Blood: - Hematopoiesis (Hemopoiesis) : Blood Cell

Blood
Functions of the Blood

a. Deliver O2
b. Remove metabolic wastes
c. Maintain temperature, pH, and fluid
volume
d. Protection from blood loss- platelets
e. Prevent infection- antibodies and WBC
f. Transport hormones
Blood Components
a. Blood Plasma- 55%
90% Water
8% Solutes:
Proteins
Albumin (60 %)
Alpha and Beta Globulins
Gamma Globulins
fibrinogens
Gas
Electrolytes
Organic Nutrients
Carbohydrates
Amino Acids
Lipids
Vitamins
Hormones
Metabolic waste
CO2
Urea
b. Buffy coat- <1%
Leukocytes
Platelets
c. Formed elements- 45%
Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Platelets (thrombocytes)
Erythrocyte
7.5m in diameter
Anucleate- so can't reproduce; however,
repro in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis- production of RBC
Function- transport respiratory gases
Hemoglobin- quaternary structure, 2 a
chains and 2 b chains
Lack mitochondria. Why?
1 RBC contains 280 million hemoglobin
molecules
Men- 5 million cells/mm3
Women- 4.5 million cells/mm3
Life span 100-120 days and then
destroyed in spleen (RBC graveyard)
Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis): blood cell
formation; -- Occurs in red bone marrow of
axial skeleton, girdles and proximal
epiphyses of humerus and femur
Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem

cells)
- Give rise to all formed elements;
- Hormones and growth factors push the
cell toward a specific pathway of blood cell
development
New blood cells enter blood sinusoids
Erythropoiesis:
Erythropoiesis: red blood cell production
- A hemocytoblast is transformed into a
proerythroblast
- Proerythroblasts develop into early
erythroblasts
Phases in development
a. Ribosome synthesis
b. Hemoglobin accumulation
c. Ejection of the nucleus and
formation of reticulocytes
Reticulocytes then become mature
erythrocytes
Regulation of Erythropoiesis
Too few RBCs leads to tissue hypoxia
Too many RBCs increases blood viscosity
Balance between RBC production and
destruction depends on
Hormonal controls
Adequate supplies of iron, amino
acids, and B vitamins
Hormonal Control of Erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Direct stimulus for erythropoiesis
Released by the kidneys in
response to hypoxia
Causes of hypoxia
Hemorrhage or increased RBC

destruction reduces RBC numbers
Insufficient hemoglobin (e.g., iron
deficiency)
Reduced availability of O2 (e.g.,
high altitudes)
Effects of EPO
More rapid maturation of
committed bone marrow cells
Increased circulating reticulocyte
count in 12 days
Testosterone also enhances EPO
production, resulting in higher RBC counts
in males
RBC Diseases
Anemia- when blood has low O2 carrying
capacity; insufficient RBC or iron
deficiency.
- Factors that can cause anemiaexercise, B12 deficiency
Sickle-cell anemia
- HbS results from a change in just one
of the 287 amino acids in the chain

in the globin molecule.
- Found in 1 out of 400 African
Americans.
- Homozygous for sickle-cell is deadly,
but in malaria infested countries, the
heterozygous condition is beneficial.
Polycythemia- excess of erythrocytes,
viscosity of blood;
- 8-11 million cells/mm3
- Usually caused by cancer; however,
naturally occurs at high elevations
Blood doping- in athletesremove blood 2
days before event and then replace itbanned by Olympics.
Types
of Leukocytes
4,000-11,000 cells/mm 3
Never let monkeys eat bananas
Granulocytes
- Neutrophils- 40-70%
- Eosinophils- 1-4%
- Basophils- <1%
Agranulocytes
- Monocytes- 4-8%
Lymphocytes- 20-45%
WBC Diseases
Leukopenia- Abnormally low WBC count
drug induced
Leukemias- Cancerous conditions
involving WBCs; Named according to the
abnormal WBC clone involved
Mononucleosis- highly contagious viral
disease caused by Epstein-Barr virus;
excessive # of agranulocytes; fatigue,
sore throat, recover in a few weeks
Platelets
Small fragments of megakaryocytes
Formation is regulated by thrombopoietin
Blue-staining outer region, purple granules
Granules contain serotonin, Ca2+,
enzymes, ADP, and platelet-derived
growth factor (PDGF)
Hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
Platelets: 250,000-500,000 cells/mm3
Inability to synthesize
procoagulants
Causes include vitamin K
deficiency, hepatitis, and cirrhosis
Liver disease can also prevent the
liver from producing bile, impairing
fat and vitamin K absorption
Hemophilias include several similar
hereditary bleeding disorders
- Symptoms include prolonged bleeding,
especially into joint cavities
- Treated with plasma transfusions and
injection of missing factors
Hemophiliac- a sex-linked recessive trait,
primarily carried by males (x
chromosome)
Disorders of Hemostasis
1. Thromboembolytic disorders: undesirable
clot formation
Thrombus: clot that develops and persists
in an unbroken blood vessel
May block circulation, leading to
tissue death
Embolus: a thrombus freely floating in the
blood stream
Pulmonary emboli impair the ability
of the body to obtain oxygen
Cerebral emboli can cause strokes
Prevented by
Aspirin
Antiprostaglandin that
inhibits thromboxane A2
Heparin
Anticoagulant used clinically
for pre- and postoperative
cardiac care
Warfarin
Used for those prone to
atrial fibrillation
2. Bleeding disorders: abnormalities that prevent
normal clot formation
Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due

to inflammation, infection or cancer
Thrombocytopenia- too few platelets
- causes spontaneous bleeding
- due to suppression or destruction of
bone marrow (e.g., malignancy,
radiation)
- Platelet count <50,000/mm3 is
diagnostic
- Treated with transfusion of
concentrated platelets
Impaired liver function
Blood Typing
Blood type is based on the presence of 2 major
antigens in RBC membranes-- A and B
Blood type
Antibody
A
B
A
A&B
Neither A or B
anti-B
Antigen
A
B
AB
O
anti-B
antino anti body
anti-A and
Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC

membrane
Antibody- proteins made by lymphocytes in
plasma which are made in response to the
presence of antigens.
They attack foreign antigens, which result in
clumping (agglutination)
Rh Factor and Pregnancy
RH+ indicates protein
RH- indicates no protein
Rh+ mother w/Rh- baby no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh+ baby problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- father no problem
Rh- mother w/Rh- baby-- no problem
RhoGAM used @ 28 weeks
Type AB- universal recipients
Type O- universal donor
Rh factor:
Rh+ 85% dominant in pop
Rh- 15% recessive
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?

What 2 things do red cells lack compared to white cells?
What dietary component is needed for the production of red blood cells?
The largest cells in the blood that leave the bloodstream to become macrophages are ____.
In an acute infection, the white cell count would show as ______.
Erythroblastosis fetalis , also known as hemolytic newborn disease, occurs in ____ mothers carrying
____ fetuses.
7. What antigens and antibodies found on AB red cells?
8. In a transfusion, what type blood can you give a type O person?

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Blood

Functions of the Blood

Hemocytoblasts (hematopoietic stem

New blood cells enter blood sinusoids

Hemorrhage or increased RBC

of the 287 amino acids in the chain

Thrombocytosis- too many platelets due

Antigen- protein on the surface of a RBC

What is an erythrocyte, leukocyte, and thrombocyte?

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