Feminologiya sahifasining manbasini koʻrish

{{Feminizm}}
'''Ayollar tadqiqotlari''' sohasi [[Ayol|xotin-qizlarning]] hayoti va tajribasini oʻrganish markazini tashkil etish maqsadida [[Feminizm|feministik]] va fanlararo usullarga asoslangan akademik yoʻnalish boʻlib, genderning [[Jamiyat|ijtimoiy]] va [[Madaniyat|madaniy]] [[Konstruksiya|konstruksiyalarini]] oʻrganadi. Shuningdek, ushbu soha ayolarga nisbatan [[Imtiyozlar|imtiyoz]] va zulm tizimlari; hokimiyat va jins oʻrtasidagi munosabatlar, [[Irqlar|irq]], [[jinsiy moyillik]], [[Sinflar|ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy sinf]] va [[nogironlik]] kabi boshqa oʻziga xosliklar va [[Ijtimoiyot|ijtimoiyotlar]] bilan kesishadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Women's voices, feminist visions: classic and contemporary readings|last=Shaw|first=Susan M.|isbn=978-0078027000|edition=Sixth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|oclc=862041473|date=23 April 2014}}</ref>.

Ayollarni oʻrganish sohasi bilan bogʻliq boʻlgan mashhur tushunchalar orasiga [[feministik nazariya]], [[qarashlar nazariyasi]], kesishish, [[ko'pmillatlilik]], [[transmilliy feminizm]], [[ijtimoiy adolat]], [[Affekt (psixologiya)|affekt]] tadqiqotlari, [[Agentlik (falsafa)|agentlik]], [[biosiyosat]], [[materializm]] va mujassamlash kiradi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190872823|oclc=1002116432}}</ref>. Xotin-qizlarni oʻrganish bilan bogʻliq tadqiqot amaliyotlari va [[Metodologiya|metodologiyalari]] oʻz ichiga [[etnografiya]], [[avtoetnografiya]], [[Fokus-guruh|fokus-guruhlar]], soʻrovlar, jamoatchilik asosidagi tadqiqotlar, nutq tahlili va [[tanqidiy nazariya]], [[poststrukturalizm]] va [[besoqolbozlar nazariyasi]] bilan bogʻliq tadqiqot amaliyotlarim kabi tushunchalarni qamrab oladi<ref name=":02">{{Kitob manbasi|title=Feminist research practice: a primer|last=Hesse-Biber|first=Sharlene Nagy|isbn=9781412994972|edition=Second|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|oclc=838201827|date=18 July 2013}}</ref>. Ushbu soha [[Jins|jinsi]], [[Irqlar|irqi]], sinfi, [[Jinsiylik|jinsiyligi]] va boshqa [[Ijtimoiy tengsizliklar|ijtimoiy tengsizliklarning]] turli xil ijtimoiy normalarini oʻrganadi va tanqid qiladi.

Ayollar tadqiqotlari [[gender tadqiqotlari]], feministik tadqiqotlar va jinsiy tadqiqotlar sohalari bilan, shuningdek, kengroq miqyosda [[madaniyatshunoslik]], [[etnik tadqiqotlar]] va [[afro-amerikaliklar tadqiqotlari]] sohalari bilan uzviy bogʻliqdir<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Women's studies on its own: a next wave reader in institutional change|date=2002|publisher=Duke University Press|last=Wiegman|first=Robyn|isbn=9780822329862|location=Durham|oclc=49421587|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822329862}}</ref>.

Hozirgi kunda [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari|Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlaridagi]] yetti yuzdan ortiq muassasalarda hamda butun dunyo boʻylab qirqdan ortiq mamlakatlarda ayollarni oʻrganish kurslari taklif etiladi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World|url=https://archive.org/details/transformingscho0002berg|last=Berger|first=Michele Tracy|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-83653-1|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformingscho0002berg/page/7 7]}}</ref>.

== Tarixi ==

=== Avstraliyada ===
1956-yilda [[Avstraliyaliklar|avstraliyalik]] [[feminist]] [[Madge Dawson]] [[Sidney Universiteti|Sidney universitetining]] Adult Education boʻlimida maʼruza oʻqishni hamda ayollarning hozirgi kundagi holati boʻyicha tadqiqot olib borish va ular yuzasidan dars berishni boshlaydi. Dawsonning [[Yevropa|Gʻarbiy Yevropadagi]] ayollarning ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy va siyosiy holatiga qaratilgan „Women in a Changing World“ (tarj. ''Oʻzgaruvchan dunyoda ayollar'') kursi dastlabki ayollarni oʻrganish kurslaridan biriga aylandi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/30/1059480406739.html|sarlavha=Ardent warrior for women's rights|sana=31 July 2003}}</ref>.

=== Amerikada ===
[[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari|AQShda]] birinchi [[Akkreditlash|akkreditatsiyadan]] oʻtgan ayollar tadqiqotlari kursi 1969-yilda [[Cornell universiteti|Cornell universitetida]] oʻtkazilgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDF5Ic-DL1wC&pg=PA388|title=The Encyclopedia of Stress and Stress-related Diseases|last=Kahn|first=Ada P.|publisher=Facts on File|year=2006|isbn=978-0816059379|edition=2nd|page=388|accessdate=29 September 2012}}</ref>. Bir yil davomida ayollar ongini oʻstirish guruhlari, mitinglar, petitsiyalar tarqatilgan. Norasmiy yoki eksperimental darslar hamda yettita qoʻmita va assambleyalar oldida taqdimotlar oʻtkazishgan. Bu kabi harakatlardan soʻng, Qoʻshma Shtatlardagi dastlabki ayollarni oʻrganish dasturi 1970-yilda [[San-Diego shtat kolleji|San Diego shtat kolleji]] (hozirgi [[San Diego davlat universiteti]])da tashkil etilgan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Salper|first1=Roberta|date=November 2011|title=San Diego State 1970: The Initial Year of the Nation's First Women's Studies Program|url=http://www.feministstudies.org/issues/vol-30-39/37-3.html|journal=[[Feminist Studies]]|volume=37|issue=3|pages=658–682|doi=10.1353/fem.2011.0055}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/wsweb/|sarlavha=SDSU Women's Studies Department|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918042623/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/dept/wsweb/|arxivsana=18 September 2014|kirish sanasi=6 October 2014}}</ref>. [[:en:Women's liberation movement in North America#United%20States|Milliy Xotin-qizlar ozodlik]] harakati bilan birgalikda talabalar va jamoat aʼzolari ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha maxsus qoʻmita tuzdilar<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://womensstudies.sdsu.edu/history.htm|sarlavha=History :: Department of Women's Studies at San Diego State University|ish=womensstudies.sdsu.edu|kirish sanasi=9 December 2015|arxivsana=2019-04-16|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416154155/https://womensstudies.sdsu.edu/history.htm}}</ref>. [[Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari|Qoʻshma Shtatlardagi]] ikkinchi ayollar taʼlimi dasturi 1971-yilda [[Kanzas|Kanzas shtatining]] Wichita shahridagi [[Wichita shtat universiteti|Wichita shtat universitetida]] tashkil etilgan. U asosan ingliz tili boʻlimi, maʼmuriyat va jamiyatdagi ayollar tomonidan koʻplab saʼy-harakatlar natijasida shakllangan<ref>Chinyere Okafor citing from The Center for Womenʼs Studies' papers at WSU</ref>.

1974-yilga kelib, [[San Diego shtat universiteti]] professor-oʻqituvchilari kafedrani [[integratsiya]] qilish uchun umummilliy kampaniyani boshladilar. Oʻsha paytda bu kabi harakatlar juda siyosiy tusga ega edi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Boxer|first1=Marilyn J.|date=Fall 2002|title=Women's studies as women's history|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=30|issue=3–4|pages=42–51|jstor=40003241}}</ref>. Rasmiylashtirilgan boʻlimlar va dasturlardan oldin, koʻplab ayollar oʻquv kurslari [[Kampus|kampuslar]] atrofida norasmiy ravishda eʼlon qilingan va [[fakultet]] aʼzo-oʻqituvchilari tomonidan belgilangan oʻqituvchilik va maʼmuriy javobgarlikdan tashqari, maoshsiz oʻqitilgan<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|chapter=Triumphs, Controversies, and Change: 1970s to the Twenty-First Century|title=The Evolution of American Women's Studies: Reflections on Triumphs, Controversies, and Change|last=Ginsberg|first=Alice E.|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-60579-4|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/11 11]|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/11}}</ref>. Keyinchalik, bugungi kunga kelib koʻp hollarda boʻlgani kabi, ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha dars beradigan professor-oʻqituvchilar koʻpincha kampusdagi boshqa boʻlimlarda oʻqituvchilarni tayinlashadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World|url=https://archive.org/details/transformingscho0002berg|last=Berger|first=Michele Tracy|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-83653-1|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/transformingscho0002berg/page/49 49]}}</ref>.

Fanlararo ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha birinchi ilmiy jurnal ''[[Feminist Studies]]'' 1972-yilda nashr etila boshlandi<ref name="FSAboutUs2">{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.feministstudies.org/aboutfs/history.html|sarlavha=History|nashriyot=Feminist Studies|kirish sanasi=30 May 2014}}</ref>. AQShda [[National Women's Studies Association|Milliy ayollar tadqiqotlari assotsiatsiyasi]] 1977-yilda tashkil etilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://www.nwsa.org/content.asp?pl=19&contentid=19|sarlavha=NWSA|ish=nwsa.org|kirish sanasi=26 July 2015}}</ref>.

[[1977|1977-yilda]] Qoʻshma Shtatlarda butun mamlakat boʻylab 276 ta ayollarni oʻrganish dasturlari mavjud edi. Keyingi [[Dekada|oʻn yillikda]] dasturlar soni ortib, [[1989-yil|1989-yilda]] 530 ta dasturga yetdi<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2007|title=A National Census of Women's Studies Programs|url=https://www.nwsa.org/Files/Resources/NWSA_CensusonWSProgs.pdf|journal=NORC Project|pages=25}}</ref>. Taxminan 1980-yillarda AQShdagi [[Universitet|universitetlar]] butun mamlakat boʻylab ayollarni oʻrganish kurslari va dasturlari oʻsishi va rivojlanishining guvohi boʻlishdi. Shu bilan birga bu soha [[Konservatizm|konservativ]] guruhlarning noroziligi hamda [[ayollar huquqlari harakati]] ichidagi oq tanlilar, [[ekzistensialistlar]] va [[LGBT|heteroseksuallar]] haqida akademiyadagilar oʻz xavotirlari bilan kurashishda davom etdilar<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/16|title=The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=9780230605794|editor=Ginsberg|edition=1st|location=New York|page=[https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/16 16]|oclc=224444238}}</ref>.

Taxminan bir vaqtning oʻzida [[Lotin amerikasi|Lotin Amerikasidagi]] akademik ayollar xotin-qizlar oʻquv guruhlarini tashkil qila boshlaydilar<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Arango Gaviria|first=Luz Gabriela|editor=Gil Hernández|title=Feminismos y estudios de género en Colombia: un campo académico y político en movimiento|url=http://www.codajic.org/sites/default/files/sites/www.codajic.org/files/Feminismo%20y%20Estudios%20de%20G%C3%A9nero%20en%20Colombia.pdf|date=2018|edition=Primeraición|publisher=[[National University of Colombia]] Press|location=Bogotá, Colombia|language=Spanish|chapter=Un proyecto académico feminista en mutación: la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [A Feminist Academic Project in Mutation: The School of Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia]|pages=17–38|isbn=978-958-783-334-8}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|muallif=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|sarlavha=Florence Thomas|url=https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|ish=Cienciágora|nashriyot=[[Universia]]|kirish sanasi=22 April 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422200008/https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|arxivsana=22 April 2022|til=Spanish|sana=7 March 2008}}</ref><ref name="Lozano Rubello">{{Cite journal|last=Lozano Rubello|first1=Gabriela|title=Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico|journal=Universidades|date=October 2019|volume=70|issue=81|pages=45–54|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|access-date=23 April 2022|trans_title=Gender Studies at the UBA and UNAM: A Conquest of Academic Feminism|publisher=Unión de Universidades de América Latina|place=Mexico City, Mexico|doi=10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325215530/https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|archivedate=25 March 2022|language=Spanish|issn=0041-8935|oclc=8405154533}}</ref>. [[Meksika|Meksikada]] ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha birinchi kafedra [[1970-yil|1970-yilda]] [[Meksika milliy muxtor universiteti|Meksika Milliy muxtor universitetining]] siyosiy va ijtimoiy fanlar fakultetida tashkil etilgan. 1979-yildan boshlab, [[Meksika|Meksikalik]] professor-oʻqituvchilar va talabalarni oʻz ichiga olgan Grupo Autónomo de Mujeres Universitarias (GAMU, Universitet ayollarining avtonom guruhi) feminizmni mamlakat boʻylab turli kampuslarga qanday kiritish mumkinligini muhokama qilish uchun vaqti-vaqti bilan yigʻilishlar oʻtkazib turishgan. 1982-yilda [[UAM Xochimilco|Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Xochimilcoda]] ayollarni oʻrganish dasturi yaratildi<ref name="Lozano Rubello" />.

Xuddi shunday 1983-yilda Meksika feministik harakati faollari, jumladan, [[Flora Botton]] va [[Elena Urrutia]] Mexiko shahridagi [[El Colegio de México]]<nowiki/>da Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer (PIEG, fanlararo ayollar tadqiqotlari dasturi)ga asos solgan<ref>{{Yangiliklar manbasi |last=Poy Solano |first=Laura |date=11 March 2021 |title=Reconoce el Colmex a tres pioneras de los estudios de género |language=Spanish |trans-title=Colmex Recognizes Three Pioneers of Gender Studies |work=[[La Jornada]] |location=Mexico City, Mexico |url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/03/11/politica/reconoce-el-colmex-a-tres-pioneras-de-los-estudios-de-genero/ |url-status=live |access-date=11 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311205652/https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/03/11/politica/reconoce-el-colmex-a-tres-pioneras-de-los-estudios-de-genero/ |archive-date=11 March 2021}}</ref>. 1984-yilda akademiklar Meksika Milliy muxtor universitetining psixologiya fakultetida Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (Ayollar tadqiqotlari markazi) ni tashkil etishdi. Bu soha [[Gloria Careaga Pérez|Gloria Careaga]], [[Araceli Mingo]], [[Lorenia Parada]] va [[Alicia Elena Pérez Duarte]] kabi akademiklarning taklifi bilan 1992-yilda Universitario de Estudios de Género dasturi (PUEG, gender tadqiqotlari boʻyicha universitet dasturi) yaratilishi bilan rasmiylashtirildi<ref name="Lozano Rubello" />.

[[Chili|Chilidagi]] [[Aktivizm|faollar]] va tadqiqotchilar 1978-yilda Círculo de la Mujer (Ayollar doirasi) tashkil etish bilan bahonasida jamlana boshlaydilar. Ular 1984-yilda ayollar va gender boʻyicha koʻp tarmoqli tadqiqotlarni osonlashtirish uchun poytaxt [[Santyago|Santiagoda]] Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (CEM, Ayollar tadqiqotlari markazi)ga asos solishadi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Fuimos pioneras en investigación de género en Chile|url=https://cem.cl/nosotras/|ish=Centro de Estudios de la Mujer|kirish sanasi=25 April 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425181739/https://cem.cl/nosotras/|arxivsana=25 April 2022|til=Spanish}}</ref>. 1980-yillarning boshidan [[Juanita Barreto Gama]], [[Guiomar Dueñas Vargas]], [[Florence Thomas]], [[Magdalena León Gómez]], [[María Martínez]], [[Donny Meertens]], [[María Himelda Ramírez]] hamda [[Ana Rico de Alonso]] kabi ayollar [[Kolumbiya|Kolumbiyada]] feministik oʻrganishlarning fanlararo sohasini yaratish ustida ishladilar<ref name="Arango">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Arango Gaviria|first=Luz Gabriela|editor=Gil Hernández|title=Feminismos y estudios de género en Colombia: un campo académico y político en movimiento|url=http://www.codajic.org/sites/default/files/sites/www.codajic.org/files/Feminismo%20y%20Estudios%20de%20G%C3%A9nero%20en%20Colombia.pdf|date=2018|edition=Primeraición|publisher=[[National University of Colombia]] Press|location=Bogotá, Colombia|language=Spanish|chapter=Un proyecto académico feminista en mutación: la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [A Feminist Academic Project in Mutation: The School of Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia]|pages=17–38|isbn=978-958-783-334-8}}<cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFArango_Gaviria2018">Arango Gaviria, Luz Gabriela (2018). „Un proyecto académico feminista en mutación: la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [A Feminist Academic Project in Mutation: The School of Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia]“. In Gil Hernández, Franklin; Pérez-Bustos, Tania (eds.). [http://www.codajic.org/sites/default/files/sites/www.codajic.org/files/Feminismo%20y%20Estudios%20de%20G%C3%A9nero%20en%20Colombia.pdf ''Feminismos y estudios de género en Colombia: un campo académico y político en movimiento''] &#x5B;''Feminisms and Gender Studies in Colombia: An Academic Field and Political Movement''&#x5D; <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish) (Primeraición&nbsp;ed.). Bogotá, Colombia: [[Kolumbiya milliy universiteti|National University of Colombia]] Press. pp.&nbsp;17-38. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Maxsus:Kitob manbalari/978-958-783-334-8|<bdi>978-958-783-334-8</bdi>]].</cite>
</ref>.

Dastlab, ular norasmiy tarzda uchrashuvlar tashkil etishni boshlaganlar, keyinchalik, 1985-yilda Grupo de Estudios Mujer y Sociedad (Ayollar va jamiyatni oʻrganish guruhi) sifatida rasmiy tan olinishga muvaffaq boʻldilar va nihoyat 1994-yilda<ref name="Cienciágora">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|sarlavha=Florence Thomas|url=https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|ish=Cienciágora|nashriyot=[[Universia]]|kirish sanasi=22 April 2022|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422200008/https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|arxivsana=22 April 2022|til=Spanish|sana=7 March 2008}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html „Florence Thomas“]. ''Cienciágora'' (in Spanish). Bogatá, Colombia: [[Universia]]. 7 March 2008. [https://web.archive.org/web/20220422200008/https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html Archived] from the original on 22 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite>
</ref> Programa de Estudios de Género, Mujer y Desarrollo (PGMD, Gender, Ayollar va Rivojlanishni oʻrganish dasturi) [[Kolumbiya Milliy Universiteti|Kolumbiya Milliy Universitetining]] Inson fanlari boʻlimida tashkil etilishiga erishdilar<ref name="Arango" />.

1985-yilda [[Argentina]] faollari [[Buenos Ayres universiteti|Buenos Ayres universitetida]] „Ayollar tadqiqotlariga kirish“ va aspiranturadan keyingi seminar, „La construcción social del género jinsiy“ (Jinsiy genderning ijtimoiy qurilishi) loyihasini boshladilar. 1987-yilda [[Maria Fernandes]] universitetning ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha diplom dasturi rahbari etib tayinlandi. 1992-yilda ''Área Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de la Mujer'' (AIEM, Ayollar tadqiqotlari fanlararo sohasi) I''nstituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios de Género'' (Universitetdagi Gender tadqiqotlari instituti)ga aylandi. Ushbu taʼlim dargohi sanʼat, antropologiya, klassika va adabiyot, taʼlim, tarix, tillar va falsafa fakultetlari ushbu sohalarda ayollarni kengroq tadqiq qilish va tahlil qilishni ragʻbatlantirish uchun tashkil etilgan<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lozano Rubello|first1=Gabriela|title=Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico|journal=Universidades|date=October 2019|volume=70|issue=81|pages=45–54|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|access-date=23 April 2022|trans_title=Gender Studies at the UBA and UNAM: A Conquest of Academic Feminism|publisher=Unión de Universidades de América Latina|place=Mexico City, Mexico|doi=10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325215530/https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|archivedate=25 March 2022|language=Spanish|issn=0041-8935|oclc=8405154533}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLozano_Rubello2019">Lozano Rubello, Gabriela (October 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20220325215530/https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/ „Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico“] &#x5B;Gender Studies at the UBA and UNAM: A Conquest of Academic Feminism&#x5D;. ''Universidades'' (in Spanish). Mexico City, Mexico: Unión de Universidades de América Latina. '''70''' (81): 45-54. [[Raqamli obyekt identifikatori|doi]]:[[doi:10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36]]. [[ISSN (identifikator)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0041-8935 0041-8935]. [[OCLC (identifikator)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/oclc/8405154533 8405154533]. [[S2CID (identifikator)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213247078 213247078]. Archived from [https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/ the original] on 25 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>. [[Gender tadqiqotlari]] 1980-yillarda [[Braziliya]] universitetlarida ham tashkil etila boshlandi va 1990-yillardan keyin kengayishda davom etdi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Peluffo|first1=Pelufo|last2=Josiowicz|first2=Alejandra|title=Simpósio: cinco questões sobre os estudos de gênero na América Latina|journal=Estudos Históricos|date=May–August 2020|volume=33|issue=70|pages=227–253|doi=10.1590/S2178-14942020000200002|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/eh/a/CtjSvpNF73XHBz3HXpCkTyC/?format=pdf&lang=pt|access-date=25 April 2022|trans_title=Symposium: Five Questions about Gender Studies in Latin America|publisher=Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação da História Contemporânea do Brasil|place=Rio de Janeiro|language=Portuguese|issn=0103-2186|oclc=8605481991}}</ref>.

Ayollar tadqiqotlarini shakllantirishga majbur qilgan [[Ayollar huquqlari harakati]]<nowiki/>ning siyosiy maqsadlari 1990-yillardagi institutsional [[Akademik feminizm|akademik feminizmga]] zid edi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Wiegman|first=Robyn|title=Women's Studies on the Edge|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8223-4274-8|editor=Scott|location=Durham|page=41|chapter=Feminism, Institutionalism, and the Idiom of Failure}}</ref>. „Ayol“ tushunchasi kengayishda davom etar ekan, genderning ijtimoiy tuzilmalarini oʻrganish sohaning gender tadqiqotlari va jinsiy aloqalarni oʻrganishga kengayishiga olib keladi. Xotin-qizlar tadqiqotlari sohasi 1990-yillarda va 2000-yillarda gender tadqiqotlari va feministik tadqiqotlar boʻyicha mutaxassisliklar, voyaga yetmaganlar va sertifikatlarni taklif qiluvchi universitetlarning kengayishi bilan oʻsishda davom etdi.

Ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha birinchi rasmiy [[PhD]] dasturi 1990-yilda [[Emory universiteti]]<nowiki/>da tashkil etilgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies|url=http://www.gs.emory.edu/academics/program_pages/gender.html|kirish sanasi=6 October 2014}}</ref>. 2012-yil holatiga koʻra, Qoʻshma Shtatlarda ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha PhD darajasini taklif qiladigan 16 ta institut mavjud boʻlgan<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=NWSA|url=http://nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp|kirish sanasi=26 July 2015|ish=nwsa.org|arxivsana=2017-02-15|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215034054/http://www.nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Artemis Guide to Women's Studies in the U.S|url=http://www.artemisguide.com/|kirish sanasi=6 October 2014}}</ref>. Oʻshandan beri UC Santa Cruz (2013)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=UC Santa Cruz – Feminist Studies|url=http://feministstudies.ucsc.edu/|kirish sanasi=22 August 2016|ish=feministstudies.ucsc.edu}}</ref>, Kentucky-Lexington universiteti (2013)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=PHD Program {{!}} Gender & Womenʼs Studies|url=https://gws.as.uky.edu/phd-program-gws|kirish sanasi=22 August 2016|ish=gws.as.uky.edu}}</ref>, Stony Brook universiteti (2014)<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies|url=http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/wgss/|kirish sanasi=22 August 2016|ish=stonybrook.edu}}</ref> va Oregon shtat universiteti (2016) <ref>{{Veb manbasi|sana=21 September 2015|sarlavha=PhD in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies! {{!}} College of Liberal Arts {{!}} Oregon State University|url=http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/school-language-culture-and-society/wgss/phd-women-gender-and-sexuality-studies|kirish sanasi=22 August 2016|ish=liberalarts.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> ham PhD darajasini joriy qildilar.

=== Yevropa ===
Elizabeth Bird [[Buyuk Britaniya|Buyuk Britaniyada]] ayollarni oʻrganishning rivojlanishini [[ayollar ozodlik harakati]] (WLM, AOH), Ishchilar taʼlim assotsiatsiyasi, „CR“ yoki [[Ongni o'stirish|ongni oshirish]] guruhlari, chap qanot faol guruhlari va sirtqi boʻlimlar tomonidan boshqariladigan universitet va kollejlarga biriktirilgan. norasmiy taʼlimdan kelib chiqqan holda kuzatish mumkin<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Bird|first1=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09612020300200351|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBird2003">Bird, Elizabeth (1 June 2003). [[doi:10.1080/09612020300200351|"Womenʼs studies and the womenʼs movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970-2000"]]. ''Womenʼs History Review''. '''12''' (2): 263-288. [[Raqamli obyekt identifikatori|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09612020300200351|10.1080/09612020300200351]]. [[Xalqaro standart seriya raqami|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-2025 0961-2025]. [[S2CID (identifikator)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144545954 144545954].</cite></ref>. Birdning taʼkidlashicha, 1960—1970-yillarda ayollar tadqiqotlari rivojlanishining koʻplab ishtirokchilari bilan suhbatlashgan [[feminist]] [[Aktivizm|faollar]] va olimlar Anna Coote va Beatrix Campbelllarga koʻra, "1969-yilning yozida Juliet Mitchell „Ayollarning jamiyatdagi roli“ nomli qisqa kursda radikal akademiklar tomonidan talabalar norozilik harakatining bir qismi sifatida tashkil etilgan „Anti universitet“da tahsil olgan<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Coote|first=Anna|title=Sweet Freedom: the struggle for women's liberation|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=1982|location=London}}</ref>. Maggie Humm ushbu yozgi kursni „Britaniyadagi birinchi ayollarni oʻrganish kursi“, deya ifodalagan<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Humm|first=Maggie|title=Feminisms: a reader|year=1994|url=https://archive.org/details/readersguidetoco0000humm|publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|location=Hemel Hempstead|pages=xvi}}</ref>.

1975-yilda Buyuk Britaniyada Margarita Rendel, Oonagh Hartnett, Zoi Fairbairns oʻsha paytda mavjud boʻlgan 17 ta bakalavriat kurslari, 1 ta aspirantura bosqichini, toʻrtta taʼlim kolleji takliflari va koʻpincha „jamiyatdagi ayollar“ deb ataladigan ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha oltita politexnika kurslarini tavsiflovchi qoʻllanma yozdilar<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Hartnett|first=Oonagh|title=Women's Studies Courses in the United Kingdom|publisher=Margarita Rendel|year=1975|location=London}}</ref>. Ular Birlashgan Qirollik universitetlarida oʻtkazilgan soʻrovlar asosida qoʻllanmani tuzdilar va ilgari Sue Beardon va Erika Stivenson tomonidan 1974-yilda [[Talabalar milliy ittifoqi (Buyuk Britaniya)|Talabalar milliy ittifoqi]] uchun chop etilgan tadqiqotga qoʻshimchalar kiritdilar<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bird|first1=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09612020300200351|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBird2003">Bird, Elizabeth (1 June 2003). [[doi:10.1080/09612020300200351|"Womenʼs studies and the womenʼs movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970-2000"]]. ''Womenʼs History Review''. '''12''' (2): 263-288. [[Raqamli obyekt identifikatori|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/09612020300200351|10.1080/09612020300200351]]. [[Xalqaro standart seriya raqami|ISSN]]&nbsp;[//www.worldcat.org/issn/0961-2025 0961-2025]. [[S2CID (identifikator)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144545954 144545954].</cite></ref>.

1977-yildan boshlab [[London markaziy politexnika universiteti|Londonning markaziy politexnika universiteti]] tomonidan ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha yarim kunlik aspirantura diplomi taklif qilingan va 1978-yilda [[London taʼlim instituti|London taʼlim institutida]] Margarita Rendel tomonidan „Huquqlar“, jumladan, ayollar huquqlari boʻyicha magistratura kursi tashkil etilgan.

1980-yilda [[Kent universiteti]] ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha birinchi magistr darajasini tashkil etadi. Ushbu loyihani rivojlantirishga Mary Evans rahbarlik qilgan<ref name=":011">{{Cite journal|last=Bird|first1=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09612020300200351|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}</ref>. Ushbu universitetdan keyin Bredford (1982), Sheffield City Polytechnic (1983), Warwick (1983) va York (1984) universitetlari ushbu soha boʻyicha magistratura kurslarini ochadi<ref name=":011" />. 1990-yilda Shimoliy-Sharqiy Londondagi Politexnika va Preston Politexnika universitetida ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha sirtqi bakalavrlar yoʻlga qoʻyildi<ref name=":011" />. [[Veronica Beechey]] 1983-yilda [[Ochiq universitet|Ochiq universitetga]] u yerda ayollarni oʻrganish kursini boshlash uchun ishga qabul qilingan<ref name=":04">{{Veb manbasi|muallif=Taylor|ism=Barbara|sana=31 January 2021|sarlavha=Veronica Beechey obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/31/veronica-beechey-obituary|kirish sanasi=27 January 2022|ish=The Guardian|til=en}}</ref>.

[[Birlashgan Qirollik|Buyuk Britaniyadagi]] ayollar tadqiqotlari boʻyicha joriy kurslarni [[Universitetlar va kollejlarga qabul qilish xizmati]] orqali topish mumkin<ref>{{Veb manbasi|sarlavha=Universities and Colleges Admissions Service, United Kingdom|url=http://www.ucas.com|kirish sanasi=6 October 2014|ish=UCAS}}</ref>.

=== Markaziy Osiyo ===
2015-yilda [[Kobul universiteti]] qoshida [[Afg‘oniston|Afgʻonistonda]] gender va ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha birinchi magistratura kursi boshlandi<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027133909/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|arxivsana=27 October 2015|sarlavha=Kabul University unlikely host for first Afghan women's studies programme|muallif=FaithWorld|sana=26 October 2015|ish=Reuters.com|kirish sanasi=2 November 2015}}</ref>.

=== Stansiya nazariyasi ===
Standpoint nazariyasi, shuningdek, feministik nuqtai nazar nazariyasi sifatida tasniflanadi, <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|title=Loyalism, Women and Standpoint Theory|last=Potter|first1=M|journal=Irish Political Studies|year=2014|volume=29|issue=2|pages=258–274|doi=10.1080/07907184.2012.727399}}</ref> 1980-yillarda bilim ishlab chiqarish va uning hokimiyat amaliyotiga taʼsirini tanqidiy tekshirish usuli sifatida ishlab chiqilgan. <ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Harding|first=Sandra G.|title=The feminist standpoint theory reader: intellectual and political controversies|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415945004|location=New York|page=2|oclc=51668081}}</ref> Stend nuqtai nazari nazariyasi bilimlarning ijtimoiy joylashuvi va etarli darajada vakil qilinmagan guruhlar va ozchiliklar bilim ishlab chiqarishga kelganda tarixan eʼtibordan chetda qolib ketganligi haqidagi gʻoyadan kelib chiqadi. Marksistik fikrdan kelib chiqqan holda, nuqtai nazar nazariyasi siyosiy va ijtimoiy „haqiqatlar“ nufuziga shubha qiladigan tahlilni ilgari suradi. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hekman|first1=Susan|year=1997|title=Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_signs_winter-1997_22_2/page/341|journal=Signs|volume=22|issue=2|pages=341–365|doi=10.1086/495159|jstor=3175275}}</ref> Standpoint nazariyasi, hokimiyat faqat erkak jinsi qoʻlida ekanligini taxmin qiladi, chunki jamiyatda qaror qabul qilish jarayoni faqat erkaklar uchun va erkaklar tomonidan qurilgan. <ref name=":03" /> Nuqtai nazar nazariyasi jamiyatda qayerda namoyon boʻlishiga siyosiy tahlil jarayonlari misol boʻla oladi, chunki bu oʻrganish sohasi deyarli butunlay erkaklar tomonidan nazorat qilinadi. <ref name=":03" /> Bundan tashqari, Marksistik nuqtai nazardan, Karl Marks hokimiyatdagilar oʻzlari hokimiyatga ega boʻlganlarning nuqtai nazarini tushunishga qodir emas deb hisoblagan tushunchani ifodalagan. <ref name=":03" /> Bu nuqtai nazar nazariyasi erkaklarning jamiyatda ayollar duch keladigan zulmni tushunishga qodir emasligini tan oladi.

=== Transmilliy feministik nazariya ===
Transmilliy feminizm ayollar va erkaklarning ijtimoiy, siyosiy va iqtisodiy tengligi chegaralar orqali oʻtishi bilan bogʻliq; bevosita globallashuv, neoliberalizm va imperializmga javoban<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Moghadam|first=Valentine M.|title=Women worldwide: transnational feminist perspectives on women|url=https://archive.org/details/womenworldwidetr0000leej|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780073512297|editor=Lee|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/womenworldwidetr0000leej/page/15 15]|chapter=Transnational Feminisms|oclc=436028205}}</ref>. Ayollarni oʻrganish transmilliy feministik nazariyani oʻz oʻquv dasturlariga jinsga oid bilimlarni sohada va akademiyada ustuvorlik qilish, uzatish va tarqatish usullarini buzish va shubha qilish usuli sifatida kiritishni boshladi. <ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Parisi|first=Laura|title=Rethinking women's and gender studies|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9780415808316|editor=Orr|location=New York|pages=326|chapter=Transnational|oclc=738351967}}</ref>

Transmilliy feministik nazariya davom etayotgan siyosat va madaniy eʼtiqodlar uchun hal qiluvchi ahamiyatga ega boʻlgan jamiyatning anʼanaviy boʻlinishlariga doimiy ravishda qarshi turadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Minoo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZqv_ZcsipgC&q=transnational+feminist+theory&pg=PA349|title=Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8223-2322-8|language=en}}</ref>. Ushbu nuqtai nazardan olingan asosiy eʼtirof shundan iboratki, gender global harakat boʻlib kelgan va shunday boʻlib qoladi<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Transnational Feminism and Communication Studies: The Communication Review, 9(4), 255–267.|last=Shome|first1=R.|year=2006|doi=10.1080/10714420600957266}}</ref>. Bundan tashqari, transmilliy feministik nuqtai nazar, globallashuv natijasida genderning madaniy va iqtisodiy adolatsizliklariga eʼtiborning etishmasligi global gender tengsizliklarining kuchayishiga yordam berishi mumkinligini davom ettiradi; Biroq, bu faqat global miqyosda imtiyozli sub’ektlar pozitsiyalarini egallaganida sodir boʻlishi mumkin<ref name=":3" />.

=== Ijtimoiy adolat ===
Ayollar harakatining paydo boʻlishi va u bilan bogʻliqligidan boshlab faollik xotin-qizlar fanining asosi boʻldi. Borgan sari ijtimoiy adolat ayollarni oʻrganish kurslari, dasturlari va boʻlimlarining asosiy tarkibiy qismiga aylandi. Ijtimoiy adolat nazariyasi individual darajada emas, balki butun jamiyat uchun adolatli jamoalar uchun kurash bilan bogʻliq<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/socialjusticethe00milo|last=Capeheart|first=Loretta|year=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813541686|location=Piscataway|page=[https://archive.org/details/socialjusticethe00milo/page/n15 2]|oclc=437192947}}</ref>

Ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha talabalar ijtimoiy adolat loyihalarida ishtirok etadilar, garchi baʼzi olimlar va tanqidchilar talabalardan majburiy faollik va/yoki ijtimoiy adolat ishlarida ishtirok etishlarini talab qilishdan xavotirda<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Johnson|first1=Jennifer L.|first2=Susanne|last2=Luhmann|title=Social Justice for (University) Credit? The Women's and Gender Studies Practicum in the Neoliberal University. (Report)|journal=Resources for Feminist Research|volume=34|issue=3–4|year=2016|page=40}}</ref>.

Ayollar tadqiqotlari nafaqat uydagi zoʻravonlik, ish joyidagi kamsitish va uyda mehnat taqsimotidagi gender farqlari kabi tushunchalarga eʼtibor qaratibgina qolmay, balki ushbu tushunchalarning asl sababini tushunish uchun asos boʻlib xizmat qiladi. ayollar uchun yaxshiroq hayot<ref>{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/wstudies/advising_whystudywgs.php|sarlavha=Women's and Gender Studies|ish=Texas Tech University}}</ref>.

=== Agentlik ===
Agentlik individual va erkin tanlov qilish qobiliyati sifatida belgilanishi kerak<ref name=":4">{{Kitob manbasi|last=Barker|first=C.|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Sage|year=2005|isbn=0-7619-4156-8|location=London}}</ref>. [[Jins]], [[irq]], [[din]] va [[Ijtimoiy sinflar|ijtimoiy sinf]] kabi turli ijtimoiy omillar tufayli shaxsning vakolati cheklanishi mumkin<ref name=":4" />. [[Feminizm|Feministik]] nuqtai nazardan, agentlikni birinchi toʻlqin feminizmiga xos boʻlgan bir tomonlama zulmni tenglashtirishga urinish sifatida qarash muhim<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Agency, Anticipation and Indeterminacy in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, 4(2), 139–148|last=Mcnay|first1=L|year=2003|doi=10.1177/14647001030042003}}</ref>. Feministlar global jamiyatda sodir boʻlayotgan gender munosabatlarini qayta shakllantirishdan avtonomiya va qaramlikning yangi shakllarini yaratish uchun agentlikdan foydalanadilar<ref name=":5" />. Ayollar tadqiqotlari jamiyatdagi ierarxik pozitsiyalar tufayli ayollar tarixan ega boʻlgan vakolatlarning yoʻqligini tan oladi. Feministlar gender tengligini oshirish uchun faol harakat qilmoqdalar, chunki bu barcha ayollar uchun ijtimoiy agentlikni kengaytirishga olib kelishi mumkin<ref name=":5" />.

=== Materializm ===
Materialistik nazariya 1960 va 1970-yillarning feminizmdagi ijtimoiy ishlaridan kelib chiqadi<ref name=":6">{{Veb manbasi|url=https://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1118/1024|sarlavha=Materialist Feminism: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives: Canadian Journal of Communication|muallif=Hennessy|ism=R.|yil=1999}}</ref>. Materializmning tarix, agentlik va mafkuraning marksistik nazariyalari bilan muhim aloqalari bor; boʻlsa-da, til va madaniyatni uning falsafasiga kiritish orqali farqlash mumkin<ref name=":6" />. Materializm har qanday jamiyatning moddiy sharoitida topilishi mumkin boʻlgan ijtimoiy tahlil va ijtimoiy munosabatlarga savollar beradi<ref name=":6" />.

Gender nuqtai nazaridan tadqiq qilishdan tashqari, moddiy sharoitlar ayollar hayotining real tomonlari bilan bogʻliq holda oʻrganiladi<ref name=":6" />. Materialistik feministlar bu munosabatlarni ochib bergan asosiy jihat feministik nuqtai nazardan boʻlib, genderning ijtimoiy sharoitlari tarixiy jihatdan joylashishi, shuningdek, aralashuv va oʻzgarishlarga duchor boʻlishini daʼvo qiladi<ref name=":6" />.

Materialistik feminizm, ayniqsa, ayollarning rolini, xususan, oila, uy-roʻzgʻor va onalik jihatlarini taʼkidlaydigan ijtimoiy tuzilmalarga eʼtibor qaratadi<ref name=":6" />. Materializm ayollarning marginallashuvini targʻib qiluvchi gender nutqlarini tahlil qiladi; Shunday qilib, materialistik feminizmning eng taʼsirli jihatlaridan biri uning mafkura va ularning tarix va agentlik bilan qanday bogʻliqligi masalalariga eʼtiborliligidir<ref name=":6" />.

=== Pedagogikalar ===
Aksariyat [[Muassasa|muassasalarda]] [[Ayol|ayollarni]] oʻrganish kurslari teng qismlarning tadqiqoti, [[Nazariya|nazariyasi]] va amaliyoti [[triada]] modelida ishlovchi [[Feministik pedagogika|feministik pedagogikadan]] foydalanadi. Professorlarni bilim manbai sifatida markazsizlashtirish koʻpincha ayollar tadqiqotlari sohasi sinflashgan madaniyati uchun asosiy masala hisoblanadi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shrewsbury|first1=Carolyn M.|date=Fall 1987|title=What is feminist pedagogy?|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=15|issue=3–4|pages=6–14|jstor=40003432}}
</ref>. Talabalar oʻz taʼlimlari davomida „daʼvo qilishda“ faol ishtirok etishlari, oʻzlari va oʻquv jarayoni uchun mas’uliyatni oʻz zimmalariga olishlari tavsiya etiladi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Rich|first=Adrienne|chapter=Claiming an Education|title=Open Questions|editor=Anderson|location=New York|publisher=Bedford/St. Martin's|year=2005|pages=608–611}}</ref>.

Ayollarni oʻrganish dasturlari va kurslari [[jins]], [[irq]], [[Shahvat|shahvoniylik]], sinf va oʻziga xoslik siyosati va ijtimoiy meʼyorlar bilan bogʻliq boshqa mavzularning kesishishini [[Feminizm|feministik]] obyektiv orqali oʻrganish uchun moʻljallangan. Ayollarni oʻrganish kurslari [[media]] savodxonligi, [[jinsiy aloqa]], irq va etnik kelib chiqish, ayollar ishtirokidagi tarix, besoqolbozlar nazariyasi, koʻpmillatlilik va boshqa chambarchas bogʻliq kurslar kabi turli mavzularga qaratilgan. Fakultet professor-oʻqituvchilari ushbu komponentlarni turli mavzular boʻyicha darslarga, jumladan, [[ommaviy madaniyat]], [[Iqtisodiyot|iqtisodiyotdagi]] ayollar, reproduktiv va atrof-muhit adolati, ayollar salomatligi kabi mavzularga kiritadilar<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|title=Transforming Scholarship|url=https://archive.org/details/transformingscho0002berg|last=Berger|first=Michele Tracy|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|edition=Second|location=Abingdon, Oxon|pages=[https://archive.org/details/transformingscho0002berg/page/35 35]–40}}</ref>.

Ayollarni oʻrganish dasturlari ijtimoiy adolat ishlarida ishtirok etadi va koʻpincha sinfdan tashqarida nazariya va faollik bilan oʻrnatilgan oʻquv dasturlarini ishlab chiqadi. Baʼzi ayollarni oʻrganish dasturlari talabalarga imtiyozlar va zulmning institutsional tuzilmalari ayollar hayotiga qanday taʼsir qilishini boshdan kechirish imkoniyatini beruvchi jamoaga asoslangan amaliyotlarni taklif qiladi. Ayollar boʻyicha oʻquv dasturlari koʻpincha talabalarni kurs materiallarini muhokama qilish va mulohaza yuritishdan tashqari, [[xizmat ko'rsatish]] faoliyatida ishtirok etishga undaydi.

Biroq, [[Massachusets Amherst universiteti|Massachusets Amherst universitetidan]] Daphne Patai ayollarni oʻrganish dasturlarining bu jihatlarini tanqid qilib, ular siyosatni taʼlimdan ustun qoʻyishini taʼkidlaydi: ''"Ushbu dasturlardagi professor-oʻqituvchilarning strategiyalari befarq tilni politsiya qilish, ayollarga mos keladigan tadqiqot usullarini qoʻllab-quvvatlash (masalan, miqdoriy usullardan koʻra sifat) va mashgʻulotlarni xuddi terapiya mashgʻulotlari kabi oʻtkazishni oʻz ichiga oladi<ref name="Patai">{{Cite journal|url=http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/fem_overhaul.html|title=Why Not A Feminist Overhaul of Higher Education?|last=Patai|first1=Daphne|date=23 January 1998|journal=Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=4 May 2007}}</ref>''. Ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha talabalar jins, irq, sinf va jinsiylikni oʻz ichiga olgan shaxs belgilarini tahlil qilganligi sababli, bu koʻpincha hokimiyatning institutsional tuzilmalarini ajratishga olib keladi. Ushbu pedagogikalar natijasida ayollar talabalari universitetni ijtimoiy oʻzgarishlarni amalga oshirish va jamiyatdagi kuchlar tengsizligi haqida biror narsa qilish uchun vositalar toʻplamiga ega boʻlishadi<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bubriski|first1=Anne|last2=Semaan|first2=Ingrid|year=2009|title=Activist Learning vs. Service Learning in a Women's Studies Classroom|journal=Human Architecture: Journal of the Sociology of Self-Knowledge|volume=7|issue=3|pages=91–98}}</ref>.

Ayollarni oʻrganish boʻyicha faoliyat olib borgan taniqli olimlar orasida [[Charlotte Bunch]], [[Patricia Hill Collins]], [[Bell Hooks]], [[Angela Davis]], [[Cherríe Moraga]], [[Audre Lorde]], [[Adrienne Rich]] hamda [[Barbara Ransby]] kabilar bor.

== Ichki akademik tanqid ==
'''"Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Womenʼs Studies"''' kitobida oʻttizta ayol tadqiqotlari akademiklari ''"koʻplab ayollar tadqiqotlari dasturlariga xos boʻlgan nosogʻlom sharoitlar va oʻz-oʻzini yoʻq qilish tendentsiyalarini"'' tanqid qilish uchun birlashdilar. [[Professor|Professorlar]] „''Ayollar tadqiqotlari fakultetining boshqa professor-oʻqituvchilari bilan bu jangovar anti-intellektualizm haqidagi tashvishlarini muhokama qila olmasliklari''“ haqida gapirib, „''talabalar va professorlar tomonidan siyosiy poklikka doimiy eʼtibor berish''“ daʼvolarini taʼkidlashadi<ref>{{Kitob manbasi|last=Patai|first=DAPHNE|title=Professing feminism: education and indoctrination in women's studies|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2003|isbn=9780739104552|location=United States|pages=13, 18|language=English}}</ref>.

== Yana qarang ==
{{Columns-list|colwidth=30em|
* [[Feministik iqtisodiyot]]
* ''[[Feministik tuzilmalar]]''
* ''[[Feministik sharh]]''
* ''[[Feministik tadqiqotlar]]''
* [[Feministik nazariya]]
* [[Fransuz feminizmi]]
* [[Gender tadqiqotlari]]
* [[Qizlar tadqiqotlari]]
* [[Ayollar tadqiqotlari jurnallari ro'yxati]]
* [[Erkaklar tadqiqotlari]]
* [[Misandry]]
* [[Separatistik feminizm]]
* ''[[Belgilar: Madaniyat va jamiyatdagi ayollar jurnali]]''
* [[Ijtimoiy tanqid]]
* [[Ijtimoiy adolat jangchisi]]
* [[Ayol rassomlar]]
* [[Ayollar tarixi]]
* [[Butunjahon ayollar arxivlari markazi]]
}}

== Manbalar ==
{{manbalar}}

== Adabiyotlar ==

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* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Carter|first=Sarah|title=Women's Studies: A Guide to Information Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgui0000cart|year=1990|publisher=Mansell and McFarland|location=London, England and Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0-7201-2058-5|oclc=20392079}}
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* Davis, Angela Y. (2003). Are Prisons Obsolete?, Open Media (April 2003), {{ISBN|1-58322-581-1}}
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* Grewal, Inderpal and Caren Kaplan, ''An Introduction to Womenʼs Studies: Gender in a Transnational World'', {{ISBN|0-07-109380-X}} {{OCLC|47161269}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Griffin|first=Gabriele|title=Doing Women's Studies: Employment Opportunities, Personal Impacts and Social Consequences|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books in association with the University of Hull and the European Union|location=London, England|isbn=978-1-84277-501-1|oclc=56641855}}
* Ginsberg, Alice E. ''The Evolution of American Womenʼs Studies: Reflections on Triumphs, Controversies and Change'' (Palgrave Macmillan: 2009). [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/03/27/women Online interview with Ginsberg]
* Griffin, Gabriele and Rosi Braidotti (eds.), ''Thinking Differently : A Reader in European Womenʼs Studies'', London etc. : Zed Books, 2002 {{ISBN|1-84277-002-0}} {{OCLC|49375751}}
* Howe, Florence (ed.), ''The Politics of Womenʼs Studies: Testimony from Thirty Founding Mothers'', Paperback edition, New York: Feminist Press 2001, {{ISBN|1-55861-241-6}} {{OCLC|44313456}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Hunter College Women's Studies Collective|title=Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies|year=2005|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-515035-3|oclc=55870949}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Jacobs|first=Sue-Ellen|title=Women in Perspective: A Guide for Cross-Cultural Studies|year=1974|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, IL|isbn=978-0-252-00299-1|oclc=1050797|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninperspecti00suee}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Kennedy|first=Elizabeth Lapovsky|authorlink=Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy|title=Women's Studies for the Future: Foundations, Interrogations, Politics|year=2005|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-0-8135-3618-7|oclc=56951279}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Krikos|first=Linda A.|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Bibliography|year=2004|edition=3rd|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Westport, CN|isbn=978-1-56308-566-6|oclc=54079621|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec0003krik}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Larson|first=Andrea and R. Edward Freeman|title=Women's Studies and Business Ethics: Toward a New Conversation|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-510758-6|oclc=35762696}}
* Lederman, Muriel, and Ingrid Bartsch, eds. ''The Gender and Science Reader''. New York: Routledge, 2001. Print.
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Loeb|first=Catherine|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Core Bibliography, 1980–1985|year=1987|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Littleton, CO|isbn=978-0-87287-472-5|oclc=14716751|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec00loebrich}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Luebke|first=Barbara F.|title=Women's Studies Graduates: The First Generation|year=1995|publisher=Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8077-6274-5|oclc=31076831|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgra0000lueb}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=MacNabb|first=Elizabeth L.|title=Transforming the Disciplines: A Women's Studies Primer|year=2001|publisher=Haworth Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-56023-959-8|oclc=44118091|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560239604}}
* Messer-Davidow, Ellen, ''Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse'', Durham, NC etc.: Duke University Press, 2002 {{ISBN|0-8223-2829-1}} {{OCLC|47705543}}
* Narayan, Uma. ''Dislocating Cultures: Identities, Traditions, and Third-World Feminism''. Routledge, 1997. ISBN 9780415914192
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Patai|first=Daphne|title=Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies|year=2003|edition=New and Expanded|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7391-0454-5|oclc=50228164}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Rao|first=Aruna|title=Women's Studies International: Nairobi and Beyond|year=1991|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55861-031-6|oclc=22490140|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesint0000raoa}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Rogers|first=Mary F.|title=Who's Afraid of Women's Studies?: Feminisms in Everyday Life|year=2002|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, CA|oclc=50530054|isbn=978-0-7591-0173-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whosafraidofwome0000roge}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Rosenberg|first=Roberta|title=Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesint0000unse_o2s2|year=2001|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8204-4443-7|oclc=45115816}}
* Schiebinger, Londa. ''Has Feminism Changed Science?''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Print.
* Ruth, Sheila, ''Issues In Feminism: An Introduction to Womenʼs Studies'', 2000, {{ISBN|0-7674-1644-9}} {{OCLC|43978372}}
* {{Kitob manbasi|last=Simien|first=Evelyn M.|editor=Waters|title=Black Women's Intellectual Traditions: Speaking their Minds|year=2007|publisher=University of Vermont Press and the University Press of New England|location=Burlington, VT and Hanover, NH|isbn=978-1-58465-633-3|chapter=Black Feminist Theory: Charting a Course for Black Women's Studies in Political Science|oclc=76140356}}
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* Orr, Catherine; Braithwaite, Ann; Lichtenstein, Diane (2012). ''Rethinking Womenʼs and Gender Studies''. New York: Routledge. {{ISBN|9780415808309}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780415808309|9780415808309]]

== Havolalar ==

* [https://www.smith.edu/academics/swg Smith kolleji Ayollar va gender tadqiqotlari boʻyicha magistratura dasturlari roʻyxati]
* [https://utm.library.utoronto.ca/content/wsslinks-women-and-politics WSSLinks: [[Toronto universiteti]]dagi ayollar tadqiqotlari veb-havolalari]{{Oʻlikhavola|date=oktabr 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/index.html Ayollar tadqiqotlari veb resurslari]
* [http://cws.ut.ac.ir/ [[Tehron universiteti]] Ayollar tadqiqotlari markazi, [[Eron]]]
* [http://www.glbthistory.org [[LGBT|Lezbianlar, geylar, biseksuallar, transgenderlar]] tarixiy jamiyati] {{Webarxiv|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504013755/http://cws.ut.ac.ir/ |date=2017-05-04 }}
* Karen Lerhman, ''[https://www.motherjones.com/politics/1993/09/motherjones-so93-course/ Kursdan]'' tashqari, ''Mother Jones'', 1993-yil sentabr
* [http://www.lwl.org/westfaelische-geschichte/portal/Internet/ku.php?tab=web&ID=84 Asosiy yoʻnalish „Vestfalendagi Frauen- und Geschlechtergeschichte“]
* [http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/programs.html#outside Dunyo boʻylab ayollarni oʻrganish dasturlari roʻyxati]
* [http://userpages.umbc.edu/~korenman/wmst/programs.html Qoʻshma Shtatlardagi ayollarni oʻrganish dasturlari roʻyxati]
* [http://www.focusintl.com/widnet.htm WIDNETdagi ayollar tadqiqotlari manbalari: Rivojlanish tarmogʻidagi ayollar]
* [https://discoverarchives.library.utoronto.ca/index.php/kay-armatage-fonds Kay Armatagening] (Toronto universiteti qoshidagi Ayollar va gender tadqiqotlari institutining asosiy asoschisi) arxiv hujjatlari Toronto [https://utarms.library.utoronto.ca/ universiteti arxivlari va yozuvlarni boshqarish xizmatlarida] boʻlimida

<!-- Turkumlar -->
[[Turkum:Feminologiya]]
[[Turkum:Feminizm]]
[[Turkum:Gender tengligiga aloqador maqolalar]]