Daish

^{Kuhusu mungu wa kike wa Misri ya Kale, angalia Isis}

Picha ya Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi alipokuwa amefungwa Camp Bucca, 2004. Hatimaye alijilipua.

Daish (pia Daesh, tamka: da-ish au da-esh, kwa Kiarabu داعش, kifupisho cha ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām yaani Dola la Kiislamu katika Iraq na Shamu); maarufu pia kama IS, na awali ISIL au ISIS (kutokana na tafsiri ya Kiingereza Islamic State) ni kundi la Waislamu wenye itikadi kali lililoteka na kutawala kwa muda maeneo mbalimbali ya Iraq, Syria, Yemen, Libya, Nigeria na kufanya kazi katika nchi nyingine 14, zikiwemo Afghanistan na Pakistan. Hadi Desemba 2017 ilitawala sehemu kubwa za Iraq, hadi Machi 2019 sehemu za Syria mpaka kuondolewa kijeshi na kulazimishwa kuendelea kwa siri.

Tarehe 29 Juni 2014 kundi hilo lilijitangaza kuwa ukhalifa (khilāfah) wa kimataifa chini ya Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi na kwa sababu hiyo kupunguza maneno fīl-ʿIrāq wash-Shām (ya Iraq na Syria) katika jina lake kuwa الدولة الإسلامية, ad-Dawlah al-Islāmiyah tu.

Kwa msingi huo linadai mamlaka ya kidini, ya kisiasa na ya kijeshi juu ya Waislamu wote duniani, likitangua uhalali wa mwingine yeyote. Bila shaka, Waislamu walio wengi, hasa wenye mamlaka za namna hizo, hawalikubali.

Umoja wa Mataifa unalaumu Daish kwa makosa ya jinai dhidi ya utu, kama vile mauaji ya kimbari na dhuluma za kidini, hasa dhidi ya Wakristo na Wayazidi, lakini pia dhidi ya Waislamu wenye msimamo tofauti, kwa namna ya pekee Washia. Kwa sababu hiyo UN unaliona kundi la magaidi tu, na nchi zaidi ya 60 ziko vitani dhidi yake kwa namna moja au nyingine.

Daish inajulikana kwa matumizi yake makubwa ya vyombo vya habari na mawasiliano hata katika kutangaza mambo inayofanya kinyume cha taratibu za kimataifa, kama vile kuua kikatili raia na kubomoa sehemu za Urithi wa Dunia.

Makao makuu yalikuwa Ar-Raqqah, Syria.

Historia

Kundi hilo lilianza kama Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad mwaka 1999, likawa na jina Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn — maarufu kama al-Qaeda nchini Iraq (AQI) — lilipojiunga na al-Qaeda mwaka 2004. Kuanzia Agosti 2003 lilianza mapigano nchini Iraq, na mnamo Januari 2006 liliungana na makundi mbalimbali ya Wasuni wengine kuunda Mujahideen Shura Council, ambayo mnamo Oktoba 2006 ilitangaza Islamic State of Iraq (ISI).

Chini ya al-Baghdadi, ISI ilituma watu nchini Syria mnamo Agosti 2011 ili kushiriki katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vilivyoanza mnamo Machi 2011.

Al-Qaeda ilivunja uhusiano na ISIL mnamo Februari 2014 kutokana na msimamo wake mkali mno. Hivyo tarehe 29 Juni 2014 kundi lilijiita upya ‘Islamic State’ tu.

Eneo lake lilifikia kilele chake karibu na mwisho wa mwaka 2015, baadaye lilianza kupungua. Kufikia tarehe 10 Desemba 2017 Daish ilikosa maeneo yote nchini Iraq na hatimaye 23 Machi 2019 haikuwa tena na eneo lolote nchini Syria baada ya mapigano makali dhidi ya Wakurdi wenye kusaidiwa na Marekani.

Mnamo Oktoba 2019 Daish ilitangaza kwamba al-Baghdadi amekufa; kufuatana na taarifa mbalimbali alijiua kwa kulipua bomu mahali alipojificha nchini Syria paliposhambuliwa na jeshi la Marekani . Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi alimfuata kama kiongozi mpya wa Daish.

Vikundi wa wanamgambo ambao walitangaza kushirikiana na Daish viko katika nchi mbalimbali ya Afrika, kama vile kaskazini mwa Msumbiji, vikundi vya Boko Haram katika Nigeria na nchi jirani Chadi, Kamerun na Niger. Wengine wako katika maeneo ambako nchi za Niger, Burkina Faso na Mali zinapakana.

Tangu mwaka 2015 kuna tawi pia katika Afghanistan na Pakistan linalojiita Dola la Kiislamu katika Khorasan; wapiganaji wake ni Waarabu kadhaa waliohama Afghanistan pamoja na Taliban wenye mwelekeo mkali zaidi. Daish Khorasan imepigania vita dhidi ya Taliban.

Viungo vya nje

• The Islamic State Archived 1 Julai 2015 at the Wayback Machine.. The Council on Foreign Relations
• ISIS, Counter Extremism Project profile
• Islamic State group: The full story. BBC News
• Frontline: Losing Iraq (July 2014), The Rise of ISIS Archived 6 Septemba 2015 at the Wayback Machine. (October 2014), Obama at War (May 2015), Escaping ISIS (July 2015), documentaries by PBS
• The Islamic State – Full Length, documentary by Vice News (August 2014)
• "ISIS: Portrait of a Jihadi Terrorist Organization" – Report by the Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center.
• [http://web.archive.org/20210118054826/http://www.chechensinsyria.com/ Archived 18 Januari 2021 at the Wayback Machine. From Chechnya To Syria] & Analysis of Russian-speaking Foreign Fighters in Syria
• Operation Inherent Resolve updates
• ISIL frontline maps (Iraq and Syria) Archived 19 Novemba 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
• The Islamic State – Jihadology Research project by Aaron Zelin
• Gabi Siboni, [http://web.archive.org/20161022142223/http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/The%20Military%20Power%20of%20the%20Islamic%20State%20%20Gabi%20Siboni260750900.pdf Archived 22 Oktoba 2016 at the Wayback Machine. The Military Power of the Islamic State], a chapter inside "The Lessons of Operation Protective Edge", eds. Yoram Schweitzer and Omer Einav, INSS, 2016.
• Tal Koren and Gabi Siboni, [http://web.archive.org/20161022142000/http://www.inss.org.il/uploadImages/systemFiles/No.%20601%20-%20Tal%20and%20Gabi%20for%20web.pdf Archived 22 Oktoba 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Cyberspace in the Service of ISIS], INSS Insight No. 601, 4 September 2014.
• [http://web.archive.org/20170519170150/https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-group-that-calls-itself-a-state-understanding-the-evolution-and-challenges-of-the-islamic-state Archived 19 Mei 2017 at the Wayback Machine. "The Group That Calls Itself a State"] – Publication by the Combating Terrorism Center of West Point, The United States Military Academy.
• "Historic Islamic Edict (Fatwa) on Joining ISIS/ISIL" – from Islamic Supreme Council of Canada