Mgawanyo wa madaraka

Mgawanyo wa madaraka ni fundisho la kisiasa linalotaka katika dola lolote itofautishwe mikono au mihimili 3 ya mamlaka.

Hiyo mihimili mitatu ni:

• bunge au mamlaka ya kutunga sheria
• serikali au mamlaka ya utendaji inayotekeleza sheria
• mahakama au mamlaka ya kuamulia sheria

Falsafa ya mgawanyo wa madaraka

Hoja ya msingi ni kugawanya madaraka kati ya mikono mbalimbali inayotakiwa kutazamiana, kurekebishana na kusaidiana.

Wafuasi wa fundisho hili huona kwamba haki za watu huwa salama katika mfumo huu kuliko penye ile ambamo mamlaka yote imo katika mkono mmoja jinsi ilivyo katika hali ya udikteta.

Serikali inatawala kwa kutumia sheria lakini haiwezi kutunga sheria peke yake zitakazoongeza mno mamlaka yake.

Bunge linatunga sheria lakini haliwezi kufaidika na utekelezaji yake moja kwa moja.

Mahakama inaangalia sheria na kuamua juu ya matumizi yake. Inatakiwa kuzuia serikali inapokwenda nje ya sheria.

Historia

Montesquieu

Mgawanyo wa madaraka si jambo jipya katika historia. Ulijitokeza tayari katika Ugiriki ya Kale.

Jamii kadhaa za Afrika zilipakana mamlaka ya chifu kwa kumpa sharti la kuelewana na washauri au baraza la wazee kwa mipango muhimu.

Fundisho la kisasa lilitungwa na Mfaransa Charles-Louis Montesquieu katika kitabu chake "De l'ésprit des lois" (Kuhusu roho ya sheria) alichokitoa mwaka 1748.

Marekani na Ufaransa zilikuwa nchi za kwanza zilizoingiza mfumo huo katika katiba zao.

Siku hizi ni nchi nyingi duniani zinazofuata mfumo huo.

Marejeo

• Peter Barenboim, Biblical Roots of Separation of Powers, Moscow, Letny Sad, 2005. ISBN 5-94381-123-0, Permalink: http://lccn.loc.gov/2006400578
• Biancamaria Fontana (ed.), The Invention of the Modern Republic (2007) ISBN 978-0-521-03376-3
• W. B. Gwyn, The Meaning of the Separation of Powers (1965) (no ISBN)
• Bernard Manin, Principles of Representative Government (1995; English version 1997) ISBN 0-521-45258-9 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-45891-9 (pbk)
• José María Maravall and Adam Przeworski (eds), Democracy and the Rule of Law (2003) ISBN 0-521-82559-8 (hbk), ISBN 0-521-53266-3 (pbk)
• Paul A. Rahe, Montesquieu and the Logic of Liberty Ilihifadhiwa 16 Julai 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine. (2009) ISBN 978-0-300-14125-2 (hbk), ISBN 978-0-300-16808-2 (pbk)
• Iain Stewart, "Men of Class: Aristotle, Montesquieu and Dicey on 'Separation of Powers' and 'the Rule of Law'" Ilihifadhiwa 19 Machi 2012 kwenye Wayback Machine. 4 Macquarie Law Journal 187 (2004)
• Iain Stewart, "Montesquieu in England: his 'Notes on England', with Commentary and Translation" Ilihifadhiwa 8 Aprili 2011 kwenye Wayback Machine. (2002)
• Alec Stone Sweet, Governing with Judges: Constitutional Politics in Europe (2000) ISBN 978-0-19-829730-7
• M. J. C. Vile, Constitutionalism and the Separation of Powers Ilihifadhiwa 4 Julai 2014 kwenye Wayback Machine. (1967, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1998) Second edition. ISBN 0-86597-174-9 (hbk), ISBN 0-86597-175-7 (pbk)
• Steven G. Calabresi, Debate, The Great Divorce: The Current Understanding of Separation of Powers and the Original Meaning of the Incompatibility Clause, 157 University of Pennsylvania Law Review PENNumbra 134 (2008)
• Why Our Next President May Keep His or Her Senate Seat: A Conjecture on the Constitution's Incompatibility Clause, 4 Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy 107 (2009)
• Saikrishna Bangalore Prakash, Why the Incompatibility Clause Applies to the Office of President, 4 Duke Journal of Constitutional Law & Public Policy 143 (2009).
• Reinhold Zippelius, Allgemeine Staatslehre/Politikwissenschaft (= Political Science), 16th edition, § 31, C.H. Beck, Munich, 2010, ISBN 978-3-406-60342-6

Viungo vya nje

• Polybius and the Founding Fathers: the separation of powers
• Arbitrary Government Described and the Government of the Massachusetts Vindicated from that Aspersion (1644)