Mozart's Orchestras: Applying Historical Knowledge to Modern Performances

Author(s): Neal Zaslaw

Source: Early Music, Vol. 20, No. 2, Performing Mozart's Music III (May, 1992), pp. 197-
200+203-205
Published by: Oxford University Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3127877
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Neal Zaslaw
Mozart's orchestras

Applyinghistoricalknowledgeto modern performances

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1 GiuseppeServolini,Secularconcert,engravingC.1785(Lisbon,MuseuNacionalde ArteAntiga)

In recent decades a great deal of research has been reproduced here as table 1.2To the statistics of table i may
carriedout on local orchestraltraditionsin a number of be added a new list, showing orchestras with which'
European cities.' Two outstanding examples of recent Mozart collaboratedas visiting conductor and soloist
work of this sort can be seen in Cliff Eisen'sand Dexter but for which he did not createany new music (table2).
Edge'sarticleson Salzburgand Vienna, respectively,in Anyone who has workedon historicallists of person-
the previousissue of EM (February1992). An attemptto nel knowswhat treacherousshoals must be navigatedin
summarize what was known a few years ago in this interpretingsuch data: sometimes lists are deceptively
realm, which might shed light on orchestrasfor which smallbecausethey do not include extraplayerswho may
Mozartcomposed his symphonies,appearedin the per- have been regularlycalled upon-for instance, appren-
formance-practicechapter of my Mozart'sSymphonies, tices, amateurs, servants who also acted as ripienists,

EARLY MUSIC MAY 1992 197

Table1 Mozart'sorchestras(after Zaslaw,Mozart'sSymphonies)
CITY: Orchestra

Date vn I vn II va vc db fl ob cl bn hn tpt timp kbd misc TOTAL K6chel

LONDON:Covent Garden
1757-8 (4) (3) (2) (2) (1) (0) (2) (0) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (0) 21 1
1760 (4) (3) (1) (1) (1) (0) (2) (0) (1) (2) (2) (1) (1) (0) 19 16,19,19a

AMSTERDAM:Schouwburg Theatre
1768 3 3 0-2 1 1 0 2 0-2 1 2 0 1 1 0 17
*THE HAGUE: Court of Orange
1766 6 5 4 3 2 0-2 2-4 0 2 4 (2) 1 1 0 34
*SALZBURG:
Court
1767-77 4-6 4-6 (2) 1-2 2-4 0 2 0 2-3 2-3 (2) (1) (1) 3 tbn 23-35 35, 38, 45a, 62a, 74c, 75b, 114,
124, 128, 129, 130, 132, 133,
134, 161a, 161b, 162, 162b,
167a, 173dA, 173dB, 183,
186a, 186b, 189b, 189k, 207a,
213a, 213c, 248b
VIENNA:Kirtnerthortheater
1773-5 6 6 3 3 3 1 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 29
VIENNA:Burgtheater 43, 45, 46a, 48, (45a)
1773-5 7 7 4 3 3 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 0 33

CREMONA: Municipal
1170s 5 5 2 1 3 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 21
MANTUA: Concert
1770 3 3 2 1 2 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 0 18
FLORENCE:Concert
c.1780 4 4 2 1 1 0 2 0 0 2 2 (1) 1 0 19-20 73, 74a, 74c, 111a, 112, 135,
*MILAN: Opera 141a
1770 14 14 6 2 6 0-2 0-4 0 2 4 2 (1) 2 0 57
NAPLES: Opera
1773 16 16 4 3 4 0 4 0 ? ? 4 ? 2 ? 53+
TURIN:Opera
1774 15 13 5 4 6 -6- 4 4 2 1 2 0 62
*PARIS: Concert Spirituel
1778 11 11 5 8 5 2 2 2 4 (4) (2) 1 0 0 57 300a, (385)
* SALZBURG:
Court
1779-81 6 6 2 2 4 0 5 0 3 2 (2) (1) (1) 0 34 318, 319, 320, 338, 385, (425)
*PRAGUE: Opera
1787 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 0 26 504
VIENNA:Burgtheater
1781-3 6 6 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 .4 2 1 1 0 38 385, (425), (504), 543, 550, 551

*Asterisksindicate orchestrasfor which Mozart composed. The other orchestrasare either those for which he may have
composed, or those believedto be similar in size and make-up to orchestrasfor which he composed.
Figuresin parenthesesinvolved some speculationor extrapolationon the part of the author.
Kochelnumbers in parenthesesare works that Mozartwrote for another place and then reused. Only those symphonies
about which no doubts exist concerninggenuinenesshave been included here.

198 EARLY MUSIC MAY 1992

Table2 More of Mozart'sorchestras

CITY: Orchestra

Date vn I vn II va vc db fl ob cl bn hn tpt timp kbd TOTAL WAM

DIJON: Municipal
1766 3 2 1 1 1 0-2 0-2 0 1 (2) 0 0 1 14 1766
1753 -8- 4 0 0-2 0-2 0 0 2 0 0 2 18 1766
DONAUESCHINGEN:
Court 1766-7
1790 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 0 0 (1) 16 1786
MANNHEIM: Church
1777 10-11 10-11 4 4 4 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 (1) 43-45 1777-8
MUNICH:Theatre 1774-5
1780-81 6 6 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 35 1780-1
STRASSBURG:Church
1702 4 4 2 2 2 -2- 2 2 4 1 (1) 26
STRASSBURG:
Theatre/Municipal 1778
1785 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 1 (1) 26J
LONDON: Concert
1784 6 6 4 3 2 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 30
1786 6 6 4 3 3 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 31
1788 6 6 4 3 3 2 2 0 2 2 0 0 1 31
1791 6-8 6-8 4 3 4 2 2 0 2 2 2 1 1 35-39]
DRESDEN: Court
1789 10 10 6 4 5 2 4 0 4 4 (2) 1 1 53 1789
LEIPZIG: Concert
1781 6 6 2-3 2 2 2 2 0 3 2 2 0-1 (1) 31
1786 4 4 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 (2) (1) (1) 24 1789
1794 3 2 2 1 1-2 2 2 0 2 2 2 1 (1) 20-21
FRANKFURT: Concert
1788 3 3 2 1 1 1 2 0 2 2 2 1 (1) 21 1790
MAINZ: Concert
1782 5 5 2 2 1 2 3 2 1 2 0 0 (1) 26
1783 7 6 2 2 3 2 0 1 2 0 0 28 1790
1790
2/ (1)
Information still sought: Bologna, Brno, Lambach, Linz, Lyons, Rome, Utrecht, Venice, Verona.

musicians on other payrolls (for instance, the cavalry or Academy of Ancient Music's complete recordings of
the town waits) and so on. On the other hand, some- Mozart'ssymphonies.Forthatprojectwe organizedthe
times the lists are deceptively large because they fail to symphonies geographically,replicatinga Viennese
distinguish active musicians from pensioners, to indi- theatreorchestra,the Salzburgcourt orchestra,the
cate musicians away on tour, or to reveal the system of Pragueorchestra,a largeItalianorchestraand a small
rotation by which orchestra members served. But for the one, the orchestraof the ParisianConcertSpirituel,a
sake of argument, let us assume that the statistics in Londonorchestraanda Dutchorchestra.I believethis
tables 1 and 2 are essentially correct, and then let us pose wasa worthwhile experiment,whichjustifieditselfboth
the question, 'Of what use might such statistics be to by the musicalresultsandbywhatI andotherslearned
present-day conductors and orchestras?' from it aboutMozart'sevolvingorchestralstylein its
The most straightforward use, and (upon reflection) historicalcontexts.
perhaps also the most troubling, is in simply replicating ButeventhoughI will defendthe basicconceptand
Mozart's orchestral forces for a given performance of a resultsof these recordings,I find it worryingto hear
given work. This was the use to which I put these statis- from enthusiasticperformers thatthey no longerper-
tics when providing musicological supervision of the forma Mozartsymphonywithoutconsultingmytable1,
EARLY MUSIC MAY 1992 199
in orderto adjusttheir forcesaccordingly.Herewe have clothes.'And after a work was completed, if there were
the nub of so many argumentsabout the value of his- subsequentchangesof venue or cast, Mozartmade revi-
torically informed performance: once we have dis- sions, as with the Vienneseversionsof Don Giovanniand
covered something about how music was originally Idomeneo.This way of dealing with arias also explains
performed,whatshould we do with thatknowledge;and the motivation behind many insertionand substitution
how do we decide, or even distinguish,betweenobserv- arias. Modern musicians, on the other hand, expect
ing the letterand observingthe spiritof our discoveries? singers to take pre-existentariasconceived with voices
I can defend the symphony recordings not only other than theirs in mind, and to practise for weeks,
becausethey provedto be fruitfulexperimentsand lively months or even yearsuntil they have masteredthem.
performances,but preciselybecausethey are recordings Although it is a little more difficult to demonstrate
and not live performances.First-ratemusicians, pro- that Mozart'sinstrumentalworks were also tailored to
ducersand engineerscan and do find waysof recording their intended venues and executants,I believe that it
that maximizethe best characteristicsand minimize the can be done. The best known caseof this sort is probably
weaknesses of any voices, instruments, repertoryand the Andanteof the Piano Sonatain C, K309,written for
venue; in live performances,on the contrary,one is RosaCannabich,aboutwhich Mozartclaimedin a letter
generallystuck with the inflexible acoustics of a given of 6 December'1777that 'it fit closely the characterof
venue. The thinkingbehind this apparentlyparadoxical Mlle Rosa'.And I believe that symphonies too, even
assertionis not as circularas it mayappearon firstexam- though they are in a pan-Europeanstyle that permitted
ination. True,it might seem impossiblefor us, with our them to be performedanywhere,were composed with
modern ears, to know how any given instrument or particularaudiences,occasions,acousticsand orchestras
piece of music was once meantto sound in orderto be in in mind. To suggestlines of inquirythat might serveto
a position to seek to 'maximizeits best characteristics'. confirmthis hypothesis,let us brieflyexaminethe ques-
Yetthose who havespent a long time masteringa fine old tions of Italian orchestrasvs. German orchestrasand
instrumentcan tell you that it graduallybecomes clear theatreorchestrasvs. orchestrasfor 'halls'(i.e. salons or
why the instrument is built the way it is, wherein its music rooms).
glories lie, what musical truths it may permit and what The aspect of the famous Italianopera orchestrasof
its limitationsmay be. And those who examinedeeply a Mozart'stime that is most strikingto both modern and
fine piece of music make similardiscoveries.The act of 18th-centuryeyes and ears is the preponderance of
revealingthose half-hidden glories and musical truths stringsoverwindsand, among the strings,the enormous
must be the only possible justificationfor revivingold number of violins comparedto the lower strings.(Note
instruments (or, in the case of orchestras, groups of the orchestrasof Milan, Naples and Turin in table i.)
them), and those glories and truths must be audible in Another strikingfeatureof largeorchestrasin Italy and
any recordedor live performanceworthy of notice. Italianateorchestraselsewhereis the tiny numberof vio-
If this approachis accepted,then the problems with las, often only one or two. Finally,many Italianorches-
replicatingin modern performancesthe orchestrasof tras and some north of the Alps preferredto have more
tablesI and 2 begin to emerge.Mozart,like his contem- double basses than cellos, a string balance disliked by
poraries,believedin tailoringthe music to the occasion; many modern conductors,which sounds as if a 16' stop
in contrast, we believe in tailoring the occasion to the had been pulled.
music. For example,when Mozartcomposed an opera, Anyone familiar with the orchestralwriting in the
he was willing to work on the instrumental music, operasof Jomelli,Cimarosaor Paisiellowill understand
chorusesand recitativesbefore he was familiarwith the why this balancewould haveworkedbrilliantlyin Italian
voices of his leadingsingers,but not the ariasbecausehe operahouses. An operaovertureor symphonyof any of
wanted to calculatethem for the individualvoices. This these threecomposers(or their contemporaries)may be
way of working, this philosophy,can be clearlyread in compared with Mozart'sSymphony in F major, K112,
many passages from the Mozart family's correspon- composed in Milan in 1771,which seems to call on
dence concerningthe creation,rehearsalsand revisions similarorchestraltexturesand balances.
of Lucio Silla, Idomeneoand Die Entfihrung aus dem Unlike in Italy, where concert orchestrasoften ori-
Serail.3Perhaps Mozart's best known remark on this ginatedin opera orchestras,opera orchestrasin Central
subjectis from a letterof 27 December1780,'I like an aria Europewere often secondaryto and outgrowthsof con-
to fit a singer as perfectly as a well-made suit of cert orchestras.Mannheim is the prototype here, but

200 EARLY MUSIC MAY 1992

thereweremany others.The CentralEuropeantradition performances in many parts of Europe, was dis-
began in the late 17thcenturyas an imitation of Lully's appointed with the performanceof a Mass by Johann
orchestraby such German-speakingKapellmeistersas KarlAdamGeorgevon ReutterunderFlorianGassman's
Muffat, Cousser, Schmierer,Bleyer,Mayr and Fischer, direction, which he heard in St Stephen'sCathedralin
but it was almost immediatelytransformedby Italian Vienna in 1770,because 'as there was a numerousband,
influence in the organization of the strings and by great noise and little meaning characterisedthe whole
indigenousinfluencein the form of the Renaissancetra- performance'6
dition of wind-playing which had lingered in Central The director of the Concert Spirituel in 1778when
Europe.The competence of the largelyBohemianwind Mozart was in Paris was Joseph Legros. Mozart had
playerswhom Mozart encountered in Munich, Prague problems with him, but he was an excellenttenor and
and Viennaexplainsthe demandingwind partshe wrote competent administrator, who had taken over the
in Idomeneo, in his Viennese piano concertos and orchestraat an artisticnadirand restoredit to its former
operas,and in the last five symphonies.The symphonies eminence. The praisehis reformsreceivedincluded the
of, among others, Vanhall and Dittersdorfwere con- following:
ceivedfor such a balance,and one can compareMozart's Mr Legros... knewthatthenumberof instruments mustbe
Symphonyin D major,K45,composed in Viennain 1768 relativeto the size of the hallandthat,mostoften,one pro-
or, indeed, his last five symphonies. ducedgreatereffectswitha lesslargenumberof performers.
Italian orchestrasemphasized strings and especially Consequently, he has reducedthe numberof performers in
violins and double basses, French orchestrasgenerally boththe orchestraandchoir.7
had a balance more like a modern chamber orchestra,
The dangersof an excessivelylargeorchestrawerealso
and Germanorchestrasfavouredsometimes the French
revealedduringHaydn'sLondonsojourns.The excellent
and sometimes the Italian string balance while often
ensemble of the orchestraat the Hadyn-Salomon con-
giving special emphasisto the winds. Symphoniestrav- certs in 1791-3was mentioned in several reports; the
elled widely, but there were local 'dialects' that took
group numbered about 40.8 When in 1795, however,
advantageof local tastes and differingorchestralcondi-
tions. I believe that Mozartwas alertto such traditions.4 Haydn led an orchestraof more than 60 for the Opera
Concerts,the otherwiserespectfulcriticspolitelylet it be
As for the matterof theatresvs. halls,I have attempted
known that the ensemblehad been ragged.9And Haydn
to demonstrate elsewhere that Mozart may have
penned a related criticism in his diary:'The (London
adjustedhis tutti orchestrationto account for these two
acoustics. This involved the high woodwinds. For opera) orchestrais largerthis year,but just as mechan-
ical as it was before, and indiscreet in its
theatresMozartfavouredtwo oboes plus two flutes, for
halls,two oboes ortwo flutes (in his earlyworks) or two accompaniments.,o
oboes and one flute (in his later works). My hypothesis Finally,accordingto FriedrichRochlitz, the Leipzig
premiere of Beethoven'sFifth Symphony experienced
may explainthe changesin orchestrationin two cases in difficultiesin the scherzobecause the orchestrawas too
which Mozart reworkedhis own symphonies.The first
case is the Symphonyin D major,K45 (two oboes), and large."In a similar vein, Anton Schindler wrote into
Beethoven'sConversationBook in 1824 that 'Lichnow-
its arrangementas the overtureto Lafinta semplice(two
oboes plus two flutes). The other is the 'Haffner'Sym- sky saysthat a smallerorchestrain the hall of the Theater
an der Wein is more effective than a large one in the
phony, K385:the first version (1782)was intended for And Schindlerwas later responsiblefor
Redoutensaal."12
performancein Salzburgand has two oboes; the second some more detailedremarkson this subject:
(1783)was intendedfor a concertin the Burgtheaterand
has two oboes and two flutes.5 Beethovencomplainedgenerallyof the misunderstanding of
It has long been accepted, on grounds of both his- the tempiat the concertsof the greatViennaMusicalSociety
[Musikverein] ... Thiscauseof dissatisfaction
led Beethoven
torical evidence and common sense, that some orches-
tras with which Mozart worked were too small for the one dayto makethe importantdeclaration, thathe hadnot
composedhis symphoniesfor such vast orchestrasas that
tasks assignedthem. But as considerablescepticismhas fortheViennaMusicalSociety[Schindler's
usuallyassembled
been expressedabout the idea that other orchestrasmay footnote:The structureand extentof the hall of the great
have been too large, it is worth reviewingsome of the ImperialRidottoatVienna,in whichtheconcertsof theMusi-
evidence supportingthat suggestion. cal Societyareheld,rendersa powerfulorchestranecessary],
CharlesBurney,a sophisticatedwitness to orchestral and thatit neverwashis intentionto writenoisymusic.He

EARLY MUSIC MAY 1992 203

 addedthathis instrumental worksrequiredan orchestraof performanceof music of the Classical period, except
about6o [good]performers only;forhe wasconvincedthatit perhapsfor oratoriosintended for massed forces.
was by such an orchestraalone that the rapidly-changing The
principle behind this is as sound now as it was
shadesof expressioncould be adequatelygiven, and the two centuries
character andpoeticsubjectof eachmovementdulypreserved. ago:the size of an orchestrashould corre-
to the size and acousticof the space in which it is
... If doubletheamountof sixtyperformers displeased Beet- spond
The New YorkPhilharmonic,for example,has
hoven,whatwouldhe havesaidof threeor fourtimesthat playing.'5
a normal string complement of 17-17-12-12-9 or a total
number,no unusualorchestral occurrenceat our music-fes-
tivals?Whatwouldhe havesaidhadhe heardhisSymphonies of 67. When performing18th-centurymusic, conductors
and Overturesperformedby an orchestraincreasedby will often request about half that number, perhaps
ripieni...?13 8-8-6-6-4 or a total of 32, with only single winds. This
createsproblemsin allthree of the categoriesmentioned
Whileit is indisputablethat economicssometimes above:
dictated smaller orchestrasthan either patrons or (1) Clarity Many 18th-centuryorchestrashave pro-
musiciansmighthavethoughtpreferable, in sometimes portionally more violins, fewer cellos and, especially,
andplaces,whenmoneywasnot a problem,otherfac- fewerviolas;most often eitherthe numbersof cellos and
torsmusthavedetermined the sizeof orchestral forces. double basses are about equal or the double basses
Three factorswere paramount:(i) the desire for clarity predominate.
and flexibility;(2) the need for correct balanceamong (2) Balance With 32 strings most 18th-century
the strings and between strings and winds; and (3) the orchestraswould have in the tuttis doubled the wood-
need for amplificationof sound in proportionto the size winds and horns, and sometimes even tripled the bas-
and characterof the performancevenue. The first of soons. When the stringsexceed32, this becomes an even
these threehas alreadybeen documentedby contempo- more urgent desideratum.
rary objections to excessively large orchestras. The (3) Amplification If over the yearsthe experienceof
second arose from the fact that, as much as possible, manyfine musicianshasestablishedthat 67 stringsgive a
balance had 'automatically'to be taken care of in strong, full tutti sound in AveryFischerHall and other
advance,giventhat concerts(unlikeoperas)almostuni- like halls, what then do 32 strings give? The answer:a
versallyhad but a singlerehearsaland no baton-wielding light, quaint tutti sound. But as anyone who takes
conductor monitoring the balance at each beat. The Mozart'smusic seriouslyknows, not all of it is light-
third need came from the desire for neither feeble nor indeed 'light and heavy execution' (leicht und schwer
bloated but solid orchestralsound in the tuttis. In the Vortrag)occupy considerablespace in the musicaltext-
absence of electronic amplification,nothing remained books of the period.'6And only as much of his music is
except to adjust the numbers of musicians in different quaint as you make it that way. As for the effect of the
sections up and down until the desired effects were tuttis:they'mustfill the hallwith sound-enough sound
obtained. In the largest musical establishments, like that it bounces off the walls,thus providingthe necess-
those at Munich, Mannheim or Salzburg,there were arymarkedcontrastto the sound of the solo and piano
sometimes 8o, 90oor more musicianson the payroll,but passages, which does not bounce off the walls. If the
they neverall playedat once. Instead,orchestrasof vary- former fails to occur, the orchestrais too small for the
ing sizes and makeup'wereselectedfrom the largepool hall. This means that a so-called 'chamber'orchestra-
of availablemusicians to suit the genre, the venue and whether of period or modern instruments-may be a
the occasion."4 mistaken idea for performingMozart'smusic in many
The implications for modern concert performances large modern halls.
seem clear. It makes little sense to replace modern Toreplicateexactlyone of Mozart'sorchestrasfollows
instruments designed for large halls with 18th-century the letter of the historicaldata; it may work extremely
instruments designed for smaller ones unless we are well in just the right acoustic or for a recording.To fol-
willingalso to returnto small,resonanthalls.Ifa concert low the spirit that shaped the historicaldata, one must
hall is such that it requiresextraordinarilylarge forces ask what was behind the orchestral arrangementsof
for the orchestraltone to be of satisfactorysolidity,and if Mozart's time when those arrangementswere in the
(as Schindlerquotes Beethovenas saying)over-enlarged hands of strong musicianswho were not hamperedby
forces ruin the music'stempo, poetry and nuance, then financialor politicalconstraints.The answer:amplebut
any such hall should be abandoned as a venue for the not bloated sound in the tuttis, proportioned to the

204 EARLY MUSIC MAY 1992

acoustic; perfect balance among strings and between '3A.Schindler,TheLifeofBeethoven,ed. I. Moscheles(London,1841),
ii, pp.98-lo4. The words in square bracketsare my emendations of
stringsand winds, with emphasison the top and bottom Moscheles'stranslationin light of A. Schindler,Biographievon Ludwig
of the orchestraltexture at the expense of the middle; vanBeethoven(Miinster,1840),pp.20o8-12.Foran intelligentdiscussion
and maximum contrast between solos and tuttis, with of this passage, see J. Braun, 'The Sound of Beethoven'sOrchestra'
Orbis musicae, vi (1978), pp.59-90, esp. 73-81.
tuttis that can make the hair stand up on the backs of '4Foran accountof how this was workedout for the premiereof Ido-
listeners'necks. meneo by the combined Mannheim and Munich orchestras,see N.
Zaslaw,'Mozart'sOrchestrafor Idomeneo'Proceedings of the1991Inter-
nationalMozartSymposium,Tokyo,November18-2o, 1991,ed. B. Ebi-
Neal Zaslawis ProfessorofMusicat CornellUniversity.He sawa (in preparation).
was the directorof the symposium'PerformingMozart's 'SAnon.,Wahrheitendie Musik betreffend,gerade herausgesagtvon
Music'and editedThe CompleatMozart (Norton). einem teutschenBiedermann(Frankfurt,1779),p.36
'6T.Stephenson,'Heavyand LightExecution:The Correspondence
betweenTouchand Expressionin KeyboardMusicof the ClassicalEra'
Discussion (DMA diss., CornellU., 1991)
TARUSKIN
RICHARD I think it's productive to do the kind
of researchyou have and then go furtherand offer the
world some prescriptionsfor performance;that is too
rarelydone. But when you talk about maximizing the
good features and minimizing the bad features in the
recordingstudio, what'sthe differencebetweenthat and
standardizingthe layout?
There's no difference if your engineers are
NEALZASLAW
naughty and tone down the double bassesbecausethey
think it sounds as if there are too many of them. But if
you have engineerswho really respond to the unusual
nature of the balances they are hearing, then there's a
creative partnershipbetween the old information and
the modernrecordingsituation,and that is veryproduc-
tive. You're not ironing out the individuality of the
INTERNATIONAL SUMMER COURSE
arrangement;you're enhancingit. FOR EARLY MUSIC
'For a bibliography,see N. Zaslaw,'When is an OrchestraNot an LISBON - PORTUGAL
Orchestra'EM,xvi (1988),PP-483-95,here pp.491-5. AUGUST30TH - SEPTEMBER
8TH
2N. Zaslaw, Mozart'sSymphonies:Context, PerformancePractice, 1 9 9 2
Reception(Oxford, 1989),table 12.1,pp.458-9
3Fora marvellouslyhelpful presentationof Mozart'sthoughts on A C A A )E
these and manyother matters,see R. L.Marshall,MozartSpeaks:Views
on Music,Musicians,and the World(New York,1991).
4Formore about these regionaldifferences,see N. Zaslaw,'Mozart's
European Orchestras'Mozart:Musicieneuropeen,ed. B. Massin (in
ANA
preparation).
5N.Zaslaw,'Mozart'sOrchestralFlutesand Oboes' MozartStudies, Concertsand Conferences
ed. C. Eisen (Oxford, 1991),pp.2o1-11
6CharlesBurney,ThePresentStateofMusicin Germany,theNether-
Jill Feldman Peter Holtslag
lands,and UnitedProvinces(London,1773),i, PP-356-7.This paragraph SINGING RECORDERAND TRAVERSO
and the four following it are condensed from N. Zaslaw,'ThreeNotes
on the EarlyHistoryof the Orchestra'HistoricalPerformance, i (1988), Richard Gwilt Ketil Haugsand
pp.63-6. VIOLIN HARPSICHORD
7Journalde Paris,22 March1777,pp.2-3
8H. C. RobbinsLandon,Haydn:Chronicleand Works,iii: Haydn in Rainer Zipperling
England,1791-1795(Bloomington, 1976),pp.44ff. CELLOAND VIOLADA GAMBA

9Ibid., pp.287,293-4
'oGesammelte BriefeJosephHaydns, ed. D. Bartha (Kassel, 1965), Sponsored by:

p.536;JosephHaydn:CollectedCorrespondence and LondonNotebooks,

ed. H. C. Robbins Landon (London, 1959), p.293 DE PO?UGM

"[JohannFriedrichRochlitz], 'Musik in Leipzig',Allgemeinemus-

ikalischeZeitung,xi/28 (12April 1809), cols.433-8,449-60, here 434-5 Information:
Academia de MWisica Antiga de Lisboa
'Ludwig van BeethovensKonversationshefte, ed. K. H. Kiuhlerand G. R. Ricardo Espirito Santo. 3 - 1Y Esq. * 1200 Lisboa - Portugal - Tel.: 1/60772-i
Herre (Leipzig, 1970), vi, p.45

EARLY MUSIC MAY 1992 205