225 250 280 315 355 400 450 500 560 630 670 710
9.8 in 1280 1490 1610 1730 1870 2020 2200 2410 2640 2910 3210 3500 3860 4270 4510 4750
250 0.024 0.028 0.031 0.033 0.036 0.039 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.056 0.061 0.067 0.074 0.081 0.086 0.091
5.6 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.2 8.8 9.6 10.5 11.5 12.7 14.0 15.3 16.9 18.7 19.7 20.7
11 in. 1310 1520 1640 1760 1910 2050 2230 2440 2680 2940 3240 3530 3890 4300 4540 4780
280 0.025 0.029 0.031 0.034 0.036 0.039 0.043 0.046 0.051 0.056 0.062 0.067 0.074 0.082 0.087 0.091
5.7 6.6 7.2 7.7 8.3 9.0 9.7 10.6 11.7 12.8 14.1 15.4 17.0 18.8 19.8 20.9
12.4 in. 1350 1560 1670 1790 1940 2090 2270 2470 2710 2980 3270 3570 3920 4340 4580 4810
315 0.026 0.030 0.032 0.034 0.037 0.040 0.043 0.047 0.052 0.057 0.062 0.068 0.075 0.083 0.087 0.092
5.9 6.8 7.3 7.8 8.5 9.1 9.9 10.8 11.8 13.0 14.3 15.6 17.1 18.9 20.0 21.0
14 in. 1390 1600 1710 1830 1980 2130 2310 2510 2750 3020 3310 3610 3960 4380 4620 4850
355 0.026 0.030 0.033 0.035 0.038 0.041 0.044 0.048 0.052 0.058 0.063 0.069 0.076 0.084 0.088 0.093
6.1 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.7 9.3 10.1 11.0 12.0 13.2 14.5 15.8 17.3 19.1 20.2 21.2
15.8 in 1430 1640 1760 1880 2030 2170 2350 2560 2800 3060 3360 3660 4010 4430 4660 4900
400 0.027 0.031 0.034 0.036 0.039 0.041 0.045 0.049 0.053 0.058 0.064 0.070 0.076 0.084 0.089 0.093
6.3 7.2 7.7 8.2 8.8 9.5 10.3 11.2 12.2 13.4 14.7 16.0 17.5 19.3 20.4 21.4
17.7 in. 1490 1690 1810 1930 2080 2230 2400 2610 2850 3110 3410 3710 4060 4480 4710 4950
450 0.028 0.032 0.035 0.037 0.040 0.042 0.046 0.050 0.054 0.059 0.065 0.071 0.077 0.085 0.090 0.094
6.5 7.4 7.9 8.4 9.1 9.7 10.5 11.4 12.4 13.6 14.9 16.2 17.7 19.5 20.6 21.6
19.7 in. 1540 1740 1860 1980 2130 2280 2450 2660 2900 3160 3460 3760 4110 4530 4760 5000
500 0.029 0.033 0.035 0.038 0.041 0.043 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.060 0.066 0.072 0.078 0.086 0.091 0.095
6.7 7.6 8.1 8.6 9.3 9.9 10.7 11.6 12.7 13.8 15.1 16.4 18.0 19.8 20.8 21.8
22 in. 1600 1800 1920 2040 2190 2340 2510 2720 2960 3220 3520 3820 4170 4590 4820 5060
560 0.030 0.034 0.037 0.039 0.042 0.045 0.048 0.052 0.056 0.061 0.067 0.073 0.080 0.087 0.092 0.097
7.0 7.9 8.4 8.9 9.6 10.2 11.0 11.9 12.9 14.1 15.4 16.7 18.2 20.0 21.1 22.1
24.8 in. 1670 1870 1990 2110 2260 2410 2580 2790 3030 3300 3590 3890 4240 4660 4890 5130
630 0.032 0.036 0.038 0.040 0.043 0.046 0.049 0.053 0.058 0.063 0.068 0.074 0.081 0.089 0.093 0.098
7.3 8.2 8.7 9.2 9.9 10.5 11.3 12.2 13.2 14.4 15.7 17.0 18.5 20.3 21.4 22.4
26.4 in. 1710 1910 2030 2150 2300 2450 2630 2830 3070 3340 3630 3930 4280 4700 4940 5170
670 0.033 0.037 0.039 0.041 0.044 0.047 0.050 0.054 0.059 0.064 0.069 0.075 0.082 0.090 0.094 0.099
7.5 8.4 8.9 9.4 10.0 10.7 11.5 12.4 13.4 14.6 15.9 17.2 18.7 20.5 21.6 22.6
28 in. 1750 1960 2070 2190 2340 2490 2670 2870 3110 3380 3670 3970 4320 4740 4980 5210
710 0.033 0.037 0.040 0.042 0.045 0.047 0.051 0.055 0.059 0.064 0.070 0.076 0.082 0.090 0.095 0.099
7.6 8.5 9.1 9.6 10.2 10.9 11.6 12.5 13.6 14.7 16.0 17.3 18.9 20.7 21.7 22.8
Fig. 25 Pusher furnace for melting and burn-out of moulds.
Kanthal Super Handbook Performance 630
Performance 6
Temperature Dependence
of Resistivity
The diagram in Fig. 26, page 63, shows that the resistivity of
KANTHAL SUPER increases sharply with temperature.
Element Surface Load

The curves shown in Figs. 27 and 28 in the pages 64-65, which
apply to furnaces with suspended, freely radiating KANTHAL
SUPER elements show the approximate element temperature at
various furnace temperatures, element surface loads and
currents.
For example, at an element surface load of 14.4 W/cm2
(92.9 W/q.in.2) and a furnace temperature of 1300 C
(2370 F) the element temperature of KANTHAL SUPER 1700
will be 1525C (2780 F) with a current of 156 A for 6 mm
and 286 A for 9 mm .
Wall Loading
A characteristic property of furnaces equipped with KANTHAL
SUPER elements is that the surface load on the furnace walls
can be much higher than with metallic elements. This is due to
the high maximum operating temperature of the KANTHAL
SUPER elements. Consequently, the heating-up time can be
considerably reduced,
The wall loading is also dependent on how the elements are
installed: along the walls or perpendicular.
Fig. 29, page 66 shows maximum recommended wall loading
as a function of the furnace temperature for different element
diameters and mode of installation.
KSHB Kap6 s65-68 99-05-10 18.49 Sidan 2
6
mm2 m-1 mm2 m-1
4.0 4.0
3.6 3.6
3.2 3.2
2.8 2.8
2.4 2.4
2.0 2.0
1.6 1.6
1.2 1.2
0.8 0.8
0.4 0.4
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 C
32 390 750 1110 1470 1830 2550 2910 3270 3630 F
2190
r3l34 r 5 resistance V/m Element temperature
r5 } r 5 from diagram
p 3 d2
l 5 rod length m
d 5 diameter in mm
Fig. 26 Resistivity of KANTHAL SUPER 1700 (green),1800 (blue),1900 (red)

and Excel (yellow).
64 Performance Kanthal Super Handbook
6
W / cm2 W / in.2
30 194
600A
12 mm
28 390A 181
9 mm
212A
6A 6 mm
4 mm 11
75A
26 3 mm 168
Ele
560A
me
24 4A 12 mm 155
nt t
36
8A 9 mm
19
em
6 mm
108A
per
A 4 mm
22 70 142
3 mm
atu
re
520A
20 8A 12 mm 129
3
9 mm 3
84A
6 mm 1
00A
5A 4 mm 1
18 3 mm 6 116
480A
12A 12 mm
16 70A 9 mm 3 103
2A 6 mm 1
0A 4 mm 9
3 mm 6
KAN
14 40A 90
6 A 12 mm 4
9 mm 28
THA
6A
A 6 mm 15
4 mm 85
L SU
12 3 mm 55
A 77
PER
mm 400A
KA
12
9 mm 260A
NT
10 6 mm 141A 64
180
4 mm 77A
HA
3 mm 50A
0
LS
12 mm 360A
UP
9 mm 234A
8 6 mm 127A 52
ER
4 mm 69A
3 mm 45A
170
12 mm 320A
1800
9 mm 208A
0
6 mm 113A
6 4 mm 62A 39

3 mm 40A
C 32
9 mm 182A 12 mm 280A
6 mm 99A
70F
3 mm 35A 4 mm 54A
4 9 mm 156A 12 mm 240A 26
4 mm 46A 6 mm 85A
170
160
3 mm 30A
15
14
0C
12
00
13
0C
00
11 00
00
C
10 0 C
C
0
2 13
C
00 C
C
309
291
27
20 21
25
23
18 10 90
30
30 F
50
F
0F
0F
F
70
F
F
F
0 0
800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 C
1470 1650 1830 2010 2190 2370 2550 2730 2910 3090 3270 F
Furnace temperature
Fig. 27 Temperature loading diagram for KANTHAL Super 1700 (green) and 1800 (blue).
6
W / cm2 W / in.2
20 129
12A
9 mm 3
170A
6 mm
92A
4 mm
18 60A 116
3 mm
Elem
ent te
86A
16 6A 9 mm 2 103
m
5
6 mm 1
peratu
A
4 mm 85
5A
3 mm 5
re
14 90
A
9 mm 260
41A
7A 6 mm 1
0A 4 mm 7
12 3 mm 5 77
4A
7A 9 mm 23
A 6 mm 12
10 A 4 mm 69 64
3 mm 45
9 mm 208A
8 6 mm 113A 52
4 mm 62A
3 mm 40A
KANT
9 mm 182A
HAL S
6 mm 99A
6 4 mm 54A 39
3 mm 35A
UPER
6 mm 85A 9 mm 156A
1900
3 mm 30A 4 mm 46A
4 26
1800C
1700
160
0C
C 3
2 13
3270F
291
090
0F
0 0
1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 C
2730 2910 3090 3270 3450 F
Furnace temperature
Fig. 28 Temperature loading diagram for KANTHAL Super 1900.

66 Performance Kanthal Super Handbook
6 kW/m2 kW/ft2
200 21.5
Le 500 mm
12 / 2 150 16.1
Le 1000 mm 4
Le 500 mm
Le 1000 mm 9 /18
Le 500 mm
100 10.7
6 /12
Le 1000 mm
50 5.3
0 0
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 C
2010 2190 2370 2550 2730 2910 3090 3270 F
Furnace temperature
kW/m2 kW/ft2
150 16.1
Le 500 mm
Le 1000 mm 12 / 24 100 10.7
Le 500 mm
Le 1000 mm 9 /18
Le 500 mm
Le 1000 mm 6 /12
50 5.3
0 0
1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 C
2010 2190 2370 2550 2730 2910 3090 3270 F
Furnace temperature
Fig. 29 Maximum recommended wall loading as a function of the furnace temperature for
different element diameters and mode of installation.
Kanthal Super Handbook Installation 67
Installation 7
Vertically mounted elements
The exceptional properties of KANTHAL SUPER elements can best
be utilized when the elements freely radiate in the furnace
chamber.
U-shaped elements fitted through the furnace roof and vertically
suspended in the furnace should be considered as the standard
design for a KANTHAL SUPER furnace (Fig. 31, page 56). The
elements are normally placed along the side walls, but in wide
furnaces it may be necessary to place elements across the width of
the furnace to provide the power required (Fig. 30, page 55).
Certain furnace designs do not permit elements to be fitted
through the roof. The internal height of the furnace may be such
that more than one level of elements must be installed. In these
cases elements with bent terminals or heating zones are available
(Figs. 32 34, pages 57 - 58).
Horizontally mounted elements

In some types of furnaces where the roof height is low, horizontally
installed KANTHAL SUPER elements may be economical and
efficient.
As KANTHAL SUPER elements start to soften at temperatures
around 1200 C (2190 F), they must generally be supported when
used horizontally. This limits their maximum operating
Fig. 30 Two-shank KANTHAL SUPER elements installed across the

width of the furnace.
68 Installation Kanthal Super Handbook
temperature because of possible reactions with the supporting

7 material. If a reaction occurs between the silica layer on the
element and the supporting brick, the element may adhere to
the brick and fracture when cooling down. Even when suitable
dense bricks of sillimanite or mullite type are used, the
maximum element temperature must not exceed 1600 C
(2910 F). Sillimanite or Mullite grains ( 3 mm/.12 in.) can
be used on the supporting surface where applicable.
Brick lined furnaces

To facilitate the installation of KANTHAL SUPER elements in
brick lined furnaces, passage bricks are used. They are installed
in openings in the roof or side wall (Figs. 31 and 32, page 57). The
passage bricks mounted through the roof often rests on a skew
brick, which has oval holes for the elements. The passage bricks
are made of heavy duty insulating firebrick of a quality matched
to the furnace temperature.
Fig. 31 KANTHAL SUPER element installation with standard passage

bricks in a brick lined furnace.
Kanthal Super Handbook Installation 69 7
Fig. 32 KANTHAL SUPER elements, with terminals bent 90,

installed in a brick lined furnace.
Ceramic fibre lined furnaces

In fibre lined industrial furnaces, e.g. forging furnaces, if
passage plugs of fibre or refractory bricks are used, then the
complete element assembly also needs to be supported by the
furnace roof or side walls. Figs. 33 36, pages 58 59.
In small fibre lined furnaces, e.g. laboratory furnaces, it may be
sufficient to introduce the KANTHAL SUPER elements through
slots in the insulation and fill the space around and between the
terminals with loose ceramic fibre (Fig. 37, page 60).
In furnaces for temperatures above 1700 C (3090 F), it is
important to relieve the hot face lining of the roof from the weight
of the element assembly. It is recommended to use a divided
passage plug of ceramic fibre (Fig. 38, page 61) or a passage plug
supported by the cold side of the roof (Fig. 39, page 61).

installed in ceramic fibre insulated furnace.

installed through a furnace wall in a fibre lined furnace.
Fig. 35 KANTHAL SUPER elements Fig. 36 KANTHAL SUPER elements

in ceramic fibre lined furnaces. in ceramic fibre lined furnaces.
The passage plugs with a flange are The passage plugs made of a heavy
made of ceramic fibre and fitted into duty insulating firebrick are suspended
ceramic fibre sleeves. by the cold side of the roof.
72 Installation Kanthal Super Handbookk
Fig. 37 KANTHAL SUPER elements

in ceramic fibre lined furnaces
installed through oval slots
in the roof.
1 Kanthal Super Handbook Installation 73
The weight of the element sets is carried by the outer lining.

Especially useful in furnaces for very high temperatures. 7
Fig. 38 KANTHAL SUPER elements Fig. 39 KANTHAL SUPER elements

in ceramic fibre lined furnaces. in ceramic fibre lined furnaces.
The passage plugs are divided in The passage plugs and elements are
two pieces. supported by the cold side of the roof.
74
7 Element holders
and anchor systems
Single-shank holders
Single-shank holders can be used for all kinds of KANTHAL
SUPER qualities. It is essential that the terminals are able to
move freely and independently of each other, otherwise
mechanical stresses may cause the element to break.
This is important at very high temperatures.
Two-shank holders
Two-shank holders are used when the elements need to be
anchored to the passage brick.
Fig. 40 Single-shank holders.
Fig. 41 Two-shank holders.

Standard anchor system

When KANTHAL SUPER elements are used in an air atmosphere
7
the standard anchor system is recommended in brick lined
furnaces.
A fastening yoke holds the anchor pin, which is secured in the
passage brick by a locking pin.
Fig. 42 Element holder and anchor system Standard design.

7 Air cooled anchor system

By using the air cooled design it is possible to blow cooling air
down along the terminals. In furnaces where impurities in the
form of dust or fumes occur, e.g. glass melting furnaces, it is
essential that such substances be prevented from depositing
and condensing in the holes of the passage bricks; otherwise,
corrosion may occur on the element terminals. The element may
also be jammed in the hole, thus preventing free movement and
possibly leading to element breakage. This is particularly
important in glass melting furnaces, since glass fumes readily
condense, resulting in damage to KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Normal overpressure of the air is 200-700 Pa at a flow rate of
3-4 litres/minute for each element.
Fig. 43 Element holder and anchor system Air cooled design.

KSHB Kap7a s67-78 99-05-11 11.35 Sidan 77
Sealed anchor system

KANTHAL SUPER elements are often used in furnaces with
7
controlled atmospheres. When the elements operate directly in
the atmosphere, it is essential that the terminals be sealed.
A lead-through, which is sealed and bolted to the shell of the
furnace, is shown in the figure below.
Fig. 44 Element holder and anchor system Sealed design.

7 Contacts
Each contact consists of a double-folded aluminium braid, which is
secured around the aluminized end of the terminal by means of a spring
or screw clamp.
The busbar end of the braid is reinforced with an aluminium sleeve.
The standard sizes and types available are shown on pages 111 118,
Appendix 1.
It is essential that no mechanical stresses should be transmitted
to the elements through the aluminium braids. The length of the
braid should therefore be longer than the straight distance between the
element and the busbar. When tightening the bolts at the element
terminal, it is important that the terminal should not be twisted or bent.
In order to avoid breakage of the elements, direct connection of
element to element is not recommended. They should be connected
to busbars or with individual braids which are bolted together. See
photo below.
The aluminium braids should not be connected to copper busbars.
Stainless steel screws and aluminium busbars are recommended.
Fig. 45 KANTHAL SUPER elements connected to busbars.

KSHB Kap7b s79-86 99-05-11 11.41 Sidan 79
When using KANTHAL SUPER elements the current is high.

7
Consequently, the transition resistance between contact and
terminal must be kept low. The voltage drop across the contact
should not exceed 0.01 V. Aluminium oxidizes easily, and the
alumina layer built up on the surface is a good insulator.
Furthermore, the creep strength of aluminium is low and the
temperature at the contacts should not exceed 300 C
(570 F). When screw clamps are used, it is essential that the
bolts be fully tightened.
The contacts are designed for a continuous current of:
Element size: 3/6 4/9 6/12 9/18 12/24
Current (A) 75 115 200 365 560
In order to avoid overheating of the contacts due to radiation

and conduction through the terminals, the minimum length of
the terminal protruding from the passage brick, Lc, should be
as shown in the table on page 90.
If a contact becomes damaged, it should be replaced. If the
aluminized layer on the terminal is damaged, it should be
removed by careful grinding with emery cloth. Then a new
contact should be fitted.
An excessive temperature in the busbar housing may cause
overheating of the contacts. This may be due to insufficient
ventilation. If natural convection is not sufficient, forced
convection is recommended.
A common cause of overheating of the contacts is poor
sealing between the terminals and the passage brick, and
between the passage brick and the roof, resulting in a
chimney effect. This not only causes overheating of the
contacts but also increases the temperature of the terminal,
which leads to excessive heat generation in the roof.
Sealing, therefore, must be carefully carried out using high
duty ceramic fibre. In the standard passage bricks there are
recesses around the terminals as well as a shoulder around the
top to facilitate efficient sealing.
Should overheating of the contacts be caused by poor
insulation of the roof, forced air cooling of the contacts will be
necessary if it is not possible to improve the insulation.
Fixed contacts Kanthal Super

Kanthal has been developing a fixed contact as an alternative
to the standard bolted on contacts. These can be utilized,
where the temperature of different reasons is high.
The fixed contact design, for terminal dimensions 4-24 mm,
consists of a metallic sleeve soldered to the terminal end. The
other end is squeezed around the aluminum braid, which has a
cable clip at the other end.
This contact design can withstand 400C on the sleeve.
Assembling of KANTHAL SUPER element 7
1. KANTHAL SUPER elements should not be unpacked until the furnace and the busbars are 6.When determining the position of the element 9. When fastening the contact bolts the
ready. Pages 80 - 81show the practice employed when assembling vertically suspended holder, it is of the utmost importance to ensure elements must not be bent or twisted.
KANTHAL SUPER elements with passage bricks. that the tapered transition between terminal
and heating zone comes fully below the hot
face of the furnace lining (10) (g Fig. 47, page
70). If not, there is a risk that the part of the
heating zone which is inside the lining may
become overheated.
When connecting the installed elements, the
aluminium braids should first be bolted to the
elements and then to the busbars.
2. When unpacking, care should be taken to 3.The element is placed horizontally on a table
avoid any bending or twisting. and the terminals are carefully inserted in the
holes in the passage brick ensuring that the
correct length of terminals are protruding from
the top of the brick.
7 Before inserting the element assembly
4. After packing heavy-duty ceramic fibre 5. single- or two-shank element holders 8. it is necessary to check the size of the 10. Finally, check that the installed
loosely into the recesses of the should be fixed to the terminals. corresponding holes in the roof. elements can move freely !
terminal holes
KSHB Kap7b s79-86 99-05-11 11.42 Sidan 82
7 Distance to wall
It is important that the distance between wall and heating zone
of the element is large enough to avoid contact. In the case of
long elements at high temperatures, electro-magnetic forces
and bad centering when installing the elements may cause the
elements to come in contact with the walls, causing damage.
The minimum distance, e, between the heating zone of the
element and the furnace walls depends on the length of the
element. See Fig. 47, page 83.
When installed along the wall it is:
For Le < 1000 mm (39.4 in.); e 5 Le/20
For Le < 300 mm; e 5 min.15 mm (0.6 in.)
For Le > 1000 mm (39.4 in.); e 5 min. 50 mm (1.97 in.)
When installed perpendicular to the wall, the deformation due

to the electro-magnetic forces must also be considered. The
reason is that the deformation causes reduction of the distance
between part of the heating zone and the wall. After calculating
the magnitude of deformation (Fig. 49), the distance E can be
calculated and e is estimated in the same way as for elements
installed parallel to the wall.
A2a
Emin 5 e 1 }
2
Distance to bottom
In order to prevent the elements from coming into contact with
any material deposited on the bottom of the furnace and to
compensate for the elongation of the elements at high
temperatures, the recommended vertical distance h between the
element bend and the furnace floor should be at least:
Le
h } ; min. 10 mm
20
Distance between elements

Minimum distances, b, between adjacent elements are given in
fig. 48, page 83.
a
7
Lc
Li Lu
g
A w
Le
e e
E
Fig. 47 Installation parameters.
W/in.2 52 77 116 194

2
Le mm. Surface loading W/cm 8 12 18 30 Le in.
1400 55.1
1200 47.3
1000 39.4
800 31.5
600 a 23.6
b
400 15.8
a
200 b b 7.9
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 b/a
Fig. 48 Necessary distances, b, to counteract the effect of the electro-magnetic force on

KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Element size: 3/6 4/9 6/12 9/18 12/24

7 Hole dia. 9 mm 12 15 23 30
of pass.
brick 0.35 in. 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.2
Recomm- 15 mm 20 25 30 40
ended
min. width 0.6 in. 0.8 1 1.2 1.6
of opening
in skew brick, w
Table 7 Important Installation parameters for passage brick

and skew brick.
The minimum length of opening A is calculated according to the

diagram in Fig. 49.
Fig. 49 Deformation of KANTHAL SUPER elements due to electro-magnetic forces.

Valid for all sizes 3/6, 4/9, 6/12, 9/18 and 12/24.
A/a W/cm2 W/in.2

2.4 28 181
a
2.2 24 155
2.0 20 129
1.8 16 103
Min.
A
1.6 12 77
Le
1.4
1.2
A
1.0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 Le mm.
7.9 15.8 23.6 31.5 39.4 47.3 55.1 Le in.
2 Kanthal Super Handbook Installation 85
Assembling of SUPERTHAL furnaces. 7
1. Place the steel casing on a 2. With multizone vertical 3. When the element modules
table and apply a fibre felt furnaces intermediate are installed the casing is put
onto the inside of the casing. supports are recommended, on supports with room for the
Adjust the back-up insulation which could be secured to the protruding terminals.
if needed and put it in place. back-up insulation with Be very careful during
Mark carefully the location of ceramic tubes. assembling to avoid
the element terminals and drill mechanical stress on the
the holes to 20 23 mm terminals.
through the fibre and casing.
4. Before the two half-shells 5. After the two half-shells are 6. Mark the location for the
are put together apply bolted together, raise the terminal blocks. Drill and bolt
insulating ceramic fibre felt furnace to an erect position. them to the casing.
onto the module ends to Seal around the terminals with
improve the insulation. ceramic fibre wool. Do not
pack too tight. Be careful not
to create stress in the
terminals.
7. Before connecting the braids they have to 8. The furnace is wired for three zones. Note
be preformed to eliminate any stress on the the slack in the braids.
terminals. Very important When the spring
clips are applied hold the terminal with the
other hand to avoid any bending force on the
terminal.
Fig. 50 Assembling and installation of a SUPERTHAL furnace.

7 Elements in radiant tubes

Although KANTHAL SUPER elements can operate directly in
most atmospheres, it is sometimes advantageous to insert them
in radiant tubes. These protect the elements when maintenance
is performed inside the furnace.
Element replacement is simplified as no special precautions
have to be taken with the furnace atmosphere when an element
needs to be replaced.
Complete tube system

The development of KANTHAL Extruded APM tubes enables us
to offer a complete heating system, element assembly and
radiant tube. KANTHAL Extruded APM tubes have an excellent
form stability up to a furnace temperature of 1250 C (2280 F),
and a non-flaking alumina oxide layer. They are available in
various standard dimensions. For KANTHAL SUPER 9/18 and
12/24 elements suitable dimensions are:
For horizontal mounting For vertical mounting

OD/ID 146/134 mm OD/ID 154/142 mm
(5.8/5.3 in.) (6.1/5.6 in.)
and 154/142 mm and 164/152 mm
(6.1/5.6 in.). (6.5/6.0 in.).
Example:
2 pcs KANTHAL SUPER 1700 12/24 elements in a vertical APM
tube with dimension 198/180 mm (7.8/7.1 in.).
At furnace temperature 900 C (1650 F) a power of 40 kW/m
(12 kW/ft.) heating zone length is possible.
At 1200 C (2190 F) furnace temperature the maximum power
is 25 kW/m. (7.6 kW/ft.).
Fig. 51 KANTHAL SUPER elements in horizontally and vertically mounted radiant tubes.
Kanthal Super Handbook Calculation 87
Calculations 8
Symbols
The following symbols are used:
Lu = Terminal length, mm; in.
Le = Heating zone length, mm; in.
a = Distance between shanks, mm; in.
B = Intermediate heating zone length, mm; in.
d = Heating zone diameter, mm
D = Terminal diameter, mm
LH = Total rod length of heating zone, m; in.
LT = Total rod length of terminals, m; in.
P = Total power, kW
Pe = Power per element, W
Pe tab = Power per element from table, W (See pages 34-48)
U = Connecting voltage per group, V
Ue = Voltage per element, V
I = Current, A
Rt = Hot resistance per element,
re = Heating zone resistance, /m; /in.
ru = Terminal resistance, /m; /in.
Te = Temperature of the heating zone,C; F
Tf = Furnace temperature, C; F
p = Surface load on the heating zone, W/cm2; W/in.2
p tab = Table value of surface load on the heating zone,
W/cm2; W/in.2 (See pages 34 - 48)
n = Number of elements
S = Number of shanks
() = Imperial Units
88 Calculations Kanthal Super Handbookk
Furnace power
8 The design and size of the furnace needed are generally determined by the charge.
The power of the furnace can be calculated in two basic ways:
1. According to diagram (Fig. 52)
2. According to the actual charge and heat losses.
The most accurate method is according to the actual charge and heat losses.
The power needed according to the actual charge is determined as follows:
Pc 5 G 3 C 1
Pc = Power needed for charge, kW

G = Weight of charge, kg
C = Heat storage of charge at temperature, kWh/kg
Example: G = 60 kg, C = 2.5 kWh/kg: Pc 5 60 3 2.5 5 150kW
The efficiency of electric furnaces varies normally between 0.6 and 0.9.
Generally it is sufficient to make an allowance of 70 - 80 % for losses and control
intermittence in order to obtain a fully adequate installed power.
The furnace power P, is then determined:

Pc
P5 } 2
h
= efficiency and allowance for losses and control intermittence
h 5 0.75 3 0.8 5 0.6
150
Example: P 5 } 5 250kW
0.6
When calculating a laboratory furnace or some other multi-purpose furnace, when the
charge is not entirely known, the power should be calculated according to the diagram or
based on experience.
In order to check the feasibility of:
Installed power
Accessible area for element installation
Element dimension
Element location
recommendations shown in Fig. 52, page 76 should be followed.

KSHB Kap8 s87-106 99-05-11 12.05 Sidan 3
Kanthal Super Handbook Calculations 89
8
dm3 cuft
1250 88.2
ure
erat
temp
ace
F urn
1000 70.6
H
0F
273
0C
W
150
0F
Volume W x H x L
291
750 25 dm3 .88 cuft 53
0C
160
F
90
20 .70
0C
C
C
C
30
00
00
00
150
16
18
17
C
15 .53
00
F
17
70
32
10 .35
C
00
18
5 .17
500 35.3
2 4 6 8 10 kW
12 Kw
250 17.7
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 kW
Fig. 52 The approximate power at a given chamber volume for a ceramic fibre lined furnace.
For a brick lined furnace the power is normally about 25 % higher.
Element selection
8 Element quality and dimensions have to be selected and calculation of the number of
elements has to be made.
The furnace data provided are:

Size (W x H x L)
Type of insulation and thickness
Operating temperature
Total power
Element location
Line voltage
Control and power supply
Terminal length
When determining the terminal length Lu , it is necessary to know the distance from the
hot face of the furnace roof to the cold face of the passage brick, Li or passage plug.
The tapered part of the terminal must come fully below the hot face of the lining as
indicated in Fig. 47, page 70.
The following table gives information about the length of taper g, and the minimum
length of terminal protruding above the passage brick Lc min..
Element size: 3/6 4/9 6/12 9/18 12/24
mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in. mm in.
Length of taper g 15 0.6 15 0.6 25 1.0 30 1.2 40 1.6
Lc min.* 50 2 50 2 75 3 125 5 150 6
* For holders of air cooled and sealed design Lc min. for 6/12 is 100 mm (4 in.) and 9/18 140 mm (5.5 in.).
The total minimum terminal length is calculated according to the formula:
Lu min. 5 Li 1 Lc min. 1 g 3
Heating zone length

The following must be taken into consideration:
The internal height of the furnace where the elements are located, H.
The length of the tapered part, g.
A safety distance, h , beneath the bend to bottom of the furnace. This distance, h , is
recommended to be at least Le/20, min. 10 mm, (0.4 in.).
This gives the formula:
Le max. 5 H 3 0.95 2g mm for Le 200 mm (7.9 in.) 4

Le max. 5 H 2 10 2 g mm (H 2 0.4 2 g in.) for Le < 200 mm (7.9 in.)

A minimum distance between elements must be applied to prevent the elements from
8
coming in contact with each other due to electromagnetic forces and deformation.
The minimum centre distance, b, between the shanks in two adjacent elements is
calculated according to Fig. 48, page 70.
Element data
The element data is calculated as follows:
Power per element, Pe

Total power is divided by the number of elements.
P
Pe 5 }} 5
n
250
Example: Pe 5 } 5 13.89 kW
18
Surface loading, p
Check with table value for element power and estimate new surface loading.
Pe
p 5 } 3 p tab; p tab and Pe tab from tables on pages 34 - 48. 6
Pe tab
Example: KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18, See table page 36.
Lu = 500 mm (19.7 in.) Pe tab = 11 380 W

Le = 1120 mm (44 in.) p tab = 16.6 W/cm2 (107 W/in.2 )
a = 60 mm (2.36 in.)
13 890
p 5 } 3 16.6 5 20.3 W/cm2
11 380
13 890
() p 5 } 3 107 5 131 W/ in.2
11 380
Element temperature, Te
Estimate element temperature from the temperature - loading diagram in Fig. 27, page 52.
Example: At p = 20.3 W/cm2 (131 W/in.2 ) and Tf =1150C (2100F), Te 1520C (2770F).
92 Calculations Kanthal Super Handbook
Hot resistance, Rt
8 Calculate total rod length of the heating zone, LH and of terminals, LT.
For two-shank elements
2 Le 1 20 1 0.57a 2 d
LH 5 }}} m 7a
1000
d
( ) LH 5 2 Le 1 0.8 1 0.57a 2 } in. (d in mm)
25.4
For multi-shank elements
2 Le 1 20 1 B(S 2 2) 1 (S 2 1) (0.57a 2 d)
LH 5 }}}}} m 7b
1000
d
( ) LH 5 2 Le 1 0.8 1 B(S 2 2) 1 (S 2 1) (0.57a 2 } ) in. (d in mm)
25.4
2 Lu
LT 5 } m 8
1000
() LT 5 2 Lu in.
Calculate resistance in /m for KANTHAL SUPER 1700 and 1800.

See also diagram in Fig. 26, page 63.
Resistance is calculated at actual element temperature, Te.
(0.0028 3 Te 2 0.255)
re 5 }}} for Te . 600 C 9
d2
(0.00196 x Tf 2 0.255)
ru 5 }}} 10
D2
Calculate resistance in /in. for KANTHAL SUPER 1700 and 1800
(0.393 3 Te 2 71) 3 1024

() re 5 }}} for Te . 1000 F (d in mm) 9
d2
(0.275 3 Tf 2 71) 3 1024

() ru 5 }}} (D in mm) 10
D2
Calculate resistance in /m for KANTHAL SUPER 1900

See also diagram in Fig. 26, page 51. 8
(0.00261 3 Te 2 0.255)
re 5 }}} for Te . 900 C 11
d2
(0.00183 3 Tf 2 0.255)
ru 5 }}} 12
D2
Calculate resistance in /in. for KANTHAL SUPER 1900
(0.391 3 Te 2 78) 3 1024

() re 5 }}} for Te . 1650 F (d in mm) 11
d2
(0.274 3 Tf 2 78) 3 1024

() ru 5 }}} (D in mm) 12
D2
Total resistance, Rt is calculated:
Rt 5 ( re 3 LH ) 1 ( ru 3 LT ) 13
Example: KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18.
Lu = 500 mm (19.7 in.) Tf = 1150 C (2100 F)

Le = 1120 mm (44.1 in.) Te = 1520 C (2770 F)
a = 60 (2.36 in.)
0.0028 3 1520 2 0.255 2 3 1120 1 20 1 0.57 3 60 2 9

Rt 5 }}} 2 3 }}}} 1
9 1000
0.00196 3 1150 2 0.255 2 3 500

}}} 3 } 5 (0.0494 3 2.285) 1 (0.0062 3 1) 5
182 1000
0.113 1 0.006 5 0.119V
(0.393 3 2770 2 71)

( ) Rt 5 }}}
9 2 1
3 1024 3 2 3 44.1 1 0.8 1 0.57 3 2.36 2 }
9
25.4 2
(0.275 3 2100 2 71)
1 }}} 3 1024 3 2 3 19.7 5 (0.00126 3 90) 1 (0.000156 3 39.4 )5
182
0.113 1 0.006 5 0.119V
Element voltage, Ue
8
Ue 5 P
wew3
wwRtw 14
Example: Ue 5 1
w3ww89w0ww
3w w1w9w 5 40.65 V
0.1
Current, I
Ue
I5 } 15
Rt
40.65
Example: I 5 } = 342A
0.119
Element power, Pe
Pe 5 Rt 3 I 2 16
Example: Pe 5 0.119 3 3422 13 900 W
Examples of element calculations
Example 1
Laboratory furnace, Tf max. 1700 C (3090 F)
Inside dimensions:
Width 180 mm 7.1 in. Line voltage 400/230 V
Height 210 mm 8.3 in. Control Thyristor, phase-angle fired
Depth 255 mm 10 in. Elements KANTHAL SUPER 1800 3/6 or 4/9
Roof insulation, Li 90 mm 3.5 in.
The chamber volume is calculated: V 5 1.8 3 2.1 3 2.55 10 dm3

(V 5 7.1 3 8.3 3 10 589 in.3 0.34 ft3 )
Since it is a laboratory furnace the charge is not known.

According to the diagram Fig. 52, page 76 the power needed is 6 kW
Terminal length, Lu 3
Lu min 5 90 1 50 1 15 5 155 mm (3.5 1 2 1 0.6 5 6.1 in.)
Closest standard length 160 mm (6.3 in.) for 3/6 and 4/9 elements.
Kanthal Super Handbook Calculations 95 2
Heating zone length, Le

Le max 5 210 3 0.95 2 15 5 185 mm ( (8.3 2 0.6) 3 0.95 5 7.3 in.)
4
8
Closest standard length 180 mm (7.1 in.)
Number of elements, n
Check power per element according to tables in pages 39 40
For 3/6 element Pe = 500 W, and 4/9 element Pe = 649 W at 12 W/cm2 (77 W/in.2)
Tf = 1600 C (2910 F) and Te = 1700 C (3090 F).
According to the temperature - loading diagram on page 64, 12 W/cm2 (77 W/in.2 ) is
within the recommendations also at Tf = 1700 C (3090 F).
6 000
Number of 3/6 elements will be } 5 12
500
6 000
Number of 4/9 elements will be } 5 9.2, say 10pcs.
649
Fig.53 High temperature laboratory furnace.


8 Wall length is 255 mm.
Using 3/6 elements, the centre distance between elements will be
255
} 5 42.5 mm
6 110
}} 5 1.7 in.
6 2
Using 4/9 elements, the centre distance between elements will be
255
} 5 51 mm
5 110
}} 5 2 in.
5 2
According to diagram in Fig. 48, page 83 b/a = 0.95 for Le = 180 mm (7.1 in.)
at a surface loading of 12 W/cm2 (77 W/in.2 ).
Minimum centre distance between elements when mounted:

a) parallel to the wall;
a 1 b 5 25 1 0.95 3 25 5 49 mm (1 1 0.95 3 1 5 1.95 in.).

and,
b) perpendicular to the wall;
b 5 0.95 3 25 5 24 mm (0.95 3 1 5 0.95 in.)
It is preferred that the elements are mounted parallel to the walls therefore ten pcs 4/9
elements are selected.
Power per element, Pe 5

6000
Pe 5 } 5 600 W
10
Surface loading, p 6
Nominal power according to table on page 41 is 649 W at a surface loading
of 12 W/cm2 (77 W/in.2 )
600 3 12
p 5 }} 11.1 W/cm2 (72 W/in.2 )
649
According to the loading diagram on page 64 the element temperature will be

1770 C (3220 F).
Hot Resistance, Rt 13
8
0.0028 3 1770 2 0.255 2 3 180 1 20 1 0.57 3 25 2 4
Rt 5 }}} 4 2 3 }}}} +
1000
0.00196 3 1700 2 0.255 160
}}} 2 3 2 3 } 5 (0.294 3 0.39 )1 (0.0380 3 0.32) 5
9 1000
0.115 1 0.012 5 0.127 V
0.393 3 3220 2 71
( ) Rt 5 }}}
42
3 1024 3 1 4
2 3 7.1 1 0.8 1 0.57 3 1 2 } 12
25.4
0.275 3 3090 2 71
}}} 3 1024 3 2 3 6.3 5 (0.007473 15.4) 1 (0.0010 312.6) 5
92
0.117 1 0.012 5 0.127 V
Element voltage, Ue 14
Ue 5 6
w0w0ww
3w w2w7w 5 8.7 V
0.1
Current, I 15
8.7
I 5 } 5 68.5 A
0.127
Final element data: 10 pcs KANTHAL SUPER 1800 4/9

Lu = 160 (6.3 in.) Pe = 600 W Te = 1770 C (3220 F)
Le = 180 (6.3 in.) Ue = 8.7 V
a = 25 (1 in.) I = 68.5 A
Rt = 0.127
p = 11.1 W/cm2 (72 W/in.2)
Electrical equipment.
The elements could be connected all in series to a single phase transformer since this is a
relatively small furnace.
Secondary voltage of the transformer is Ue 3 n 5 8.7 3 10 5 87 V.
Since the resistance of cold elements is low the voltage must be controlled in such a way
that the maximum continuous element current does not exceed 115 A (see page 79).
The maximum potential power of the furnace during operation is Utot 3 Imax 5
87 3 115 5 10 000 W and the power supply should be rated at no less than this.
The supply to which the furnace is being connected consists of two lines of a 400 V,
three-phase system.
The maximum primary current will be VA max/Usupply 5 10 000/400 5 25 A.
For power control, a single phase, phase-angle fired thyristor unit rated at 400 V should
be connected to the primary side of the transformer with current limit set to 25 A (R.M.S.)
incorporating a soft start (transformer inrush protection).
8 Example 2
Sealed quench furnace with endogas atmosphere, Tf max. 1100 C (2010 F ).
Inside dimensions:
Width 1300 mm (51 in.) Roof insulation Li 280 mm (11 in.)

Height 1300 mm (51 in.) (including plate).
Depth 1300 mm (51 in.) Line voltage 400/230 V
Control Thyristor
This is an existing furnace and is presently equipped with twelve pcs 102 mm 4 gas
heated radiant tubes with an installed power of 227 000 kcal/h. This is to be rebuilt to
electric heating.
Total power, P 2
227 000 kcal/h 5 227 000 3 1.163 3 1023 5 264 kW
The system efficiency of this furnace is estimated to be 40%.
The efficient power is then 264 3 0.4 = 106 kW
The efficiency of this furnace retrofitted to electric is estimated at 80%
106
The installed power should be } 5 132 kW
0.8
Since there are twelve pieces radiant tubes installed in the furnace, it is suitable to
replace them with the same number of KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Terminal Length, Lu 3
Lc min 5 140 mm (5.5 in.). See page 90.
Lu min 5 280 1 140 1 30 5 450 mm (11 1 5.5 1 1.2 in. 5 17.7 in.), which is a standard
length.
Heating zone length, Le 4

Le max 5 1300 3 0.95 2 30 1205 mm (51 3 0.95 2 1.2 47.3 in.).
The closest standard length 1120 mm (44.1 in.).

132
Pe 5 } 5 11 000 W
12
For an element KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18, Lu = 450 (17.7 in.), Le = 1120 (44.1 in.),
a = 60 (2.36 in.), the nominal power according to table on page 38 is 11 310 W
at a surface loading of 16.6 W/cm2 (107 W/in.2 ).
11 000
Surface loading in our case will be p } 3 16.6 16.1 W/cm2 (104 W/in2 )
11 310
According to the loading diagram in Fig. 27, page 52, the Te 1435 C (2615 F) at Tf =
1100 C (2010 F).
8
0.0028 3 1435 2 0.255 2 3 1120 1 20 1 0.57 3 60 2 9
Rt 5 }}} 3 }}}} 1
92 1000
0.00196 3 1100 2 0.255 450
}}} 2 3 2 3 } 5 (0.0465 3 2.285) 1 (0.0059 3 0.9) 5
18 1000
0.106 1 0.005 5 0.111V
1 2
0.393 3 2615 2 71 9
( ) Rt 5 }}} 3 1024 3 2 3 44.1 1 0.8 1 0.57 3 2.36 2 } 1
92 25.4
0.275 3 2010 2 71
}}} 3 1024 3 2 3 17.7 5 (0.00118 3 90) 1 (0.00015 3 35.4) 5
182
0.106 1 0.005 5 0.111V
Fig. 54 Sealed quench furnace.

8
Ue 5 1
w1ww00w0ww
3w w1w1ww
0.1 V = 34.9 V
Current, I 15
34.9
I 5 } 5 315 A
0.111

Lu = 450 (17.7 in.) Pe = 11 000 W Te = 1435 C (2615 F)
Le = 1120 (44.1 in.) Ue = 34.9 V
a = 60 (2.36 in.) I = 315 A
Rt = 0.111
p = 16.1 W/cm2 (104 W/in.2 )
It is advised that the elements are delta connected to a three-phase transformer as
shown in Fig. 59 c, page110 (thyristor control ), or Fig. 60 b, page 99 (on/off control ).
Secondary voltage of the transformer is Ue 3 n 5 34.9 3 4 140 V.
Maximum element current for 9/18 elements is 365 A (see page 67).
The maximum potential power of the furnace during operation is
Utot 3 Imax 3 3 140 3 365 3 3

}} 5 }} 153 kW
1000 1000
The power supply should be rated at no less than 153 kVA.

At supply voltage of 400 V the maximum line current is
Ptot 153 000

}} 5 }} 221 A
Usupply 3 3
w 400 3 3w
In this case thyristor control is selected. The nearest standard size of three-phase
thyristor is 250 A 440 V.
Example 3 8
Rotary hearth furnace, Tf max. 1300 C (2370 F ), nitrogen atmosphere.
Inside dimensions:
Diameter, outer wall 4700 mm (185 in.) Width of door opening 1800 mm (71 in.)
Diameter, inner wall 1650 mm (65 in.) Line voltage 400/230 V
Height 1525 mm (60 in.) Control Thyristor
Roof insulation Li 300 mm (12 in.) Weight of steel billets 1500 kg/hour
The heating capacity for iron at 1300 C (2370 F) is 0.245 kWh/kg according to
Appendix 2, Fig. 75 on page 135.
The power needed according to the actual charge is determined as follows:
Pc 5 0.245 3 1500 5 368 kW 1
Total power, P 2
Pc 368
P 5 } h 5 0.6 (see page 88) P 5 } 5 613 kW
h 0.6
The elements should be installed vertically along both outer and inner walls.
Fig. 55 Rotary hearth furnace.

Heated area is calculated: A 5 ( (p 3 4.7 2 1.8) 1 p 3 1.65) 3 1.525 5 27.7 m2

8 60
( ) A 5 ( (p 3 185 2 71) 1 p 3 65) 3 } 5 298 ft2
144
Wall loading is calculated:

P 613
} 5 } 5 22.1 kW/m2
A 27.7 1 613
} 5 2.1 kW/ft2
298 2
According to diagrams in Fig. 29, page 54, KANTHAL SUPER 9/18 elements installed
parallel to the wall are preferred.
Lu min 5 300 1 125 1 30 5 455 mm (12 1 5 1 1.2 5 18.2 in.)

Le max 5 1525 3 0.95 2 30 1420 mm (60 3 0.95 2 1.2 55.8 in.)
The maximum standard Le in table on page 38 is 1400 mm

Le 5 1400 mm (55 in.) is O.K. for Te max. 1600 C (2910 F). See Fig. 12, page 21.
An element temperature above 1500 C (2730 F) is prefered in nitrogen atmosphere

(see page 13).
Element data for KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18. See page 36.
Lu = 500 (19.7 in.) Pe = 14 010 W Te = 1550 C (2820 F)
Le = 1400 (44.1 in.) Ue = 45.9 V
a = 60 (2.36 in.) I = 305 A
Rt = 0,151
p = 16.6 W/cm2 (107 W/in.2 )
Number of Elements
613
n 5 } 5 44, say 45 to achieve a symmetrical three phase load.
14.01
The power can be divided into three star connected regulation groups, which are
8
connected directly to supply voltage. See Fig. 59 a page 96.
Five elements are connected in series to 230 V. This gives 230/5 = 46 V per element which
is close to the table value 45.9 V.
Maximum element current for 9/18 elelements is 365 A (see page 67 ).
The maximum potential power of the furnace during operation is
Utot 3 Imax 3 9 230 3 365 3 9
}} 5 }} 755 kW.
1000 1000
The nearest standard size of three phase thyristor is 400 A 440 V.
An alternative is the three-phase open delta connection. See Fig. 59 b page 96.
Eight elements are connected in series to 400 V. This gives 400/8 = 50 V per element.
The total number of elements will be 48 pcs instead of 45.
The maximum potential power of furnace during operation is now
400 3 365 3 6
}} 5 876 kW.
1000
The nearest standard size of three-phase thyristor is 400 A 440 V.
Example 4
Melting furnace for lead crystal glass, semi-closed pot.
Furnace temperature max. 1450 C (2640 F). Melting capacity 600 kg.
Melting is performed during approximately 8 of every 24 hours.
The energy consumption during the melting period at 1450 C (2640 F ) is estimated to
be about four times higher than when working at 1150 C (2100 F).
The lining consists of a combination of brick and ceramic fibre.
Inside dimensions:
Diameter wall 1600 mm (63 in.) Line voltage 400/230 V
Height 1050 mm (41.3 in.) Control Thyristor
Roof insulation Li 400 mm (15.7 in.)
In this kind of furnace a normal power consumption for melting is 3 kWh/kg produced
glass over a 24 hour cycle.
Using this value the total energy, E, consumption during 24 hours can be calculated:
E 5 600 3 3 5 1800 kWh 8 h melting needs full power.

16 h when working needs 25 % of full power
Then the necessary power input can be calculated:

1800
E 5 8 h 3 P 1 (16 h 3 0.25P) P 5 }}} 5 150 kW
(8 3 1)1 (16 3 0.25)
8 For 9/18 elements with air cooled holders:
Lu min 5 400 1 140 1 30 5 570 mm (16.7 1 5.5 1 1.2 5 23.4 in.)

Le max 5 1050 3 0.95 2 30 968 mm (41.3 3 0.95 2 1.2 38 in.)
According to table page 36, Pe tab = 9490 W.
150
n 5 } 15.8 pcs, say 18 to achieve a symmetrical three-phase load.
9.49
150
Pe 5 } 5 8333W
18
Surface loading, p 6
Check with table value and estimate surface loading.
8333 9333
p 5 } 3 16.6 5 14.6 W/cm 2 ( ) p 5 } 3 107 5 94 W/in. 2
9490 9490
Centre distance between the elements.

The elements are calculated to be installed at a diameter of 1400 mm (55.1 in.)
100 mm (4 in.) from the wall .
The circumferential length of the circle is 3 1400 4400 mm ( p 3 55.1 173 in.)
The door opening is 1000 mm (39.4 in.), where no elements can be placed.
The elements are then installed over a length of 4400 2 1000 3400 mm
(173 - 39.4 134 in.) Calculate the centre distance between the elements:
3400 134
} 189 mm ( ) } 7.4 in.
18 18
According to diagram Fig. 48, page 70, b/a 1.75 for Le = 900 mm at surface loading
14.6 W/cm2 (94 W/in.2 ).
Minimum centre distance between elements when installed parallel to the wall:
a 1 b 5 1.75 3 60 1 60 5 165 mm (1.75 3 2.36 1 2.36 5 6.5 in.).
When installed perpendicular to the wall:
b 5 1.75 3 60 5 105 mm (1.75 3 2.36 5 4.1 in.)
The elements can either be mounted perpendicular or parallel to the wall.
Element temperature, Te
Estimate element temperature from the temperature - loading diagram Fig. 27, page 52. 8
At p = 14.6 W/cm2 (94 W/in.2 ) and Tf = 1450 C (2640 F), Te 1620 C (2950 F)
0.0028 3 1620 2 0.255 2 3 900 1 20 1 0.57 3 60 2 9

Rt 5 }}} 3 }}}} 1
92 1000
0.00196 3 1450 2 0.255 630

}}} 2 3 2 3 } 5 (0.0529 3 1.845) 1 (0.0080 3 1.26) 5
18 1000
0.0975 1 0.015 0.108V
1 2
0.393 3 2950 2 71 9
( ) Rt 5 }}} 92 3 1024 3 2 3 35.4 1 0.8 1 0.57 3 2.36 2 } 1
25.4
0.275 3 2640 2 71
}}} 3 1024 3 2 3 24.8 5 (0.00134 3 72.6) 1 (0.00020 3 49.6) 5
182
0.0975 1 0.01 5 0.108 V
Fig. 56 Pot melting furnace.

8
Ue 5 8
w3w3w3ww
3w w0w8w 5 30 V
0.1
Current, I 15
30
I 5 } 5 278 A
0.108

Lu = 630 (24.8 in.) Pe = 8333 W Te = 1620 C (2950 F)
Le = 900 (35.4 in.) Ue = 30 V
a = 60 (2.36 in.) I = 278 A
Rt = 0.108
p = 14.6 W/cm2 (94 W/in.2 )
It is advised that the elements are delta connected to a three-phase transformer as
shown in Fig. 59 c, page 97.
Secondary voltage of the transformer is Ue 3 n 5 30 3 6 5 180 V.
Maximum element current for 9/18 elements is 365 A (see page 79).
The maximum potential power of the furnace during operation is:
Utot 3 Imax 3 3 180 3 365 3 3

}} 5 }} 197kW
1000 1000
At supply voltage of 400 V the maximum line current is
Ptot 197 000

}} 5 }} 284 A
w 400 3 3w
Usupply 3 3
The nearest standard size of three-phase thyristor is 300 A 440 V.

Kanthal Super Handbook Control 107
Control, power supply 9

and wiring
Material Characteristics
Kanthal Super has two basic material properties that call for
special attention when designing the control system.
1. The resistivity increases steeply with temperature
(see resistivity curve in Fig. 26, page 51). The resistance of an
element at 20 C is about 11 times lower than the resistance of
the same element at 1500 C (2730 F). Hence, if full voltage is
applied when starting, a peak current of 11 times the nominal
current will flow through the element. This would cause fuse
blowing or thyristor failure.
2. The material is brittle at low temperature which means
that excessive amperage may cause electromagnetic forces large
enough to fracture the element.
Control in general
The low cold resistivity of KANTHAL SUPER implies that full
operational voltage cannot be applied to a cold furnace.
In the past, only tapped transformers were available, allowing
a reduced voltage to be applied when the furnace was cold, and
then the voltage was gradually increased as the elements heated
up, thus maintaining currents within manageable levels.
With the advent of modern thyristor (SCR) power control
units and the various feedback control features available today,
we now have a reasonably economical and reliable means of
limiting the start-up currents and taking full advantage of
KANTHAL SUPERs rapid heat-up capability.
Today furnaces equipped with KANTHAL SUPER elements are
controlled in the following ways:
Thyristor control
1. Phase-angle fired thyristors with or without a transformer
2. Burst fired thyristors with phase-angle start with or without a
transformer
On/off control
3. Tapped transformer
4. Contactor switch, changing the element connection
108 Control Kanthal Super Handbookk
9 Thyristor Control
Phase-Angle Firing
In phase-angle firing the power is controlled by allowing the thyristors to
conduct for a part of the AC cycle only (see Fig. 57 a). The thyristor should
have a current ramp turn on function and a RMS (Root Mean Square)
current limit facility. It should be noted that this is not the same as the
ramp function of the temperature controller.
The thyristor starts to conduct with a small conduction angle and then it
increases towards maximum conduction during a number of periods. The
more power needed, the larger part of the sinusoid is allowed to pass
through the thyristors. If maximum permitted current is attained before full
wave, the current limit facility does not permit further increase of the
conduction angle.
It is essential that the current is both measured and limited in the RMS
method. The reason for this is that in phase-angle firing, one is working
with distorted current wave forms, and then the RMS method of current
measuring is the only way to obtain a correct and meaningful value.
The ramp turn on function is required for the thyristor to work properly
and gives the current limit function time to work.
The main disadvantage of phase-angle firing is that it generates radio
frequency interference that may cause malfunction in sensitive electronical
equipment.
a) Phase-angle firing.
Off On
b) Burst firing.
On Off
c) Burst firing with phase-angle start.

Phase-angle firing Burst firing Off
Fig. 57 Thyristor firing modes.

Kanthal Super Handbook Control 109 6
Burst Firing with Phase-Angle start

In burst firing the power is controlled by allowing the thyristors to be conductive
9
for one or more complete cycles and then non-conductive for one or more cycles.
The higher the power needed, the more conductive cycles and the fewer non-
conductive there are (see Fig. 57 b).
A burst fired thyristor switches on and off when the instantaneous current is
zero and therefore creates less transients than non-synchronised equipment.
A usual method of dealing with the disadvantages of phase-angle firing and
burst firing is to use a combination of them (see Fig. 57c). Phase-angle firing is
used during the heating up of the furnace so that the current can be sufficiently
limited without using a step-down transformer with different voltage taps.
When the furnace reaches a preset temperature below furnace temperature, at
least at 600 - 800 C (1110 -1470 F), an automatic switch is turned to burst
firing mode. In this way negligible radio frequency interference is created once the
furnace is hot.
Figs. 58 and 59 on pages 96 - 97 show applications with thyristor control.
Single-phase applications
L1 L1
L2 (N) L2 (N)
Fig. 58 Applications with thyristor (SCR) control.
Three-phase applications
L1
L1
L2
L2
L3
N
L3
a. Four wire star. b. Three wire open delta.

9 Three-phase applications
L1 3-phase
trans-
former
L2 D to Y
or
D to D
or D to Y
Y to D
L3
c. Transformer and star or delta load.
L1
3-phase
trans-
L2 former
OD to Y
or OD to Y
L3 OD to D
d. Six wire open delta with transformer and star or delta load.
On/off Control
Tapped transformer
Controlling a furnace with KANTHAL SUPER elements by a
contactor regulated on/off system and a tapped transformer has
some disadvantages compared to thyristor control. The main
disadvantages are longer on/off periods, which results in less
accuracy in temperature control and non-synchronised
switching, which means that it creates more transients.There is
also mechanical wear on the contactor.
Transformers for stepless voltage regulation are sometimes
used to provide accurate control of the energy input in line with
the actual requirement.
Fig. 60 on page 98 shows applications with on/off control
and tapped transformer.
Single-phase application 9
L1
L 2 (N)
a. Transformer.
Three-phase applications
L1 3-phase
trans-
former
L2 D to Y
or
D to D
or
Y to D
L3
b. Transformer and star or delta load.
Fig. 60 Applications with on/off control.
Contactor switch, changing the element connection

Fig. 61 on page 99 shows a wiring diagram with the elements star-connected to
line voltage. By series-connecting all elements between one phase and neutral,
the starting voltage is reduced to 33% of full operating voltage. The intermediate
step is to connect the elements in series between two phases, which corresponds
to 58% of operating voltage. Finally, the elements are switched to star
connection.
Fig. 62 on page 100 shows a wiring diagram with the elements delta-
connected to line voltage. By series-connecting all elements between two phases,
the starting voltage is reduced to 33% of full operating voltage. The intermediate
step is to connect the elements in star, which corresponds to 58% of operating
voltage. Finally,the elements are switched to delta connection.
At start-up, all elements can also be series-connected between one phase and
neutral and the starting voltage is reduced to 19% of full operating voltage.
9
Step 1
All elements series
connected between
phase and neutral
L1
L2
L3
Step 2
All elements series
connected to line
voltage
L1
L2
L3
Step 3
Elements star-
connected
L1
L2
L3
Fig. 61 Wiring diagram for KANTHAL SUPER elements directly star-connected to line voltage.
9
Step 1
All elements series
L1 connected to line
voltage
L2
L3
Step 2
Elements star-
L1 connected
L2
L3
Step 3
Elements delta-
connected
L1
L2
L3
Fig. 62 Wiring diagram for KANTHAL SUPER elements directly delta-connected to line voltage.
9 Scott-connected transformers
When the number of elements is such that a symmetrical three-
phase load on the secondary side of the transformer is not
possible e.g. 4, 8, 10, 14 etc. and yet prefer a symmetrical three-
phase load on the primary side a scott-connected transformer
should be used.
When the load is equal on the two secondary windings, the
primary side will be symmetricaly loaded. The two secondary
phases are electrically displaced by 90.
L1
Scott
L2 trans-
former
L3
Fig. 63 Application with on/off control and tapped transformer.
L1
Scott
L2 trans-
former
L3
NOTE: Scott-connections with thyristor control require particular attention for

successful operation. Consult KANTHAL for advice.
Fig. 64 Application with thyristor control.
Calculation of transformers
Thyristor control
When a transformer is used in combination with thyristor
control, it must be designed for working with thyristors.The
main difference is that larger iron cores are needed than when
using on-off control. The reason for this is to obtain a lower
magnetic flux density through the core.
Typical values of flux density are for:

On/Off controlled transformers:
Transformer with phase-angle fired thyristors:
1.6 T (Tesla)
< 1.4 T
9
Transformers for on/off control can be used for phase-angle firing to
80 % of their power rating.
The rating of the transformer for thyristor control is calculated in the
following way:
1.The furnace power needed is determined.
2.The size of thyristor is decided.
3.The size of transformer is based on the maximum power that the
thyristor needs to control. Generally the transformer is rated
10 -20 % higher than the furnace power.
On/off control
When a transformer is used in combination with on/off control, it must
be designed for the maximum continous loading.
Generally it is accurate enough to calculate the power at full operating
element voltage and the maximum current permitted for the actual
element dimension. Maximum continuous element current for different
element dimensions is:
Element size: 3/6 4/9 6/12 9/18 12/24
Current (A) 75 115 200 365 560
When heating a furnace from room temperature the starting voltage is

normally 1/3 or 1/4 of operating voltage to avoid overloading of the
electrical equipment. Transformers provided with steps for 1/3, 2/3, or
1/4, 1/2, 3/4, and full operating voltage are utilized.
Wiring to counteract
electromagnetic forces
Current passing through two parallel conductors produces an
electromagnetic force between them. If the current flows in the same
direction in the two conductors, there is an attracting force and if it flows
in the opposite direction there is a repelling force.
Hence, in a 2-shank KANTHAL SUPER element, a repelling force is set
up between the two shanks, which leads to an increase in the distance,
a, between the shanks of the heating zone.
The result of the repelling force and gravitation on the heating zone of a
vertically mounted KANTHAL SUPER element means that a state of
equilibrium tends to be reached.
The degree of deformation depends on the amperage I, the length of the
heating zone Le, and the distance between the shanks a.
The diagram in Fig. 49, page 84 shows how to calculate the distances
necessary to counteract the effect of electromagnetic force on KANTHAL
SUPER elements.
KSHB Kap9 s107-120 99-05-11 12.11 Sidan 10
116 Control Kanthal Super Handbook
The effect of the repelling force is reduced if the distance

9 between the shanks is increased. It has been found from
practical experience that to avoid excessive deformation, the
minimum value of, a, should not be below the following:
Element size Minimum a Normal a

12/24 50 mm (2 in.) 80 mm (3,1 in.)
9/18 40 mm (1.5 in.) 60 mm (2,4 in.)
6/12 25 mm (1 in.) 50 mm (2 in.)
4/9 20 mm (0.8 in.) 25 mm (1 in.)
3/6 20 mm (0.8 in.) 25 mm (1 in.)
If two or more elements are installed together, it is important

that they are connected in such a way that the current flows in
the opposite direction in two adjacent shanks that are placed
close together. Theoretically, if all the repelling effects are of the
same magnitude, they balance each other and do not increase
the distance between the element shanks. Normally, the
distance between adjacent elements is greater than, a , and
consequently the repelling effect between the two shanks of an
element will dominate. The result is an increase in, a.
In the case of element groups connected to a three-phase
supply, the connecting points should be combined in such a
way that the currents in the adjacent shanks of two KANTHAL
SUPER elements have a phase displacement of 120. Regardless
of the phase displacement, it is always a repelling force which
occurs between the two shanks of a KANTHAL SUPER element,
and which varies between zero and maximum. See Fig. 65.
In Fig. 66 Correct page 117, the electromagnetic force
between shank B (through which a current I1 flows) and
shank C (through which a current I2 flows) produces a
repelling effect due to the angular displacement between the
two phases to which the elements are connected.
1 Instantaneous situation of Fig. 67. 2 Instantaneous situation of Fig. 68.
I 1 2
90 180 360
R
270
S
1 Cycle
Fig. 65 Sine curve variations in a three-phase system.

Correct Incorrect 9
A B C D A B C D
I1 I2
Phase 1 Phase 2
Fig. 66 Examples of correct and incorrect connections.

9
R S R
R S
T S T T
Consider that the current enters in R and

flows to S and T.
Momentarily no current is passing through
the leg ST. See Fig. 65 page 116.
Then the same procedure starting from S
and then T is followed.
Fig. 67 Delta-connected arrangement.
R S
S
R T
0 T
Consider that the current enters in S and flows

through 0 to R.See Fig. 65, page 116.
Then the same procedure starting from T and
then R is followed.
Fig. 68 Star-connected arrangement.

In three-phase systems the connecting points should be

combined in such a way that the currents in the adjacent
shanks of two KANTHAL SUPER elements have a phase
9
displacement of 120. Any other connection should be avoided,
since the magnetic force will then have a predominantly
attracting effect. This intensifies the effect of the repelling forces
acting on the two elements, which can lead to severe
deformation.
In order to facilitate the correct connection of KANTHAL
SUPER elements to a three-phase supply, bearing in mind that
the phases are 120 apart, the current flow directions should be
regarded as in Fig. 67 and 68, page 105 as follows:
1. The current in two phases flow in opposite directions

During part of the cycle the currents will flow in the same
direction. The maximum attracting effect is obtained when
the currents have half the value of the momentary maximum
current. The average action, however, is repelling.
2. Two currents from the neutral point flow in opposite

directions
The same as under 1. above.
3. Two currents which come from a common phase

connecting point flow in the same direction
Remember that two currents from a common phase

connection always flow in the same direction. Adjacent
elements must never be connected in parallel to the same
phase.
Fig. 69 Multi purpose controlled atmosphere kiln.
121 Furnace operation Kanthal Super Handbookk
10 Furnace operation
Initial start-up procedure
recommendations
Review the installation instructions of the furnace to verify
that it is in operating condition.
Become familiar with the various adjustments on the
controller or programmer before operating the furnace for the
first time.
Do not leave the furnace unattended during the initial
break-in period.
Check the current limit of the power controller. Generally the
current limit is preadjusted before shipping.
Note that fibrous insulation is fragile and that the
KANTHAL SUPER heating elements are also subject to
breakage if handled improperly. Take special care with all
furnace components at all times.
Starting up a newly-built furnace

When starting up a furnace for the first time or after it has been
relined, it is neccesary to dry it out so that the lining is not
damaged. This is especially important when the furnace is brick
lined. As far as the KANTHAL SUPER elements are concerned,
the quicker the furnace can be brought up to full operating
temperature, the better. The elements may also be attacked by
gases and dust given off from the lining during the first firing of
a furnace. It is therefore very important to ventilate the furnace
thoroughly during the drying-out process.
We recommend the following procedure as suitable for
starting most KANTHAL SUPER furnaces.
Step-down transformer and on/off control.

Open the furnace door slightly and switch on the starting
voltage (1/3 or 1/4 of operating voltage) for the first drying-out
period at 100-200 C (210-390 F).
Switch over to an intermediate voltage (2/3 or 1/2 of
operating voltage). This must be done quickly in order to avoid
too much reduction in element temperature and the resulting
high current surges which may cause damage.
Allow the furnace door to remain slightly open for ventilation
to continue while the furnace temperature rises gradually to
800 C (1470 F). When the furnace has reached this
temperature, close the furnace door and allow the furnace to
run up to full temperature at operating voltage.
122 Furnace operation Kanthal Super Handbookk
Thyristor control.
10 When thyristor control is used, the remarks regarding operating
voltage do not apply. It is advisable to reduce the current limit
during the drying-out period. Otherwise, the same
considerations apply as with a furnace with step-down
transformer and on/off control.
For KANTHAL SUPER elements it is advantageous if they are
allowed to work at an element temperature of at least 1500 C
(2730 F) for one half to one hour as part of the initial start-up
procedure.
Naturally, these basic instructions are not applicable to all
furnaces. On large furnaces it is often advisable to dry out the
brickwork by means of a separate source of heat before
installing the KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Replacement of elements
One of the greatest advantages of KANTHAL SUPER elements is
that a defective element can easily be replaced without the
furnace having to be cooled down. Vertically mounted elements
are replaced as follows:
After having located the defective element, unbolt the contacts
from the busbars and remove the ceramic fibre around the
upper part of the passage brick, after which the element and the
passage brick may be lifted out. A previously assembled unit
consisting of a new element complete with passage brick and
element holders now should be inserted through the hole in the
furnace roof.
The contacts which have been removed from the damaged
element can be used again providing that they are undamaged.
If the contact surfaces are oxidized or damaged to such an
extent that they cannot be restored to a serviceable condition,
they should be replaced.
Temperature control
The type of thermocouple used for temperature control depends
on the furnace temperature. Type K has good stability to
1200 C (2190 F) and can be used in many heat treating
furnaces. Temperature measuring above 1200 C (2190 F) is
usually performed with thermocouples made of platinum-
platinum/rhodium.
Thermocouples age faster the higher the furnace temperature
is. In Pt-Pt/Rh thermocouples there is a structural change in
the platinum and diffusion of rhodium occurs at the junction.
Problems with temperature corrosion and overheated KANTHAL
SUPER elements are often related to ageing thermocouples.
By alloying the platinum with rhodium the usable
temperature increases. A high content of rhodium in both
shanks gives the highest permissible furnace temperature.
KSHB Kap10 s121-124 99-05-11 17.27 Sidan 3
Kanthal Super Handbook Furnace operation 123
When the rhodium content is increased, the EMF (electromotive

force) decreases and this affects the accuracy of the
measurement. When thermocouples are utilized at the maximum
10
classifying temperatures, it is important to check the EMF
frequently in order to avoid increased furnace temperature due to
the ageing. In high temperature furnaces with KANTHAL SUPER
1900 elements operating at furnace temperatures above1750 C
(3180 F), using Pt/20% Rh - Pt/40% Rh, it has been found that
the EMF can have decreased significantly after only 4-5 hours at
furnace temperature. By the time this has occurred, the
thermocouple has become more stable and the change is slower
with time. This thermocouple has a low thermoelectric output
and small changes can lead to large variations in the furnace
temperature and element temperature with subsequent element
problems.
For high temperature furnaces we recommend two
thermocouple positions close to each other in the roof. One
thermocouple for the controller and the SCR, the other to check
the operating thermocouple and the actual furnace temperature.
It is important that the thermocouple for checking is exposed to
the furnace temperature only when the checks are being carried
out.
Standard platinum-
platinum/rhodium thermocouples
Max. service temperature
Continuous Intermittent
C F C F
Pt/Pt 10 Rh, Type S 1400 2550 1650 3000

Pt/Pt 13 Rh, Type R 1400 2550 1650 3000
Pt 6 Rh/ Pt 30 Rh, Type B 1500 2730 1800 3270
Pt 20 Rh/Pt 40 Rh, 1600 2910 1800 3270
Safety precautions
Use dark glasses when observing glowing KANTHAL SUPER
elements. The eyes are subjected to great strain when
observing temperatures above 1400 C (2550 F).
KANTHAL SUPER elements which have been operating for
a long time at high temperature and have then cooled down
sometimes have internal stresses which cause the glaze to
splinter into small fragments. There have been instances
where elements which have been cold for several days have
emitted a shower of fine glaze particles when touched.
Always use eye protection even when handling cooled
down KANTHAL SUPER elements.
Fig. 70 KANTHAL SUPER furnace for ingot heating.
Kanthal Super Handbook Appendix 1 125 2
Accessories 11
Element size 3/6 mm and 4/9 mm
(All dimensions in mm)
Contact straps
Type 5826
6.5 Lengths (L):
100, 150, 200
18
L
Type 5827
Lengths (L):
75, 100, 150, 200
Type 5828
Lengths (L): 75,
100, 150, 200
L
126 Appendix 1 Kanthal Super Handbookk
11 Type 5829
Lengths (L):
18
75, 100, 150, 200
Spring clips to be
used at both ends. L
Type 10434 Spring clips

for element
size 3/6 mm
Type 10435
for element
size 4/9 mm
Type 5830 Element holder

47
30
25
Single-shank holders Type 10421 11

for element
size 3/6 mm
6.5
14 10.5
Type 10424
for element
size 4/9 mm
9.5
22 13
Element size 6/12 mm

Contact straps
L Type 5766
Lengths (L):
80, 100, 150, 200,
250. 300
30
8.3
128 Appendix 1 Kanthal Super Handbook
11 Type 3579
L
Lengths (L):
80, 100, 150, 200,
250, 300
Type 5768
8.3
Lengths (L): 150
200, 250, 300
Note: two pcs per
shank for 9/18
30
Type 5758 Contact clamp 30
30
18
Expansion tool for clamps Type 21690 11
Single-shank holders Type 6248
13.5
32 14
Type 5778
47 20
41
11 Type 5776 Two-shank holder

a = 40, 45, 50,
55, 60 a + 24
a
45
22
Element size 9/18 mm

Contact straps
Type 3801 L
Lengths (L):
100, 150, 200,
250, 300
65
8.3
Single-shank holders Type 6249 11
19.5
42 14
47 20 Type 5779
41
Two-shank holders Type 5776

a + 24 a = 40, 45, 50,
a 55, 60
52
22
11 Type 5777
a + 24
a
a = 80 and 150
for element
size 6/12 also
12= 45
18= 52
22
Element size 12/24mm

Contact straps
Type 10432 L
Lengths (L):
150, 200, 250, 300
Note: Two per 40
shank
85
8.3
Type 10439
L
Single-shank holder Type 10433 11
26
48 14
Two-shank holders Type 10437

a + 24 a = 60
a
60
22
a + 24 Type 10438
a
a = 80
60
22
11 Standard Anchor systems

anchor system
Fastening yoke 5925
Type 5987
Element holder
Standard design Element holder 5776
Anchor pin 5926-1
Locking pin
Air cooled
anchor system Fastening yoke 5925
Type 5927
Element holder
with air nozzle for Element holder 5776
KANTHAL SUPER
9/18 mm a = 60 Upper
gasket
Type 6031
Element holder for Lower
KANTHAL SUPER gasket
6/12 mm a = 50
Anchor pin 5926 -1
Type 6033 Locking pin

Element holder for
KANTHAL SUPER
6/12 mm a = 40
Air nozzle 5887
KSHB Kap11 s125-144 99-05-11 17.54 Sidan 135
Kanthal Super Handbook Appendix 1 135
Fastening yoke 5925

Sealed element 11
anchor system
Element holder 5776
Type 5965
Element holder
with sealed
Silica Cord terminal lead
Steatite rings through for
KANTHAL Super
9/18 mm a = 60
Flat bars
30 x 8 mm
Type 6037
Element holder
with sealed
terminal lead
through for
KANTHAL Super
6/12 mm a = 50
Gasket 5953
Plate 5986
Locking pin
Graphite alternative
Graphite cord.
Cut the ends 45
Flat bars
30 x 8 mm
Plate 5986
Graphite gasket 10436

KSHB Kap11 s125-144 99-05-21 08.33 Sidan 136
11 For anchor Passage bricks

systems. Note: Under certain conditions, long passage bricks
Sealed design. may result in excessive temperatures on the terminals, unless
special precautions are taken when designing the furnace.
Type No. Grade A B C a d Element

size
6038-1 115 64 229 50 15 6/12
5984-1 28 115 64 229 60 23

5984-2 115 76 229 60 23 9/18
5984-3 152 76 305 60 23
Type 6038
for 6/12 mm
Type 5984
for 9/18 mm
C
A
KSHB Kap11 s125-144 99-05-21 08.33 Sidan 137
Type No. Grade A B C a d D Element

size For anchor 11
systems.
6036-1,-3,-6 115 64 229 40 15 25 Standard
6036-9,-4,-8 G28,30,33 115 64 229 45 15 25 6/12 design.
6036-2,-5,-7 115 64 229 50 15 25
5985-1,-4,-8 115 64 229 60 23 35

5985-2,-5,-10 G28,30,33 115 76 229 60 23 35 9/18
5985-3,-6,-11 152 76 305 60 23 35
10943-1,-4,-7 115 64 229 60 30 40

10943-2,-5,-8 G28,30,33 115 76 229 60 30 40 12/24
10943-3,-6,-9 152 76 305 80 30 40
d
D
Type 6036
25
for 6/12 mm
Type 5985
for 9/18 mm
C
Type 10943
for 12/24
B
A
KSHB Kap11 s125-144 99-05-21 08.33 Sidan 138
11 For anchor
Type No. Grade A B C a d D Element
size
systems.
Air cooled 6035-1,-3,-6 115 64 229 40 15 25
6035- ,-4,-7 G28,30,33 115 64 229 45 15 25 6/12
design. 6035-2,-5,-8 115 64 229 50 15 25
5930-1,-4,-7 115 64 229 60 23 35

5930-2,-5,-8 G28,30,33 115 76 229 60 23 35 9/18
5930-3,-6,-9 152 76 305 60 23 35
aa

dd
Type 6035
for 6/12 mm
Type 5930
for 9/18 mm
CC
for 12/24 mm
BB 30
30
Bottom plate: ALFRAX coated grade 33

33.
Other Accessories Steatite rings 11

Element size 6/12 9/18
D 20 27
d 13 19
d D
Silica cord
Element size 6/12 9/18
and graphite
Length of silica cord 2 x 180 2 x 230 cord
Length of graphite cord 4 x 60 4 x 80
11 Plates
Type A B a d D
5986-1 150 150 60 20 28

5986-2 160 160 60 20 28
5986-3 180 180 60 20 28
5986-4 160 200 60 20 28

5986-5 130 180 60 20 28
5986-10 150 150 50 13 21
25
D d A
a
Graphite Ceramic
fibre
A B a d
Gasket for 11
plates
10436-1 5953-1 150 150 60 18
10436-2 5953-2 160 160 60 18
10436-3 5953-3 180 180 60 18
10436-4 5953-4 160 200 60 18

10436-5 5953-5 130 180 60 18
10436-10 5953-10 150 150 50 12
10436-1-5 d = 30 mm
10436-10 d = 24 mm
2
B
d A
a
11 Air nozzles
Type Element
size
a D d
5887-A 6/12 40 36 13.5

5887-B 6/12 50 36 13.5
5887-C 9/18 60 42 19.5
110
20
d D
Gaskets for air

6/12 9/18
nozzles Element size d D d D
Upper gasket 11 32 17 38
Lower gasket 16 36 22 42
d D
2
Silicon rubber 11
hose
For connection to
air nozzles
Locking pin
2.8
50
Anchor pins
Type Anchor system 1) Without
locking pin.
5926-1 Standard and air cooled
5926-2 Sealed 1) 2) Element size
5926-3 Sealed 6/12 mm and
5926-4 Air cooled 2) distance between
shanks
(a) = 40 mm
2
81
43 3
33
2 4
1 2 3 4
Fastening yoke
Type 5925
25
12
Fig. 71 Automatic hardening line heated with KANTHAL SUPER elements
located in the floor, in the door and along the three walls.
Troubleshooting 12
KANTHAL SUPER is a long lasting heating element due to its low ageing rate. Installed
according to our recommendations, their life is to most operators satisfaction.
Element life is limited due to several reasons, but the major reason for failure is rarely due
to material faults or workmanship.
The design of the element lead through is critical for optimum element life.
The most common reasons for element failure, which we have seen have been due to:
Careless handling of surface cracking and is pitted in

Handling of element packages by the appearance. The effect is the same if part
carriers whilst in transit of the hot zone is restricted to radiate
freely. If one side of the hot zone is too
Handling of elements by the customer
close either to the furnace wall or some
after being removed from the package
other restriction, this side can show signs
Mechanical damage of overheating.
Breakage of elements after being Overheated contacts
installed in the furnace e.g. bumping
Either one or a combination of the following
into an element with a wrench or elbow
items can cause too high a temperature on the
when carrying out repair work inside a
contacts:
furnace. Also, breakages when elements
are removed before relining a furnace. Chimney effect
Terminal length protruding outside the
Mechanical stress furnace being too short
All roof suspended elements should be Contacts become loose
hung freely to allow unrestricted
movement of the element shanks during Poor roof insulation (insufficient
expansion and contraction due to thickness, quality, cracking or
electro-magnetic forces and degradation)
thermal expansion. Poor ventilation over the contacts
Any binding-sticking of the elements
during thermal cycling can result in Chimney effect
mechanical and thermal stresses. If this The terminals should be sealed at the cold face
is the case, the element will typically with ceramic fibre to prevent convective and
break around the fusion welded joint radiant heat losses (elements must still be able
between the heating zone and terminals. to move freely).
The contact straps should be long
enough so that no stresses are Terminal length too short
transferred to the elements. If there is It is quite common to see installations where the
sufficient space available, it is preferable contacts are very close to the holders.
to use busbars or terminal posts for
series connecting elements as the risk of Loose contacts
damaging adjacent elements will be
Can cause thermal shock breakages due to
reduced when replacing individual
sparking between contact and terminal end.
elements.
Symptoms: partly melted contacts, thermal
Chemical attack cracking of terminal end due to arcing.
Compounds and gases, which may have a When low temperature oxidation (pest)
detrimental effect on KANTHAL SUPER occurs underneath the aluminizing, the
material is covered in chapter 2. temperature has been far too high. The effect
Overheated elements is the same as with loose contacts.
When the element temperature exceeds
the limit for each of the three qualities,
the silica in the material starts to boil.
The MoSi2 depletes through evaporation
of the silica and the hot zone shows signs
12
C F
2300 4200
2200 4000
2100 3800
2000 3600
1900 3400
1800
3200
1700
3000
1600
2800
1500
1400 2600
1300 2400
1200 2200
1100 2000
1000 1800
900 1600
800
1400
700
1200
600
1000
500
400 800
300 600
200 400
100 200
0 32
Fig. 72 Element temperature.

x cm
12
100
10
Zi
rc
ot
ha
l
1 Lanthanumchromite
Kanthal Hot Rod

10-1
Graphite
10-3
per
al Su
Kanth
Kanthal
10 -4 Nikrothal Tantalum
Constantan Tungsten
Molybdenum
inum
Plat Tantalum
10-5 er 10-4
Copp
Tungsten
um
Molybden
2200 2400 2600 2800 3000 3200 C
3990 4350 4712 5070 5430 5790 F
10-6
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 C
390 750 1110 1470 1830 2190 2550 2910 3270 3630 F
Fig. 73 Resistivity ( x cm) as a function of temperature for some resistor materials

and for copper.
12 Liquid state Gaseous state
(15C, 1 bar) kg/m3

evaporation kJ/kg
Chemical formula
Molecular weight
Specific heat cp
(1013 bar) C
at 20 C kg/l
Boiling point
conductivity
W/cm C
kJ/kg xC
Thermal
Density
Density
Heat of
Gases
Ammonium NH3 17.03 0.591 34.4 1370.8 0.72 2.12 (25C) 215 (0C)
Argon Ar 39.95 185.9 163.8 1.67 0.52 (15C) 162 (0C)
n-Butane C4H10 58.12 0.579 0.5 384.8 2.51 1.68 (15C) 135 (0C)
Helium He 4.00 268.9 20.3 0.17 5.19 (15C 1484 (0C)

Hydrogen H2 2.02 252.8 446.0 0.084 14.26 (15C) 1682 (0C)
Carbon dioxide CO2 44.01 0.775 78.4 348.3 1.85 0.85 (15C) 162 (25C)
Carbon monoxide CO 28.01 191.5 215.7 1.17 1.04 (15C) 248 {25C)
Air 28.96 1.21 1.01 255
Methane CH4 16.04 161.5 510.0 0.671 219 (15C) 305 (0C)
Methanol CH3OH 32.04 0.739 65 1109 1.34 1.34 (0C) 140 {0C)
Nitrogen N2 28.01 195.8 198.9 1.17 1.04 (15C) 241 (0C)
Propane C3H8 44.10 0.501 42.1 425.6 1.88 1.65 (15C) 146 {0C)
Propene C3H6 42.08 0.505 47.7 438.0 1.78 1.50 (15C) 199 {25C)
Table 8 Physical data Gases.

Dew point C
Dew point C
Dew point C
Percentage
Percentage
Percentage
by volume
by volume
by volume
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
g/Nm3
100 0.00000139 0.0000111 20 0.102 0.816 +1 0.649 5.21

90 0.00000955 0.0000767 19 0.112 0.899 +2 0.696 5.59
80 0.0000540 0.000343 18 0.123 0.989 +3 0.750 6.02
70 0.000258 0.00207 17 0.135 1.09 +4 0.803 6.45
60 0.00107 0.00857 16 0.148 1.19 +5 0.861 6.91
55 0.00207 0.0166 -15 0.163 1.31 +6 0.922 7.41
50 0.00388 0.0312 14 0.179 1.43 +7 0.922 7.41
48 0.00496 0.0399 13 0.196 1.57 +8 1.06 8.51
46 0.00631 0.0507 12 0.214 1.72 +9 1.13 9.10
44 0.00800 0.0642 11 0.234 1.88 +10 1.21 9.74
42 0.0102 0.0816 10 0.256 2.06 +11 1.29 10.4
40 0.0127 0.102 9 0.280 2.25 +12 1.38 11.1
38 0.0159 0.127 8 0.305 2.45 +13 1.48 11.9
36 0.0198 0.159 7 0.333 2.68 +14 1.58 11.9
34 0.0246 0.197 6 0.363 2.92 +15 1.68 13.5
32 0.0304 0.244 5 0.396 3.18 +16 1.79 14.4
30 0.0375 0.301 4 0.431 3.456 +17 1.91 15.4
28 0.0461 0.371 3 0.469 3.77 +18 2.0 16.4
26 0.0565 0.454 2 0.510 4.10 +19 2.17 17.4
24 0.0690 0.554 1 0.555 4.46 +20 2.31 18.5
22 0.0840 0.675 0 0.602 4.84
Table 9 Content of water Gases.

12
kWh /t
400
m
niu
mi
Alu
300
n
Iro r
p pe
Co
200 el
ck
Ni
er um
Silv b den
M oly
100
Gold
0
200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 C
390 750 1110 1470 1830 2190 2550 2910 F
Fig.74 Average theoretical heat storage in kWh per metric tonne for some common metals.
150-151 Element Appendix 2 Kanthal Super Handbook 12
Symbol
Molecular weight
Specific gravity g/cm3
Melting point C
Boiling point 760 Torr C
expansion 10 61/ C
Coefficient of linear
R a 10 2 at 20C mm 2 m
resistance
Specific electrical
Heat of fusion Specific heat Thermal conductivity
capacity at 20C at 20C
kcal kWh cal Wh cal kcal W

kg kg103 gC gC103 cmsC mhC cmC
Aluminium Al 26.97 2.70 660.1 2500 85 98.82 0.214 0.2488 0.55 198.0 2.3117 23.1 2.86
Antimony Sb 121.75 6.69 630.5 1635 38.9 45.23 0.0496 0.0577 0.55 198.00 2.3117 10.8 38.6
Bismuth Bi 208.90 9.8 271.3 1560 14.1 16.393 0.0295 0.0343 0.02 7.2 0.0837 12.1 125
Cadmium Cd 112.4 8.64 320.9 765 12.9 14.997 0.0552 0.0642 0.23 82.8 0.9625 31 7.7
Caesium Cs 132.9 1.87 28.5 690 97 19
Calcium Ca 40.08 1.54 850.0 1439 78 90.683 0.155 0.1802 22 4.3
Chromium Cr 52.0 7.1 1920 2327 70 81.382 0.105 0.1221 0.165 59.4 0.8605 8.5 15
Cobalt Co 58.93 8.8 1492 3185 64 74.406 0.093 0.1080 0.17 61.2 0.7115 11 5.06
Copper Cu 63.54 8.93 1083 2595 51 59.293 0.093 0.1080 0.94 338.4 3.9339 16.5 1.75
Gallium Ga 69.72 5.9 29.78 2064 19.1 22.206 0.080 0.093 18 39.5
Germanium* Ge 72.59 5.32 958.5 2700 0.0727 0.0845 6 8.9104
Gold Au 196.97 19.29 1063 2960 15.9 18.485 0.0307 0.0357 0.75 270 3.1387 14.2 2.2
Hafnium Hf 178.49 13.3 2230 >3200 0.033 0.0384 30

Indium In 114.82 7.25 156.7 >1450 0.056 0.0651 5.6 8.2
Iridium Ir 192.2 22.4 2442 4800 28 32.553 0.032 0.0372 0.14 50.4 0.5859 6.58 4.58
Iron Fe 55.85 7.876 1535 2730 49.4 57.432 0.108 0.1256 0.21 75.6 0.8788 11.5 8.7
Lead Pb 207.19 11.34 327.4 1750 5.7 6.63 0.0309 0.0359 0.084 30.24 0.3515 31.3 20.7
Lanthanum La 138.91 6.15 885 1800 0.044 0.0512
Lithium Li 6.94 0.534 186 1370 32.8 38.123 1.0 1.1626 0.16 57.6 0.6696 58 8.55
Magnesium Mg 24.31 1.74 650 1107 46.5 54.061 0.243 0.2825 0.41 147.6 1.7158 26 4.18
Manganese Mn 54.94 7.3 1247 2095 63.7 74.06 0.114 0.1325 0.12 43.2 0.5022 23 10.0
Mercury Hg 200.59 13.65 38.87 356.58 2.7 3.149 0.0333 0.0387 0.02 7.2 0.0837 94.07
Molybdenum Mo 95.94 10.2 2610 4800 69.4 80.69 0.065 0.0756 0.34 122.4 1.4229 5.1 5.4
Nickel Ni 58.71 8.9 1453 3177 73 84.870 0.1065 0.1238 0.21 75.6 0.8788 12.5 9.5
Niobium Nb 92.06 8.57 1950 2900 0.0645 0.0750 7.1 13.0
Osmium Os 190.20 22.5 2700 >5300 35 40.691 0.0310 0.0350 7.0 9.66
Palladium Pd 106.4 11.97 1552 2800 36.3 42.202 0.058 0.0674 0.17 61.2 0.7115 10.6 10.88
Potassium K 39.10 0.862 63.5 776 15.7 18.253 0.177 0.2058 0.23 82.8 0.9625 84 6.38
Platinum Pt 195.1 21.45 1769 4300 27.2 31.623 0.032 0.0372 0.17 61.2 0.7115 8.94 9.8
Radium Ra 226.05 5.0 700 1140

Rhodium Rh 102.9 12.4 1960 >2500 52 60.452 0.0592 0.0688 0.21 75.6 0.877 9.0 4.3
Selenium* Se 78.96 4.8 170 688 15.4 17.904 0.079 0.0918 37 12
Silver Ag 107.87 10.5 960.5 1950 25 29.065 0.0559 0.0650 0.974 350.6 4.0762 18.7 1.5
Silicon* Si 28.09 2.33 1440 2630 33.8 39.296 0.168 0.1953 7 105
Sodium Na 22.997 0.971 97.8 883 27.5 31.972 0.288 0.3348 0.33 118.8 1.3811 71 4.34
Tantalum Ta 180.95 16.6 3000 4100 41.5 48.248 0.033 0.0384 0.13 46.8 0.5441 6.58 12.4
Tellurium Te 127.61 6.24 452 1390 0.048 0.0558 17.2 6104
Thorium Th 232.04 11.2 1845 3530 0.03 0.0349 11.1 12.0
Tin Sn 118.69 7.28 231.9 2430 14.2 16.509 0.053 0.0616 0.15 54.0 0.6278 12.8 11.4
Titanium Ti 47.9 4.35 1727 3200 0.146 0.1697 43.5
Tungsten W 183.85 19.3 3380 6000 60 69.756 0.33 0.3837 0.31 111.6 1.2973 4.5 5.48
Uranium U 238.03 18.7 1130 0.03 0.0349 30.6

Vanadium V 50.94 6.0 1726 3000 0.12 0.1395 8.84 19
Zinc Zn 65.37 7.13 419.5 906 26 30.228 0.092 0.1070 0.27 97.2 1.13 14.1 6.0
Zirconium Zr 91.22 6.53 1860 2900 0.06 0.0697 14.3 41

12 Temperature Conversion Table

The numbers in the shaded area indicate the temperatures as read. The corresponding
temperatures in Farenheit are given on the right and those in Celsius on the left.
C F C F C F C F
17.8 0 32 16.1 61 141.8 154 310 590 488 910 1670

17.2 1 33.8 16.7 62 143.6 160 320 608 493 920 1688
16.7 2 35.6 17.2 63 145.4 166 330 626 499 930 1706
16.1 3 37.4 17.8 64 147.2 171 340 644 504 940 1724
15.6 4 39.2 18.3 65 149.0 177 350 662 510 950 1742
15.0 5 41.0 18.9 66 150.8 182 360 680 516 960 1760
14.4 6 42.8 19.4 67 152.6 188 370 698 521 970 1778
13.9 7 44.6 20.0 68 154.4 193 380 716 527 980 1796
13.3 8 46.4 20.6 69 156.2 199 390 734 532 990 1814
12.8 9 48.2 21.1 70 158.0 204 400 752 538 1000 1832
12.2 10 50.0 21.7 71 159.8 210 410 770 543 1010 1850
11.7 11 51.8 22.2 72 161.1 216 420 788 549 1020 1868
11.1 12 53.6 22.8 73 163.4 221 430 806 554 1030 1886
10.6 13 55.4 23.3 74 165.2 227 440 824 560 1040 1904
10.0 14 57.2 23.9 75 167.0 232 450 842 566 1050 1922
9.44 15 59.0 24.4 76 168.8 238 460 860 571 1060 1940
8.89 16 60.8 25.0 77 170.6 243 470 878 577 1070 1958
8.33 17 62.6 25.6 78 172.4 249 480 896 582 1080 1976
7.78 18 64.4 26.1 79 174.2 254 490 914 588 1090 1994
7.22 19 66.2 26.7 80 176.0 260 500 932 593 1100 2012
6.67 20 68.0 27.2 81 177.8 266 510 950 599 1110 2030
6.11 21 69.8 27.8 82 179.6 271 520 968 604 1120 2048
5.56 22 71.6 28.3 83 181.4 277 530 986 610 1130 2066
5.00 23 73.4 28.9 84 183.2 282 540 1004 616 1140 2084
4.44 24 75.2 29.4 85 185.0 288 550 1022 621 1150 2102
3.89 25 77.0 30.0 86 186.8 293 560 1040 627 1160 2120
3.33 26 78.8 30.6 87 188.6 299 570 1058 632 1170 2138
2.78 27 80.6 31.1 88 190.4 304 580 1076 638 1180 2156
2.22 28 82.4 31.7 89 192.2 310 590 1094 643 1190 2174
1.67 29 84.2 32.2 90 194.0 316 600 1112 649 1200 2192
1.11 30 86.0 32.8 91 195.8 321 610 1130 654 1210 2210
0.56 31 87.8 33.3 92 197.6 327 620 1148 660 1220 2228
0 32 89.6 33.9 93 199.4 332 630 1166 666 1230 2246
0.56 33 91.4 34.4 94 201.2 366 690 1274 671 1240 2264
1.11 34 93.2 35.0 95 203.0 338 640 1184 677 1250 2282
1.67 35 95.0 35.6 96 204.8 343 650 1202 682 1260 2300
2.22 36 96.8 36.1 97 206.6 349 660 1220 688 1270 2318
2.78 37 98.6 36.7 98 208.4 354 670 1238 693 1280 2336
3.33 38 100.4 37.2 99 210.2 360 680 1256 699 1290 2354
3.89 39 102.2 38 100 212 366 690 1274 704 1300 2372
4.44 40 104.0 43 110 230 371 700 1292 710 1310 2390
5.00 41 105.8 49 120 248 377 710 1310 716 1320 2408
5.56 42 107.6 54 130 266 382 720 1328 721 1330 2426
6.11 43 109.4 60 140 284 388 730 1346 727 1340 2444
6.67 44 111.2 66 150 302 393 740 1364 732 1350 2462
7.22 45 113.0 71 160 320 399 750 1382 738 1360 2480
7.78 46 114.8 77 170 338 404 760 1400 743 1370 2498
8.33 47 116.6 82 180 356 410 770 1418 749 1380 2516
8.89 48 118.4 88 190 374 416 780 1436 754 1390 2534
9.44 49 120.2 93 200 392 421 790 1454 760 1400 2552
10.0 50 122.0 99 210 410 427 800 1472 766 1410 2570
10.6 51 123.8 100 212 413 432 810 1490 771 1420 2588
11.1 52 125.6 104 220 428 348 820 1508 777 1430 2606
11.7 53 127.4 110 230 446 443 830 1526 782 1440 2624
12.2 54 129.2 116 240 464 449 840 1544 788 1450 2642
12.8 55 131.0 121 250 482 454 850 1562 793 1460 2660
13.3 56 132.8 127 260 500 460 860 1580 799 1470 2678
13.9 57 134.6 132 270 518 468 870 1598 804 1480 2696
14.4 58 136.4 138 280 536 471 880 1616 810 1490 2714
15.0 59 138.2 143 290 554 477 890 1634 816 1500 2732
15.6 60 140.0 149 300 572 482 900 1652 821 1510 2750
827 1520
F
2768
C
1221 2230
F
4046
C
1621 2950
F
5342
12
832 1530 2786 1227 2240 4064 1627 2960 5360
838 1540 2804 1232 2250 4082 1632 2970 5376
843 1550 2822 1238 2260 4100 1638 2980 5396
849 1560 2840 1243 2270 4118 1643 2990 5414
860 1580 2876 1249 2280 4138 1649 3000 5432
866 1590 2894 1254 2290 4154
871 1600 2912 1260 2300 4172
877 1610 2930 1266 2310 4190
882 1620 2948 1271 2320 4208 INTERPOLATION
888 1630 2966 1277 2330 4226 TABLE
893 1640 2984 1282 2340 4244 C F
899 1650 3002 1288 2350 4262 0.56 1 1.8
904 1660 3020 1293 2360 4280 1.11 2 3.6
910 1670 3038 1299 2370 4298 1.67 3 5.4
916 1680 3058 1304 2380 4316 2.22 4 7.2
921 1690 3074 1310 2390 4334 2.78 5 9.0
927 1700 3092 1316 2400 4352 3.33 6 10.8
932 1710 3110 1321 2410 4370 3.89 7 12.6
938 1720 3128 1327 2420 4388 4.44 8 14.4
943 1730 3146 1332 2430 4406 5.00 9 16.2
949 1740 3164 1338 2440 4424 5.56 10 18.0
954 1750 3182 1343 2450 4442
960 1760 3200 1349 2460 4460
966 1770 3218 1354 2470 4478 F = 1.8 x C + 32
971 1780 3236 1360 2480 4496
977 1790 3254 1366 2490 4514 C = (F 32 ) x 5/9
982 1800 3272 1371 2500 4532
988 1810 3290 1377 2510 5450
993 1820 3308 1382 2520 4568
999 1830 3326 1388 2530 4586
1004 1840 3344 1393 2540 4604
1010 1850 3362 1399 2550 4622
1016 1860 3380 1404 2560 4640
1021 1870 3398 1410 2570 4658
1027 1880 3416 1416 2580 4676
1032 1890 3434 1421 2590 4694
1038 1890 3452 1427 2600 4712
1043 1910 3470 1432 2610 4730
1049 1920 3488 1438 2620 4748
1054 1930 3506 1443 2630 4766
1060 1940 3524 1449 2640 4784
1066 1950 3542 1454 2650 4802
1071 1960 3560 1460 2660 4820
1077 1970 3578 1466 2670 4838
1504 2740 4964 1471 2680 4856
1082 1980 3596 1477 2690 4874
1088 1990 3614 1482 2700 4892
1093 2000 3632 1488 2710 4910
1099 2010 3650 1493 2720 4928
1104 2020 3668 1499 2730 4946
1110 2030 3686 1510 2750 4982
1116 2040 3704 1516 2760 5000
1121 2050 3722 1521 2770 5018
1127 2060 3740 1527 2780 5036
1132 2070 3758 1532 2790 5054
1138 2080 3776 1538 2800 5072
1143 2090 3794 1543 2810 5090
1149 2100 3812 1549 2820 5108
1154 2110 3830 1554 2830 5126
1160 2120 3848 1560 2840 5144
1166 2130 3866 1566 2850 5162
1171 2140 3884 1571 2860 5180
1177 2150 3902 1577 2870 5198
1182 2160 3920 1582 2880 5216
1188 2170 3938 1588 2890 5234
1193 2180 3956 1593 2900 5252
1199 2190 3974 1599 2910 5270
1204 2200 3992 1604 2920 5288
1210 2210 4010 1610 2930 5306
1216 2220 4028 1616 2940 5324
12 Miscellaneous Conversion Factors
Imperial units Metric units
Weights
1 grain (=1/7000 lb) = 0.0648g 1 gram =15.4 grains

1 dram (dr) = 1.77 g 1 kilogr (1000 gr) =2.204 lb
1 ounce (oz) = 16 dr = 28.35 g 1 metric ton = 19.68 cwt
1 pound (lb) = 16 oz = 454 g =2204 lb
1 stone (st) = 14 lb = 6.35 kg = 1000 kg
1 quarter (qr) = 2 st = 12.7 kg
1 central = 100 lb = 45.4 kg
1 hundredweight (cwt) = 112 lb = 50.8 kg
1 quntal = 100 kg
1 short ton = 20 centr = 2000 lb = 908 kg
1 long ton = 20 cwt = 2240 lb
Linear measures
1 inch (") = 25.4 mm 1 mm = 0.039 inch

1 foot (ft) = 12 inches = 30.48 cm 1 cm = 0.394 inch
1 yard = 3 ft = 91.44 cm 1 dm = 3.937 inches
1 rod, pole or perch = 5.5 yds = 5.03 m 1m = 39.37 inches
1 chain = 4 pls = 20.12 m 1 km = 0.621 mile
1 furlong = 10 chs = 201.2 m
1 mile = 8 fri = 1609 m
1 sea mile = 1852 m
Square measures
1 sq inch = 6.45 cm2 1 cm2 = 0.155 sq inch

1 sq foot = 144 sq inches = 9.29 dm2 1 dm2 = 15.5 sq inches
1 sq yard = 9 sq ft = 0.836 m2 1 m2 = 1.196 sq yard
1 sq pole = 30.2509 sq yd = 25.29 m2 1 are = 119.6 sq yard
1 rood = 40 sq pls = 10.1 are 1 hectare = 2.471 acres
1 acre = 4 roods = 0.4047 ha 1 km2 = 247 acres
1 sq mile = 640 acres = 259 ha
Imperial units Metric units 12

Cubic measures
1 cu inch = 16.39 cm3 1 cm3 = 0.061 cu inch

1 cu foot = 1728 cu inch = 28.32 dm3 1 dm3 = 61.02 cu inches
1 cu yard = 27 cu ft = 0.765 m3 1 m3 = 1.308 cu yds
1 gill = 8.655 cu inches = 142 cm3 1 centliter = 0.07 gill
1 pint = 4 gills = 0.568 dm3 1 deciliter = 0.176 pint
1 quart = 2 pints = 1.136 dm3 1 liter = 1.759 pint
1 gallon = 4 quarts = 4.546 dm3 1 hectoliter = 22 gallons
1 peck = 2 gallons = 9.092 dm3 or = 2.75 bushels
1 bushel = 4 pecks = 36.37 dm3
1 quarter = 8 bushels = 2.909 hl
1 barrel = 31.5 gallons = 1.432 hl
1 hogshead = 2 barrels = 2.864 hl
Density
1 lb/cu inch = 27.7 g/cm3 1 g/cm3 = 0.0361 lb/cu inch

1 lb/cu ft = 16.0 kg/m3 1 kg/m3 = 0.0624 lb/cu ft
Force
1 lbf = 4.45 N 1N = 0.225 lbf

(pound-force)
Pressure
1 lbf/sq inch = 6.89103 N/m2 1 N/m3 = 0.14510-3 lbf/sq inch

1 ton/sq inch = 15.444 N/mm2 1 N/mm2 = 145.04 lbf/sq inch
1 N/mm2 = 0.0647 49 ton-
force/sq inch
1 Pa = 1 N/m2
Energy
1 Btu = 1055 J 1J = 0.948 10-3Btu

(British thermal unit) = 0.293 10-3kWh 1 kWh = 3412 Btu
= 1055 Nm 1 Nm = 0.94810-3Btu
1 kcal = 3.97 Btu
Thermal conductivity
1 Btu/ft h F = 1.73 W/mK 1 W/mK = 0.578 Btu/ft h F

1 Btu inch/ft2 h F = 0.143 W/mK = 6.93 Btu inch/ft2 h F
12 Thermocouples
Thermocouples Maximum service Atmosphere Reference Junction
temperature C compensation
Continuous Intermittent
Type S Oxidising
Pt10Rh 1400 1650 Neutral Compensating leads,
v Vacuum see B.S. 1843
Pt
Type R Oxidising Compensating leads,

Pt13Rh 1400 1650 Neutral see B.S. 1843
v Vacuum
Pt Reducing
Type B Oxidising Not normally

Pt30Rh 1500 1800 Neutral necessary
v Vacuum
Pt6Rh
Pt40Rh Oxidising Not normally

v 1600 1800 Neutral necessary
Pt20Rh Vacuum
Ir40Rh Neutral Copper

v 2000 2100 Vacuum v
Ir Oxidising Aluminium
W Neutral Use reference

v 2300 2600 Vacuum junction correction
W26Re Reducing table
W / cm2 12
10000
1000
100
2500 K
5500 K
10
1723 K
1000 K
750 K
0,1
500 K
0,01
300 K
0,001
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Visible light Wavelength in microns
Fig. 75 Intensity of black body radiation.

Fig. 76 Car bottom furnace for forging and annealing.
Heat transfer by radiation 12

For radiation from an ideal black solid the following so called thesis of Stefan-Boltzmann
holds: 4
T
1 2
Qs 5 Cs 3 }} W/m2 Cs = Coefficient of radiation for a black body = 5.67 W/m2 K4.
100
For radiation from one solid to another solid with equal surfaces, through a transparent
non-absorbing medium, the following holds:
31 24
4 4
T1 T2
Qs 5 Cr 3 A 3 }}
100 2 1 2 }}
100
1
Cr 5 }}} C1 and C2 = Coefficient of radiation for the two surfaces
1 1 1
}} 1 }} 2 }} T1 = Surface temperature of the radiating body in K
C1 C2 5.67
T2 = Surface temperature of the work piece in K
The coefficient of radiation for the two surfaces are:
C1 5 e1 3 Cs C2 5 e2 3 Cs e1 and e2 from table below
If the area A2 is surrounding the area A1 completely:
1
Cr 5 }}}
1 A1 1 1
}} 1 }}
C1 1
A2 C2
}} 2 }}
5.67 2
In furnace practice, the surface of the furnace interior is usually four or more times the
projected area of the charge. The surface of the KANTHAL SUPER elements is about 10% of
the surface of the furnace interior. Considering the heating equation above, this means
that only about 20% of the power is transferred directly from the heating elements to the
charge. The remaining 80% is transferred indirectly by the furnace interior.
Emissivity e, guiding values

Material Temp C Temp F e
Aluminium bright 500 930 0.06
oxidized 600 1110 0.18
Brass bright 100 210 0.04
oxidized 600 1110 0.60
Copper bright 100 210 0.02
oxidized 1000 1830 0.60
Iron bright 100 210 0.30
oxidized 1200 2190 0.85
Nickel bright 1000 1830 0.20
oxidized 1200 2190 0.85
Platinum bright 1500 2730 0.20
Steel bright 100 210 0.10
oxidized 600 1110 0.80
Firebrick 1000 1830 0.80
Zirconia 1400 2550 0.40
KANTHAL SUPER 1400 2550 0.70
Aluminium paint 0.55
Sooted surface 0.97
Black body 1.00
Table 11.
12 Calculation of furnace insulation

Flat furnace wall
The heat flow Q Watts through a flat furnace wall with the area A m2
and with one or more layers of insulation can be calculated
according to the formula:
Q 5 k A (Tf 2 Ta ) W
k = Thermal conductivity, W/(m2 C)
Tf = Furnace temperature, C
Ta = Temperature of the ambient air, C
a = Coefficient of heat transfer, W/(m2 C)
s = Thickness of layer, m
l = Thermal conductivity, W/(m C)
In high temperature furnaces a1 = 100 W/(m2 C)
Non-metallic surfaces, e. g. cement a2 = 10.0 W/(m2 C)
and metal surfaces that have been painted.
Galvanized or planished steel; finishes in a2 = 8.0 W/(m2 C)
the nature of metallic paints.
Bright metallic surfaces, e. g. polished a2 = 5.7 W/(m2 C)
aluminium.
1
k 5 }}} (for three layers)
1 s1 s2 s3 1
}} 1}} 1 }} 1 }} 1 }}
a1 l1 l2 l3 a2
The temperatures between the different layers of insulation are calculated as follows:
1
Tb 5 Tf 2 }} 3 k (Tf 2 Ta )
a1
s1
T1 5 Tb 2 }} 3 k (Tf 2 Ta )
l1
s2
T2 5 T1 2 }} 3 k (Tf 2 Ta ) Tb = Hot face temperature, C
l2
s3
Ts 5 T2 2 }} 3 k (Tf 2 Ta ) Ts = Cold face temperature, C
l3
T1
Tf
Tb
1 T2
Q
2
Ts
3
Ta
s1 s2 s3
12
Tubular furnace wall
The heat flow Q Watts through a tubular furnace wall with the length L m and
with one or more layers of insulation can be calculated according to the formula:
Q = kr L (Tf -Ta ) W
p
kr 5 }}}}}}} (for three layers)
1 0.5 d2 0.5 d3 0.5 d4 1
}} 1 }} ln }}
a1d1 l1 d1 1 2
1 }} ln }}
l2 d2 l3 1 2
1 }} ln }}
d3
1 }}
a2d4 1 2
kr = Thermal conductivity, W/(mC).
ln = natural logarithm.
d = diameter, m.
The temperatures between the different layers of insulation are calculated as follows:
1
Tb 5 Tf 2 }} 3 kr (Tf 2 Ta )
pa1d1
0.5 d2
pl1 1 2
T1 5 Tb 2 }} 3 kr (Tf 2 Ta ) 3 ln }}
d1
0.5 d3
pl2 1 2
T2 5 T1 2 }} 3 kr (Tf 2 Ta ) 3 ln }}
d2
0.5 d4
pl3 1 2
Ts 5 T2 2 }} 3 kr (Tf 2 Ta ) 3 ln }}
d3
Tb
3 2 1 Tf
T1
T2
Ts
Q
Ta
d1
d2
d3
d4

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What temperature can KANTHAL SUPER elements operate at?

What temperature can KANTHAL SUPER elements operate at?

KSHB foder 99-05-04 11.

Copyright by Kanthal AB.

This information, which may be subjected to change, is offered solely

KANTHAL is a registered trademark of Kanthal Group companies in

Kanthal AB, Hallstahammar, Sweden.

Kanthal Super Handbook Introduction 5

K ANTHAL is a world-renowned name within the field of

Hallstahammar, Sweden 1999

6 Contents Kanthal Super Handbook

3 Elements and tubes ............................................................................. 17

4 SUPERTHAL heating modules ............................................... 25

5 Electrical data .............................................................................................. 33

9 Control, power supply and wiring .......................................107

10 Furnace operation ................................................................................. 121

11 Appendix 1 ..................................................................................................... 125

12 Appendix 2 ..................................................................................................... 145

Fig. 2 Range of KANTHAL SUPER 3/6 and 4/9 elements.

Kanthal Super Handbook Introduction 9

The unique properties

10 Introduction Kanthal Super Handbook

Quality and product summary

KANTHAL SUPER 1700 1700 C (3090 F) Most types of industrial

KANTHAL SUPER 1800 1800 C (3270 F) Laboratory furnaces, testing

KANTHAL SUPER 1900 1850 C (3360 F) Laboratory furnaces, testing

SUPERTHAL SMU/SHC 1600 C (2910 F) Laboratory furnaces,

Kanthal Super Handbook Properties 11

Mechanical and physical properties

Table 1 The mechanical and physical properties of the KANTHAL SUPER

12 Properties Kanthal Super Handbook

Water vapour and carbon dioxide

KANTHAL SUPER element 1700 1800 1900

Air 1700 3090 1800 3270 1850 3360

Table 2 Maximum recommended element temperatures in atmospheres.

Kanthal Super Handbook Properties 13

14 Properties Kanthal Super Handbook

2 Noble gases, argon and helium

Kanthal Super Handbook Properties 15

Nitrogen and hydrogen

Fluorine and chlorine

Fig. 5 Maximum element temperatures in vacuum (All KANTHAL SUPER qualities).

16 Properties Kanthal Super Handbook

Elements and Tubes 3

Example: KANTHAL SUPER 1700 9/18 Lu = 450 (17.7 in.)

The maximum length of the heating zone depends on the

Qualities Standard dimensions

Heating zone, Le Terminal, Lu

Table 3 Range of KANTHAL SUPER two-shank elements.

18 Elements and tubes Kanthal Super Handbook

Fig. 6 Straight terminals. Fig. 7 Element bent 90 at the terminals.

Element a c d f g k90 k45 m n r

Table 4 Parameters of KANTHAL SUPER Elements.

Kanthal Super Handbook Elements and tubes 19

Two-shank bent elements

Four-shank 1700 elements

Four-shank elements with straight terminals (Fig. 11, page 19)