Kontent qismiga oʻtish

Flamingo

Vikipediya, ochiq ensiklopediya
 
Phoenicopterus
 

P. chilensis (Chilean flamingo)

 
 
 

P. roseus (Greater flamingo)

 
 

P. ruber (American flamingo)

 
 
 
 
 

Phoeniconaias minor (Lesser flamingo)

 
Phoenicoparrus
 

P. andinus (Andean flamingo)

 
 

P. jamesi (James's flamingo)

 
 
 
 

Flamingolar yoki flamingolar [lower-alpha 1] Phoenicopteriformes turkumidagi yagona saqlanib qolgan oila bo'lgan Phoenicopteridae oilasiga kiruvchi suvda yuruvchi qushlarning bir turi hisoblanadi Amerikada (shu jumladan Karib dengizida) tarqalgan to'rtta flamingo turi va Afro-Evroosiyoda tug'ilgan ikkita tur mavjud.

Flamingolar guruhiga "flamboyance" deyiladi[1].

Etimologiya

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Kuzatuvga olingan amerikalik flamingolar oziqlanmoqda

Flamingo nomi portugal yoki ispancha flamengo so'zidan kelib chiqqan ("olov rangli"), bu o'z navbatida Provans flamenc keladi - flama birikmasi(olov) va nemis tiliga o'xshash qo'shimcha -ing. Bu so'z Ispan etimologiyasida flamenco so'zidan ham olingan bo'lishi mumkin ("Fleming" yoki "Flamand"). Jinsning nomi, Phoenicopterus, yunoncha phoinikopteros, soʻzma-soʻz 'crimson/red-feathered' qirmizi /qizil patli');. boshqa nasl nomlari orasida "qizil/qizil suv nimfasi degan ma'noni anglatuvchi Phoeniconaias va "qizil/qizil qush (lekin noma'lum falokat qushi)" degan ma'noni anglatuvchi Phoenicoparrus turi ham kiradi.

Taksonomiya va sistematika

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Phoenicopteridae oilasi 1831-yilda fransuz zoologi Sharl Lyusen Bonapart tomonidan kiritilgan bo'lib, Fenikopterus turiga tegishli[2][3].

An'anaga ko'ra, uzun oyoqli Ciconiiformes, ehtimol, parafiletik to'plam, flamingolarning eng yaqin turi hisoblangan va oila vakiliga kiritilgan. Odatda, Threskiornithidae ning ibislari va qoshiqlari ushbu tartib doirasida ularning eng yaqin qarindoshlari hisoblangan. Charlz Sibli va uning hamkasblari o'tkazgan genetik tadqiqotlar ham bu munosabatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlagan[4]. Suvda suzuvchi qushlar bilan aloqalar ham ko'rib chiqilgan[5], ayniqsa flamingolar Anaticola jinsining pat bitlari bilan parazitlik qiladi, aks holda ular faqat o'rdak va g'ozlarda uchragan bo'lardi[6]. O'ziga xos presbyornithidlar flamingolar, suv qushlari va suvda suzuvchilar o'rtasidagi yaqin munosabatlar haqida baxslashish uchun ishlatilgan[7]. 2002-yilgi kuzatuvlar ular suv qushlari degan xulosaga keldi[8]. ammo 2014-yilda qushlar buyurtmalarini keng qamrovli o'rganish flamingolar va grebeslar suv qushlari emas, balki kaptarlar, qumtoshlar va mezitlar bilan birga Kolumbiyaning bir qismi ekanligi aniqlandi[9].

Greblar bilan munosabat

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Ko'pgina molekulyar va morfologik tadqiqotlar grebes va flamingolar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni qo'llab-quvvatlaydi.

Yaqinda o'tkazilgan molekulyar tadqiqotlar grebes bilan bog'liqligini ko'rsatdi[10][11][12]. morfologik dalillar ham flamingolar va greblar o'rtasidagi munosabatlarni kuchli ekanligini tasdiqlaydi. Ular boshqa qushlarda uchramaydigan kamida 11 ta morfologik xususiyatga ega. Bu xususiyatlarning aksariyati ilgari flamingolarda aniqlangan, ammo greblarda emas[13]. Qazilma palaelodidlarni evolyutsion va ekologik jihatdan flamingolar va greblar o'rtasidagi oraliq deb hisoblashga olib kelgan[14].

Grebe-flamingo sinfi uchun Mirandornithes taksoni (juda ham ajralib turishi va apomorfiyalari tufayli "mo''jizaviy qushlar") taklif qilingan. Shu bilan bir qatorda, ular bir tartibda joylashtirilishi mumkin bo'lgan, bunda Phoenocopteriformes ustunlik qiladi[14].

Filogeniya

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Tirik flamingolar[15].Andoza:Flamingos

Turlar

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Oltita saqlanib qolgan flamingo turlari ko'pchilik manbalar tomonidan tan olingan va ular ilgari bitta jinsga (umumiy xususiyatlarga ega) - Fenikopterga joylashtirilgan. 2014-yilgi nashr natijasida[16]. oila ikki avlodga qayta tasniflandi[17]. HBW ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, 2020-yilda oila uchta tan olingan avlodga ega edi[18].

Rasm Turlar Geografik joylashuv
</img> Kattaroq flamingo
( Phoenicopterus roseus ) 		Eski dunyo Afrikaning ayrim qismlari, Janubiy Yevropa va S. va Janubiy Osiyo (eng keng tarqalgan flamingo).
</img> Kichikroq flamingo
( Kichik Fenikona ) 		Afrika (masalan, Buyuk Rift vodiysi ) Shimoliy G'arbiy Hindistongacha (eng ko'p flamingolar).
</img> Chili flamingosi
( Phoenicopterus chilensis ) 		Yangi dunyo Moʻʼtadil S. Janubiy Amerika.
</img> Jeyms yoki Puna flamingosi
( Phoenicoparrus jamesi ) 		Peru, Chili, Boliviya va Argentinadagi baland And tog'lari.
</img> And flamingosi
( Fenikparrus andinus ) 		Peru, Chili, Boliviya va Argentinadagi baland And tog'lari.
</img> Amerika yoki Karib dengizi flamingosi
( Fenikopter ruber ) 		Karib orollari, Karib havzasidagi Meksika, janubiy Florida, [19] Beliz, qirgʻoq Kolumbiya, shimoliy Braziliya, Venesuela va Galapagos orollari .
  • Elornis ? Milne-Edvards, 1868-yil (Fransiyaning kech oligotsen, Yevropa)[20].
  • Xarrisonavis (Gervais, 1852-yil) (C. Yevropaning Oʻrta Oligotsen – Oʻrta Miotsen)[21].
  • Leakeyornis (Harrison va Uoker, 1976-yil) (Viktoriya ko'lining erta va o'rta miotsen davri, Keniya)[22].
  • Phoenionaias proeses (De Vis 1905-yil) (Pliotsen Kanunka koʻli, Avstraliya)[23].
  • Phoeniconaias siamensis Cheneval va boshqalar . 1991-yil (Mae Long suv omborining erta mioseni, Tailand)[24].
  • Fenikonotiy Miller 1963-yil (Janubiy Avstraliyaning kech oligotsen)[25].
  • Phoenicopterus copei (Miller 1963-yil) (Shimoliy Amerika va Meksikaning kech pleystosen)[26].
  • Phoenicopterus floridanus (Brodkorb 1953-yil) (Floridaning ilk Pliotsen davri)[27].
  • Phoenicopterus minutus Howard 1955-yil (Kaliforniyaning kech pleystosen, AQSh)[26].
  • Phoenicopterus novaehollandiae Miller 1963-yil (Janubiy Avstraliyaning kech oligotsen)[25].
  • Phoenicopterus stocki (Miller 1944-yil) (O'rta Pliotsen Rikon, Meksika)[28].
  • Xenorhynchopsis De Vis 1905-yil (Pliotsendan Avstraliyaning Pleystotsengacha)[23].

Tavsif

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Flamingolar odatda bir oyog'ida turadi, ikkinchisi esa tanasining ostida turadi. Ushbu xatti-harakatning sababi to'liq o'rganilmagan. Bir nazariyaga ko'ra, bir oyog'ida turish qushlarga sovuq suvda ko'p vaqt sarflashini hisobga olsa boshqa nazariyada ko'proq tana issiqligini saqlashga imkon beradi deyiladi[29]. Biroq, xatti-harakatlar iliq suvda ham sodir bo'ladi va odatda suvda turmaydigan qushlarda ham kuzatiladi. Boshqa nazariyadan shuni bilish mumkinki, bir oyoq ustida turish, bir oyoqda turish va muvozanatni saqlash uchun mushaklar kuchini ishlab chiqarish uchun energiya sarfini kamaytirishi mumkin. Kadavralar ustida o'tkazilgan tadqiqot shuni ko'rsatdiki, bir oyoqli pozani hech qanday mushak faolligisiz ushlab turish mumkin, tirik flamingolar esa bir oyoq holatida tananing sezilarli darajada kamroq chayqalish imkonini beradi[30].

Ikkita flamingo to‘pig‘i qizil rangda aylanaga o‘ralgan

Yurish paytida flamingoning oyoqlari orqaga egilgandek ko'rinishga keladi. Bunday ko'rinish ularning oyoqlaridagi o'rta bo'g'imning tizzasiga emas, balki to'pig'i bo'lishi bilan bog'liq[31]. Flamingolarda suzishga yordam beradigan to'rli oyoqlari ham bor va ular ovqatni pastdan qo'zg'atish uchun oyoqlarini loyga solishlari mumkin[31][32].

Flamingolar qobiliyatli qushlar hisoblanadi va asirlikdagi flamingolar qochishning oldini olish uchun ko'pincha qanotlarini kesishni talab qiladi. 2005-yilda Kanzas shtatidagi Vichita hayvonot bog'idan qanotlari kesilmagan bir juft Afrikalik flamingolar qochib ketgan. Ulardan biri 14 yildan keyin Texasda paydo bo'lgan. Ilgari uni Texas, Viskonsin va Luiziana shtatlaridagi qushchilar ko‘rishgan[33].

Amerika va Chili flamingolari asirlikda
Flamingolar Rio Lagartosda, Yukatan, Meksikada uchmoqda

Yosh flamingolardan kulrang-qizil patlar bilan chiqadi, lekin kattalar suvli bakteriyalar va oziq-ovqat ta'minotidan olingan beta-karotin tufayli och pushtidan yorqin qizil ranggacha borishlari mumkin. Yaxshi oziqlangan va sog'lom flamingo yanada yorqin rangga ega shuning uchun ko'proq orzu qilingan jufti; oq flamingo odatda nosog'lom yoki to'yib ovqatlanmagan hisoblanadi. Asirga olingan flamingolar bundan mustasno; yetarli darajada oziqlangan bo'lsa ham, agar ularni yovvoyi tabiat bilan taqqoslasak ular yetarli darajada karotin bilan oziqlanmasaoch pushti rangga aylanishi kuzatilgan[34].


Flamingolar o'z hisoblarini yuqori jag'ni ko'tarish va pastki jag'ni tushirish orqali oziqlanishi mumkin[35].Andoza:Flamingos

Xulq-atvor va ekologiya

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Oziqlantirish

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Amerika flamingolari AQShning Massachusets shtatidagi Tosh hayvonot bog'ida ovoz berishmoqda
Amerika flamingosi va nasl-nasabi: arcuate (kavisli) silindrni pastki kovlashga moslashgan.

Flamingolar sho'r suvli qisqichbaqalar va ko'k-yashil suv o'tlari, shuningdek, hasharotlar lichinkalari, mayda hasharotlar, mollyuskalar hamda qisqichbaqasimonlar bilan oziqlanadi, bu ularni hamma narsa bilan oziqlanadigan hayvonlarga aylantiradi. Ularning tumshuqlari loy va loyni iste'mol qiladigan ovqatdan ajratish uchun maxsus moslashtirilgan va o'ziga xos tarzda teskari holda ishlatiladi. Oziq-ovqat mahsulotlarini filtrlashda mandibulalar bilan qoplangan lamellar deb ataladigan tukli tuzilmalar va katta qo'pol sirtli til yordam beradi. Flamingolarning pushti yoki qizg'ish rangi hayvonlar va o'simlik planktonlari ozuqasi karotenoidlardan kelib chiqadi. Amerika flamingolari oziq-ovqatlarida beta-karotin mavjudligi sababli yorqinroq qizil rangga ega kichik flamingolar esa bu pigmentning ozroq miqdorini iste'mol qilganligi sababli och pushti rangga ega hisoblanadi. Ushbu karotinoidlar jigar fermentlari tomonidan pigmentlarga aylantiriladi[36]. Buning manbai turlarga qarab farq qiladi va ranglarning to'yinganligiga ta'sir qiladi. Yagona ozuqasi ko'k-yashil suv o'tlari bo'lgan flamingolar ko'k-yashil suv o'tlarini hazm qilgan hayvonlarni yeyish orqali uni ikkinchi qo'ldan olganlarga qaraganda quyuqroq[37].

Flamingolar chuchuk suv ichishni afzal ko'rsalarda biroq ularda ko'zlari ostida tanadan ortiqcha tuzni olib tashlaydigan bezlar bilan taminlangan. Bu organ ularga sho'r suv ichishga imkon beradi[38].

Tovushlari

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Flamingolar juda shovqinli qushlar sanaladi, ularning shovqinlari va ovozlari xirillash yoki go'ng'illagan tovushhosil qilib shovqin chiqaradi. Tovush signali ota-ona va jo'jalarni tanib olishga imkon beradi va namoyishlarda katta suruvlarni birga saqlashda muhim rol o'ynaydi. Har xil turdagi flamingolarning ovozlarida ovoz chiqarishdagi o'zgarishlar mavjud bo'ladi[39][40].

Hayot davrasi

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Chili flamingosi bolalarini boqmoqda
Nakuru ko'lidagi kichik flamingolar koloniyasi

Flamingolar koloniya hosil qilib yashovchi qushlar hisoblanadi. Kaloniyada minglab flamingolar bo'lishi mumkin. Ushbu yirik koloniyalar flamingolar uchun uchta maqsadga xizmat qiladi deb qaraladi:yirtqichlardan qochish, oziq-ovqat iste'molini ko'paytirish va kamdan-kam mos keladigan joydan samaraliroq foydalanish[41]. Ko'paytirishdan oldin flamingo koloniyalari taxminan 15 dan 50 gacha qushlardan iborat naslchilik guruhlariga bo'lingan. Ushbu guruhlardagi erkaklar ham, ayollar ham marosim namoyishlarini o'tkazadilar[42]. Guruh a'zolari birgalikda turishadi va bo'yinlarini yuqoriga cho'zish orqali bir-birlariga ko'rsatishadi, so'ngra boshlarini bayroq bilan ko'tarib qo'ng'iroq qilishadi va keyin qanotlarini qoqib qo'yishadi[43].

Flamingolar kuchli juftlik rishtalarini hosil qiladi, garchi katta koloniyalarda flamingolar ba'zan juftlarini o'zgartiradilar, chunki ular ko'proq juftlarni tanlashlari mumkin[44]. Flamingo juftlari uya qurgan hududlarni himoya qiladilar. Uya qurish uchun ular loydan mos joy topadilar (odatda ayol bu joyni tanlaydi)[43]. Flamingolar o'z uylarini agressiv tarzda himoya qiladilar. Erkak ham, urg'ochi ham uya qurishga, uya va tuxumni himoya qilishga hissa qo'shadi[45].

Jo'jalar chiqqach, ota-onaning yagona vazifasi ularni ovqatlanishdir[46]. Erkak ham, urg'ochi ham jo'jalarini ovqat hazm qilish uchun bezlardan hosil bo'lgan o'simlik suti bilan boqadi. O'simlik suti sut emizuvchilar sutidagi kabi yog' va oqsilni ham o'z ichiga oladi, ammo sutemizuvchilar sutidan farqli o'laroq, unda uglevodlar bo'lmaydi[47]. (Kabutarlar va kaptarlar - Columbidae - shuningdek, flamingo sutiga qaraganda kamroq yog' va ko'proq proteinni o'z ichiga olgan ekin suti (faqat hosilni qoplaydigan bezlarda) ishlab chiqaradi[48].

Jo'jalar chiqqandan keyingi dastlabki olti kun davomida jo'jalar uyalarida qoladilar. Taxminan 7-12 kunlik jo'jalar uyalaridan chiqib atrofini o'rganishni boshlaydilar. Ular ikki haftalik bo'lganda jo'jalar "mikrokreshlar" deb ataladigan guruhlarga yig'iladi va ota-onalari ularni yolg'iz qoldiradilar. Bir muncha vaqt o'tgach, mikrokreshlar minglab jo'jalarni o'z ichiga olgan "kreshlar" ga birlashadi. Bolalar bog'chasida turmaydigan jo'jalar yirtqichlarga nisbatan zaifdir[49]. Yosh flamingolar uch-uch yarim oylik bo'lganda keyin ularning uchish patlari o'sishni to'htaydi va bu ularga uchish imkonini beradi[50].

Holati

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Yevropa hayvonot bog'ida birinchi bo'lib 1958-yilda Shveytsariyadagi Bazel hayvonot bog'ida Chili flamingosi paydo bo'lgan. Shundan buyon 389 dan ortiq flamingolar Bazelda tarqalgan va dunyoning boshqa hayvonot bog'lariga tarqatilgan[51].

2014-yil yanvar oyida Avstraliyaning Adelaida hayvonot bog'ida dunyodagi eng yoshi katta deb hisoblangan kamida 83 yoshli kattaroq flamingo vafot etdi[52].

Hayvonot bog'lari flamingolarni ko'paytirishni yaxshilash uchun ko'zgulardan foydalanilgan. Ko‘zgular flamingolarda o‘zlaridan ko‘ra ko‘proq suruvda ekani haqidagi taassurot qoldirishi mumkin[53].

Qadimgi Rim oshxonasida flamingolar

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Pishirish uchun tayyorlangan pushti flamingo ( Bardo muzeyi )

Ko'p qush turlari Rim taomlari uchun qadrli bo'lsa-da, flamingolar Qadimgi Rim oshxonasida eng qadrli hisoblangan. Ularning iste'moli va ayniqsa tillari haqidagi dastlabki ma'lumot "Tabiat tarixi" kitobida aytilgan oqsoqol Pliniyda mavjud.

 
Phoenicopterus
 

P. chilensis (Chilean flamingo)

 
 
 

P. roseus (Greater flamingo)

 
 

P. ruber (American flamingo)

 
 
 
 
 

Phoeniconaias minor (Lesser flamingo)

 
Phoenicoparrus
 

P. andinus (Andean flamingo)

 
 

P. jamesi (James's flamingo)

 
 
 
 
  • 220-tuxum sousi bilan qovurilgan, yog'och kabutarlar uchun retsept, squabs, semiz qushlar;flamingo-keyin o'ylangan narsa.
  • 230-qaynatilgan;to'tiqush bilan almashtirilishi mumkin.
  • 231-majburiy sous bilan qovurilgan[54].

Suetonius o'zining Vitellius hayotida flamingo tillarini eslatib o'tadi[55].

 
Phoenicopterus
 

P. chilensis (Chilean flamingo)

 
 
 

P. roseus (Greater flamingo)

 
 

P. ruber (American flamingo)

 
 
 
 
 

Phoeniconaias minor (Lesser flamingo)

 
Phoenicoparrus
 

P. andinus (Andean flamingo)

 
 

P. jamesi (James's flamingo)

 
 
 
 


Odamlar bilan munosabatlar

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Flamingo tasvirlangan moche keramikasi (eramizdan avvalgi 200 yil). Larko muzeyi, Lima, Peru
  • Amerikada qadimgi Perudagi moche xalqi tabiatga sig'inardi[56]. Ular hayvonlarga e'tibor qaratishgan va ko'pincha o'z san'atlarida flamingolarni tasvirlashgan[57].
  • Qadimgi Misr xudosi Set Fayyum kitobida flamingo boshi bilan tasvirlangan[58].Flamingolar Bagama orollarining milliy qushidir.
  • And konchilari flamingolarni sil kasalligini davolaydi deb o'ylab, yog'lari uchun o'ldirishdi[59].
  • Qo'shma Shtatlarda pushti plastik flamingolar ba'zan maysazor bezaklari sifatida ishlatiladi[60]. Ular birinchi marta 1957-yilda Don Featherstone tomonidan ishlab chiqilgan [61]. Ularning mashhurligiga qisman Floridadagi flamingo suvenirlari va Mayami-Bichdagi "Flamingo grand" mehmonxonasi ta'sir ko'rsatdi, bu esa flamingolarning uslub va boylik bilan o'zaro bog'liqligini keltirib chiqardi[61].

Eslatmalar

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Manbalar

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  1. ↑ Both forms of the plural are attested, according to the Oxford English Dictionary
  1. ↑ „A Flamboyance of Flamingos and Other Brilliant Bird Group Names“ (en-US). Dictionary.com. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 1-may.
  2. ↑ Bonaparte, Charles Lucien. Saggio di una distribuzione metodica degli animali vertebrati (Italian). Rome: Antonio Boulzaler, 1831 — 59-bet. 
  3. ↑ Bock, Walter J.. History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. New York: American Museum of Natural History, 1994 — 132, 227-bet. 
  4. ↑ Salzman. „Sibley's Classification of Birds“. Ornitologia e dintorni (1993-yil dekabr). 2018-yil 13-aprelda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2009-yil 15-noyabr.
  5. ↑ Sibley, Charles G.; Corbin, Kendall W.; Haavie, Joan H. (1969). "The Relationships of the Flamingos as Indicated by the Egg-White Proteins and Hemoglobins". Condor 71 (2): 155–179. doi:10.2307/1366077. http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v071n02/p0155-p0179.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Johnson, Kevin P.; Kennedy, Martyn; McCracken, Kevin G. (2006). "Reinterpreting the origins of flamingo lice: cospeciation or host-switching?". Biology Letters 2 (2): 275–278. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0427. PMID 17148381. PMC 1618896. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090325004330/http://mercury.bio.uaf.edu/~kevin_mccracken/reprints/biol-lett-2-275.pdf. Qaraldi: 31 October 2009. Flamingo]]
  7. ↑ Feduccia, Alan (1976). "Osteological evidence for shorebird affinities of the flamingos". Auk 93 (3): 587. http://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/auk/v093n03/p0587-p0601.pdf. Qaraldi: 3 November 2009. Flamingo]]
  8. ↑ Kurochkin, E. N.; Dyke, G. J.; Karhu, A. A. (2002). "A New Presbyornithid Bird (Aves, Anseriformes) from the Late Cretaceous of Southern Mongolia". American Museum Novitates (3386): 1–11. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2002)386<0001:ANPBAA>2.0.CO;2. http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/2246/2875/1//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N3386.pdf. 
  9. ↑ Jarvis, E.D. (2014). "Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds". Science 346 (6215): 1320–1331. doi:10.1126/science.1253451. PMID 25504713. PMC 4405904. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4405904. 
  10. ↑ Chubb, AL (2004). "New nuclear evidence for the oldest divergence among neognath birds: the phylogenetic utility of ZENK (i)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 30 (1): 140–151. doi:10.1016/s1055-7903(03)00159-3. PMID 15022765. 
  11. ↑ Ericson, Per G. P.; Anderson, CL; Britton, T; Elzanowski, A; Johansson, US; Källersjö, M; Ohlson, JI; Parsons, TJ et al. (December 2006). "Diversification of Neoaves: integration of molecular sequence data and fossils". Biology Letters 2 (4): 543–547. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2006.0523. PMID 17148284. PMC 1834003. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090325235703/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/neoaves.pdf. Qaraldi: 15 November 2009. Flamingo]]
  12. ↑ Hackett, Shannon J.; Kimball, Rebecca T.; Reddy, Sushma; Bowie, Rauri C. K.; Braun, Edward L.; Braun, Michael J.; Chojnowski, Jena L.; Cox, W. Andrew et al. (27 June 2008). "A Phylogenomic Study of Birds Reveals Their Evolutionary History". Science 320 (5884): 1763–1768. doi:10.1126/science.1157704. PMID 18583609. https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2008-06-27_320_5884/page/1763. 
  13. ↑ Mayr, Gerald (2004). "Morphological evidence for sister group relationship between flamingos (Aves: Phoenicopteridae) and grebes (Podicipedidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 140 (2): 157–169. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2003.00094.x. http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/flamingo.pdf. Qaraldi: 3 November 2009. Flamingo]]
  14. ↑ 14,0 14,1 Mayr, Gerald (2006). "The contribution of fossils to the reconstruction of the higher-level phylogeny of birds". Species, Phylogeny and Evolution 3: 59–64. ISSN 1098-660X. http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/gottingen.pdf. Qaraldi: 12 August 2009. Flamingo]]
  15. ↑ Boyd. „NEOAVES- COLUMBEA“. John Boyd's website (2007). Qaraldi: 2015-yil 30-dekabr.
  16. ↑ Torres, Chris R; Ogawa, Lisa M; Gillingham, Mark AF; Ferrari, Brittney; Van Tuinen, Marcel (2014). "A multi-locus inference of the evolutionary diversification of extant flamingos (Phoenicopteridae)". BMC Evolutionary Biology 14 (1): 36. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-14-36. PMID 24580860. PMC 4016592. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=4016592. 
  17. ↑ Gill, F and D Donsker (Eds).
  18. ↑ Del Hoyo, Josep; Boesman, Peter F. D.; Garcia, Ernest; Kirwan, Guy M. (2020). Del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi et al.. eds (en). Lesser Flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor). doi:10.2173/bow.lesfla1.01. http://www.hbw.com/species/lesser-flamingo-phoeniconaias-minor. Qaraldi: 2019-12-18. Flamingo]]
  19. ↑ Scientists: Florida flamingos are native to the state, News-Press, Chad Gillis, February 23, 2018.
  20. ↑ Mayr, G. (2005). "The Paleogene fossil record of birds in Europe". Biological Reviews 80 (4): 515–542. doi:10.1017/S1464793105006779. PMID 16221327. https://www.senckenberg.de/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/tertiary_birds.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Torres, C. R.; De Pietri, V. L.; Louchart, A.; Van Tuinen, M. (2015). "New cranial material of the earliest filter feeding flamingo Harrisonavis croizeti (Aves, Phoenicopteridae) informs the evolution of the highly specialized filter feeding apparatus". Organisms Diversity & Evolution 15 (3): 609–618. doi:10.1007/s13127-015-0209-7. 
  22. ↑ Rich, P. V.; Walker, C.A. (1983). "A New Genus of Miocene Flamingo from East Africa". Ostrich 54 (2): 95–104. doi:10.1080/00306525.1983.9634452. 
  23. ↑ 23,0 23,1 Rich, P.V.; van Tets, G.F.; Rich, T.H.V.; McEvey, A.R. (1987). "The Pliocene and Quaternary Flamingos of Australia". Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 25 (1): 207–225. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/126031#page/209/mode/1up. 
  24. ↑ Cheneval, J.; Ginsburg, L.; Mourer-Chauvire, Cécile; Ratanasthien, Benjavun (1991). "The Miocene avifauna of the Li Mae Long locality, Thailand: systematics and paleoecology". Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences 6 (2): 117–126. doi:10.1016/0743-9547(91)90103-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229274612. 
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 Miller, A.H. (1963). "The fossil flamingos of Australia.". The Condor 65 (4): 289–299. doi:10.2307/1365355. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/condor/v065n04/p0289-p0299.pdf. 
  26. ↑ 26,0 26,1 Howard, H. (1955). "Fossil Birds from Manix Lake California: Descriptions of late Pleistocene bira remains, including a new species of flamingo". Geological Survey Professional Paper 264: 199–205. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/0264j/report.pdf. 
  27. ↑ Brodkorb, P. (1953). "A Pliocene flamingo from Florida". Natural History Miscellanea (124): 1–4. 
  28. ↑ Miller, L. (1944). "A Pliocene flamingo from Mexico". The Wilson Bulletin 56 (2): 77–82. https://sora.unm.edu/sites/default/files/journals/wilson/v056n02/p0077-p0082.pdf. 
  29. ↑ Walker, Matt. „Why flamingoes stand on one leg“. BBC News (2009-yil 13-avgust). Qaraldi: 2009-yil 9-dekabr.
  30. ↑ Chang, Young-Hui; Ting, Lena H. (24 May 2017). "Mechanical evidence that flamingos can support their body on one leg with little active muscular force". Biology Letters 13 (5): 20160948. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0948. PMID 28539457. PMC 5454233. //www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=5454233. 
  31. ↑ 31,0 31,1 Arnold, Caroline. Flamingo, Illustrated by Richard Hewett, Morrow Junior Books, 1991 — 11, 13, 22-bet. ISBN 9780688094119. 
  32. ↑ Bildstein, Keith L.; Frederick, Peter C.; Spalding, Marilyn G. (November 1991). "Feeding Patterns and Aggressive Behavior in Juvenile and Adult American Flamingos". The Condor 93 (4): 916–925. doi:10.2307/3247726. https://archive.org/details/sim_condor_1991-11_93_4/page/916. 
  33. ↑ Fugitive flamingo spotted in Texas 14 years after escaping a Kansas zoo during storm, Wichita Eagle, Kaitlyn Alanis, May 27, 2019.
  34. ↑ Grazian, David. American Zoo: A Sociological Safari. Princeton, NJ, US: Princeton University Press, 2015 — 35-bet. ISBN 978-0-691-16435-9. 
  35. ↑ Jenkin, Penelope M. (1957-05-09). "The filter-feeding and food of flamingoes (Pheonicopteri)". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences 240 (674): 401–493. doi:10.1098/rstb.1957.0004. 
  36. ↑ Hill, G. E.; Montgomerie, R.; Inouye, C. Y.; Dale, J. (June 1994). "Influence of Dietary Carotenoids on Plasma and Plumage Colour in the House Finch: Intra- and Intersexual Variation". Functional Ecology 8 (3): 343–350. doi:10.2307/2389827. https://archive.org/details/sim_functional-ecology_1994-06_8_3/page/343. 
  37. ↑ „NATURE: Fire Bird – Flamingo Facts“. Pbs.org. 2012-yil 21-noyabrda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 30-mart.
  38. ↑ Arnold, Caroline. Flamingo, Illustrated by Richard Hewett, Morrow Junior Books, 1991 — 11, 13-bet. ISBN 9780688094119. 
  39. ↑ „Caribbean Flamingo“. Saint Louis Zoo. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 22-fevral.
  40. ↑ „American Flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) Fact Sheet: Behavior & Ecology“. San Diego Zoo Global. Qaraldi: 2021-yil 22-fevral.
  41. ↑ Pickett, C.; Stevens, E. F. (1994). "Managing the Social Environments of Flamingos for Reproductive Success". Zoo Biology 13 (5): 501–507. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430130512. 
  42. ↑ Ogilvie, Malcolm; Carol Ogilvie (1986).
  43. ↑ 43,0 43,1 Studer-Thiersch, A. (1975).
  44. ↑ Studer-Thiersch, A. (2000). "What 19 Years of Observation on Captive Great Flamingos Suggests about Adaptations to Breeding under Irregular Conditions". Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology 23 (Special Publication I: Conservation Biology of Flamingos): 150–159. doi:10.2307/1522160. 
  45. ↑ Johnson, Alan. The Greater Flamingo. London: T & AD Poyser Ltd., 1975 — 124–130-bet. ISBN 978-1-4081-3866-3. 
  46. ↑ Cézilly, F.; Johnson, A.; Tourenq, C. (1994). "Variation in Parental Care with Offspring Age in the Greater Flamingo". The Condor 96 (3): 809–812. doi:10.2307/1369487. http://sora.unm.edu/node/104905. 
  47. ↑ Ann M. Ward, Amy Hunt, Mike Maslanka, and Chris Brown, Nutrient Composition Of American Flamingo Crop Milk (PDF){{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ()
  48. ↑ Ehrlich, Paul. The Birder's Handbook. New York, NY, US: Simon & Schuster, Inc., 1988 — 271-bet. ISBN 978-0-671-62133-9. 
  49. ↑ Gaillo, A.; Johnson, A. R.; Gallo, A. (1995). "Adult Aggressiveness and Crèching Behavior in the Greater Flamingo, Phoenicopterus ruber roseus". Colonial Waterbirds 18 (2): 216–221. doi:10.2307/1521484. 
  50. ↑ Arnold, Caroline. Flamingo, Illustrated by Richard Hewett, Morrow Junior Books, 1991 — 11, 13, 22, 41-bet. ISBN 9780688094119. 
  51. ↑ „Zolli feiert 50 Jahre Flamingozucht und Flamingosforschung“ (de). Basler Zeitung (2008-yil 13-avgust). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 21-mart.
  52. ↑ Fedorowytsch, Tom. „Flamingo believed to be world's oldest dies at Adelaide Zoo aged 83“. ABC Radio Australia (2014-yil 31-yanvar). Qaraldi: 2014-yil 31-yanvar.
  53. ↑ „Colchester Zoo use mirrors to help flamingos to breed“. BBC (2010-yil 26-iyul). Qaraldi: 2020-yil 13-iyul.
  54. ↑ „LacusCurtius • Pliny the Elder's Natural History — Book 10“.
  55. ↑ „C. Suetonius Tranquillus, Vitellius, chapter 13, section 2“.
  56. ↑ Benson, Elizabeth (1972) The Mochica: A Culture of Peru.
  57. ↑ Berrin, Katherine. The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997. ISBN 978-0500018026. 
  58. ↑ Beinlich, Horst „Figure 7“, . The Book of the Faiyum. University of Heidelberg, 2013 — 27–77, esp.38–39-bet. 
  59. ↑ „Flamingos“. Seaworld.org. 2012-yil 10-iyulda asl nusxadan arxivlangan. Qaraldi: 2013-yil 30-mart.
  60. ↑ Collins. „Backstory: Extinction of an American icon?“. Christian Science Monitor (2006-yil 2-noyabr). Qaraldi: 2010-yil 9-fevral.
  61. ↑ 61,0 61,1 Price, Jennifer (1999). "The Plastic Pink Flamingo: A Natural History". The American Scholar 68 (2): 5, 6. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41213491.  
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