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Mgawanyo wa madaraka : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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(marekebisho 7 ya kati na watumizi wengine 5 na yule ambaye hajaonyeshwa)
Mstari 1:
'''Mgawanyo wa madaraka''' ni mafundishofundisho yala kisiasaki[[siasa]] yanayotofautishalinalotaka katikatika ya[[dola]] lolote itofautishwe mikono au mihimili 3 ya mamlaka katika [[dolamamlaka]].
 
MihimiliHiyo mihimili mitatu ni:
:* [[bunge]] au mamlaka ya kutunga [[sheria]]
:* [[serikali]] au mamlaka ya utendaji inayotekeleza sheria
:* [[mahakama]] au mamlaka ya kuamulia sheria
 
== [[Falsafa]] ya mgawanyo wa madaraka ==
[[Hoja]] laya kimsingimsingi ni kugawanya madaraka kati ya mikono mbalimbali inayotakiwa kuatazamianakutazamiana, kurekebishana na kusaidiana.
 
Wafuasi wa fundisho hili huona ya kwamba [[haki]] za watu huwa salama katika mfumo huu kuliko penye mamalakaile ambamo mamlaka yote imo katika [[mkono]] mmoja kama jinsi ilivyo katika hali ya [[udikteta]].
 
Serikali inatawala kwa kutumia sheria lakini haiwezi kutunga sheria peke yake zitakazoongeza mno mamlaka yake mno.
 
Bunge inatungalinatunga sheria lakini haiwezihaliwezi kufaidika na utekelezaji yake moja kwa moja.
 
Mahakama inaangalia sheria na kuamua juu ya matumizi yake. Inatakiwa kuzuia serikali inapoendainapokwenda nje ya sheria. ▼
 
▲Mahakama inaangalia sheria na kuamua juu ya matumizi yake. Inatakiwa kuzuia serikali inapoenda nje ya sheria.
== Historia ==
[[File:Montesquieu 1.png|thumb|200px|Montesquieu]]
Mgawanyo wa madaraka si jambo jipya katika [[historia]]. Ulijitokeza tayari katika [[Ugiriki ya Kale]].
 
[[Jamii]] kadhaa za [[Afrika]] zilipakana mamlaka ya [[chifu]] kwa kumpa sharti yala kuelewana na washauri au baraza la wazee kwa mipango muhimu. ▼
 
Fundisho la kisasa lilitungwa na Mfaransa [[Mfaransa]] Charles-Louis Montesquieu]] katika [[kitabu]] chake "De l'ésprit des lois" ''(Kuhusu roho ya sheria)'' alichokitoa mwaka [[1748]].▼
 
[[Marekani]] na [[Ufaransa]] zilikuwa [[nchi]] za kwanza zilizoingiza mfumo huuhuo katika [[katiba]] zao.▼
 
Siku hizi ni nchi nyingi duniani zinazofuata mfumo huuhuo.▼
 
==Tanbihi==
▲Jamii kadhaa za Afrika zilipakana mamlaka ya chifu kwa kumpa sharti ya kuelewana na washauri au baraza la wazee kwa mipango muhimu.
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
 
==Marejeo==
▲Fundisho la kisasa lilitungwa na Mfaransa [[Charles-Louis Montesquieu]] katika kitabu chake "De l'ésprit des lois" (roho ya sheria) mwaka 1748.
* Peter Barenboim, ''[http://www.florentine-society.ru/pdf/Biblical_Roots_of_Separation_of_Powers.pdf Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers]'', Moscow, Letny Sad, 2005. ISBN 5-94381-123-0, Permalink: http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578
* Biancamaria Fontana (ed.), ''[http://www.cambridge.org/us/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521033764 The Invention of the Modern Republic]'' (2007) ISBN 978-0-521-03376-3
* W. B. Gwyn, ''The Meaning of the Separation of Powers'' (1965) (no ISBN)
* Bernard Manin, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GhAJ2x2coEoC Principles of Representative Government]'' (1995; English version 1997) ISBN 0-521-45258-9 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-45891-9 (pbk)
* José María Maravall and Adam Przeworski (eds), ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=EMB-F6Forx8C Democracy and the Rule of Law]'' (2003) ISBN 0-521-82559-8 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-53266-3 (pbk)
* Paul A. Rahe, [http://www.hillsdalesites.org/personal/prahe/logicofliberty.html ''Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hillsdalesites.org/personal/prahe/logicofliberty.html |date=20110716145832 }} (2009) ISBN 978-0-300-14125-2 (hbk), ISBN 978-0-300-16808-2 (pbk)
* Iain Stewart, [http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/law_journals/macquarie_law_journal "Men of Class: Aristotle, Montesquieu and Dicey on 'Separation of Powers' and 'the Rule of Law'"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.law.mq.edu.au/research/law_journals/macquarie_law_journal |date=20120319161702 }} 4 ''Macquarie Law Journal'' 187 (2004)
* Iain Stewart, [http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/montesquieu.shtml "Montesquieu in England: his 'Notes on England', with Commentary and Translation"] {{Wayback|url=http://ouclf.iuscomp.org/articles/montesquieu.shtml |date=20110408194916 }} (2002)
* Alec Stone Sweet, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=61AzsGk7EW0C Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe]'' (2000) ISBN 978-0-19-829730-7
* M. J. C. Vile, ''[http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0024 Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers] {{Wayback|url=http://oll.libertyfund.org/Home3/Book.php?recordID=0024 |date=20140704001044 }}'' (1967, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998) Second edition. ISBN 0-86597-174-9 (hbk), ISBN 0-86597-175-7 (pbk)
* [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1294671 Steven G. Calabresi, Debate, ''The Great Divorce: The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause'', 157 ''University of Pennsylvania Law Review PENNumbra'' 134 (2008)]
* [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1099355 ''Why Our Next President May Keep His or Her Senate Seat: A Conjecture on the Constitution's Incompatibility Clause'', 4 ''Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy'' 107 (2009)]
* [http://scholarship.law.duke.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=djclpp Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, ''Why the Incompatibility Clause Applies to the Office of President'', 4 ''Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy'' 143 (2009).]
* Reinhold Zippelius, ''Allgemeine Staatslehre/Politikwissenschaft (= Political Science)'', 16th edition, § 31, C.H. Beck, Munich, 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60342-6
 
==Viungo vya nje==
▲[[Marekani]] na [[Ufaransa]] zilikuwa nchi za kwanza zilizoingiza mfumo huu katika katiba zao.
*[http://www.mlloyd.org/mdl-indx/polybius/intro.htm Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers]
*[http://www.bartleby.com/43/9.html Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion (1644)]
 
▲Siku hizi ni nchi nyingi duniani zinazofuata mfumo huu.
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[[Jamii:Serikali]]
[[Jamii:Siasa]]
[[Jamii:Falsafa]]
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