Alat — разлика између измена

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Alat (tur. âlet) ili oruđe su ručna sredstva za rad. Alate možemo dijeliti prema granama industrije na poljoprivredne alatke, šumarske, bravarske, električarske, rudarske, hirurške itd, ali tu se između njih teško može povući granica, jer ista alatka može da se koristi u raznim granama industrije.

Iako se termin alat lako može primeniti na mnoge stvari koje su sredstvo za postizanje cilja (npr. viljuška),^[1]^[2]^[3] strogo govoreći, predmet je alat samo ako je, osim što je konstruisan za držanje, takođe napravljen od materijala koji omogućava korisniku da na njega primenjuje različite stepene sile. Ako ponovljena upotreba istroši deo alata (poput sečiva noža), moguće je da postoji mogućnost obnove tog dela; alternativno istrošeni ili polomljeni alat mora biti zamenjen. Alat spada u taksonomsku kategoriju oruđa, i nalazi se u istom taksonomskom rangu kao instrument, pribor, uređaj ili posuđe.

Svrsishodna je podjela prema namjeni. Prema namjeni alate dijelimo na :

alati za stezanje, (fiksiranje), (klješta, stega...)^[4]^[5]
alati za pomjerenje,
alati za mjerenje, (nonijus ili šubler, metar (alat), lenjir...)
alati za rezanje (sječenje),
alati za zavrtanje (odvrtanje), (odvrtka, francuski ključ...)
alati za kovanje i savijanje,
alati za držanje (pridržavanje), (hvataljke, mašice...)
alati za bušenje, (bušilica, rende, turpija...)
specijalni alati

Istorija

Antropolozi smatraju da je upotreba alata bio važan korak u ljudskoj evoluciji.^[6] S obzirom na to da alate ekstenzivno koriste ljudi i divlje šimpanze, široko se pretpostavlja da se prva rutinska upotreba alata dogodila pre divergencije između te dve vrste.^[7] Međutim, ovi rani alati su verovatno bili napravljeni od nepostojanih materijala kao što su štapivi ili su se sastojali od nemodifikovanog kamenja koje se ne može razlikovati od drugog kamenja kao alata.

Kameni artefakti datiraju od pre oko 2,5 miliona godina.^[8] Međutim, jedna studija iz 2010. godine sugeriše da je vrsta hominina Australopithecus afarensis jela meso kasapeći leševe životinja kamenim oruđima. Ovo otkriće pomera najraniju poznatu upotrebu kamenog oruđa među homininima na pre oko 3,4 miliona godina.^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]

Do nedavno je oružje pronađeno u iskopinama bilo jedino oruđe „ranog čoveka” koje je proučavano i kome je pridavana važnost. Sada je više alata prepoznato kao kulturno i istorijski relevantno. Pored lova, za druge aktivnosti potrebni su i alati kao što su oni za pripremanje hrane, „... orašanje, obradu kože, žetvu i obradu drveta ...” U ovu grupu su uključeni i „alati od ljuskastog kamena”.

Alati su najvažniji predmeti koje su drevni ljudi koristili da se uspnu na vrh lanca ishrane; unapređivanjem alata, oni su mogli da ostvare zadatke koji prevazilaze mogućnosti ljudskog tela, kao što je koplje ili luk i strela za ubijanje plena, jer njihovi zubi nisu bili dovoljno oštri da probiju kožu mnogih životinja. „Čovek lovac” kao katalizator promene hominina je doveden u pitanje. Na osnovu tragova na kostima na arheološkim nalazištima, sada je očiglednije da su praljudi lešinarili ulove drugih predator, umesto da ubijaju svoju hranu.^[14]

Mehanički uređaji doživeli su veliku ekspanziju svoje upotrebe u drevnoj Grčkoj i drevnom Rimu sistematskim korišćenjem novih izvora energije, posebno vodenih točkova. Njihova upotreba proširila se tokom mračnog doba dodavanjem vetrenjača.

Mašinski alati izazvali su nagli porast u proizvodnji novih alata tokom industrijske revolucije.^[15]^[16] Zagovornici nanotehnologije očekuju nastanak sličnog talasa sa umanjenjem alata do mikroskopske veličine.^[17]^[18]

Reference

^ Charing Worh (2014), Types of Cutlery in the UK, Charing Worth, Архивирано из оригинала 24. 3. 2014. г., Приступљено 24. 3. 2014
^ bookrags.com. bookrags.com (2 November 2010). Шаблон:Tertiary
^ Anette Rasmsson. „popularhistoria.se at archive.org”. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 7. 2010. г. Приступљено 2019-02-06.
^ Colvin, Fred H.; Haas, Lucian L. (1938). Jigs and Fixtures: A Reference Book. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
^ Henriksen, Erik K. (1973). Jig and Fixture Design Manual. New York, N.Y.: Industrial Press Inc.
^ Sam Lilley, Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress, 1948 Cobbett Press.
^ Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W.C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C.E.G. Tutin, R.W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682—85. Panger, M.A., A.S. Brooks, B.G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235–45.
^ Jones, S.; Martin, R.; Pilbeam, D., ур. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32370-3. Also ISBN 0-521-46786-1 (paperback)
^ McPherron, Shannon P.; Zeresenay Alemseged; Curtis W. Marean; Jonathan G. Wynn; Denne Reed; Denis Geraads; Rene Bobe; Hamdallah A. Bearat (2010). „Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia”. Nature. 466 (7308): 857—60. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..857M. PMID 20703305. S2CID 4356816. doi:10.1038/nature09248.
^ Corbey, Raymond; Jagich, Adam; Vaesen, Krist; Collard, Mark (2016). „The acheulean handaxe: More like a bird's song than a beatles' tune?”. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 25 (1): 6—19. PMC 5066817 . PMID 26800014. doi:10.1002/evan.21467.
^ Frere, John (1800). „Account of Flint Weapons Discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk”. Archaeologia. Society of Antiquaries of London. 13: 204—205. doi:10.1017/s0261340900024267.
^ Key, Alastair J. M.; Lycett, Stephen J. (јун 2017). „Influence of Handaxe Size and Shape on Cutting Efficiency: A Large-Scale Experiment and Morphometric Analysis” (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 24 (2): 514—541. S2CID 254609180. doi:10.1007/s10816-016-9276-0.
^ Wynn, Thomas; Gowlett, John (јануар 2018). „The handaxe reconsidered”. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 27 (1): 21—29. PMID 29446559. S2CID 3678641. doi:10.1002/evan.21552 .
^ Holmes, Bob. „Man's early hunting role in doubt”. Newscientist.com. Приступљено 12. 11. 2012.
^ „Industrial History of European Countries”. European Route of Industrial Heritage. Council of Europe. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 6. 2021. г. Приступљено 2. 6. 2021.
^ Landes, David S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-09418-4.
^ Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles, David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006
^ Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?, Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

Literatura

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Asimov, Isaac (1988), Understanding Physics, New York City: Barnes & Noble, ISBN 0-88029-251-2.
Anderson, William Ballantyne (1914). Physics for Technical Students: Mechanics and Heat. New York City: McGraw Hill. Приступљено 2008-05-11.
Archibugi, Daniele, and Mario Planta (1996). „Measuring technological change through patents and innovation surveys”. Technovation. 16 (9): 451—519. doi:10.1016/0166-4972(96)00031-4. .
Brush, S.G. (1988). The History of Modern Science: A Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution 1800–1950. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Bunch, Bryan and Hellemans, Alexander, (1993) The Timetables of Technology, New York, Simon & Schuster.
Castro, J. Justin (2020). „History of technology in nineteenth and twentieth century Latin America”. History Compass. 18 (3). S2CID 212813609. doi:10.1111/hic3.12609.
Derry, Thomas Kingston and Williams, Trevor I., (1993) A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900 New York: Dover Publications.
Greenwood, Jeremy (1997) The Third Industrial Revolution: Technology, Productivity and Income Inequality AEI Press.
Kranzberg, Melvin and Pursell, Carroll W. Jr., eds. (1967) Technology in Western Civilization: Technology in the Twentieth Century New York: Oxford University Press.
Landa, Manuel de, War in the Age of Intelligent Machines, 2001.
McNeil, Ian (1990). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-14792-7.
Olby, R.C. et al., eds. (1996). Companion to the History of Modern Science. New York, Routledge.
Pacey, Arnold, (1974, 2ed 1994), The Maze of Ingenuity, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass,
Singer, C., Holmyard, E.J., Hall, A.R. and Williams, T.I. (eds.), (1954–59 and 1978) A History of Technology, 7 vols., Oxford, Clarendon Press. (Vols 6 and 7, 1978, ed. T. I. Williams)
Wilson, George (1855). What is Technology?: an inaugural lecture delivered in the University of Edinburgh on November 7, 1855 (1 изд.). Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox.
Heinzelin, Jean de; Clark, JD; White, T; Hart, W; Renne, P; Woldegabriel, G; Beyene, Y; Vrba, E (април 1999). „Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids”. Science. 284 (5414): 625—629. Bibcode:1999Sci...284..625D. PMID 10213682. doi:10.1126/science.284.5414.625.
Plummer, Thomas (2004). „Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology. Suppl 39 (47): 118—64. PMID 15605391. doi:10.1002/ajpa.20157.
Haviland, William A. (2004). Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge. The Thomson Corporation. ISBN 978-0-534-62487-3.
Tóth, Zsuzsanna (2012). „The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, Volume III: The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary”. Ур.: Anders, Alexandra; Siklósi, Zsuzsanna. Bone, Antler, and Tusk tools of the Early Neolithic Körös Culture. Oxford: BAR International Series 2334.
Paine, Lincoln (2013). The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World. New York: Random House, LLC.
Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. ISBN 9781575060422.
D.T. Potts (2012). A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. стр. 285.
Attema, P. A. J.; Los-Weijns, Ma; Pers, N. D. Maring-Van der (децембар 2006). „Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East”. Palaeohistoria. University of Groningen. 47/48: 10—28 (11).
Paipetis, S. A.; Ceccarelli, Marco (2010). The Genius of Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010. Springer Science & Business Media. стр. 416. ISBN 9789048190911.
Faiella, Graham (2006). The Technology of Mesopotamia. The Rosen Publishing Group. стр. 27. ISBN 9781404205604.
Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1999). Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence. Eisenbrauns. стр. 4. ISBN 9781575060422.
Woods, Michael; Mary B. Woods (2000). Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels. USA: Twenty-First Century Books. стр. 58. ISBN 0-8225-2994-7.
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Wood, Michael (2000). Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti. Minneapolis, MN: Runestone Press. стр. 35, 36. ISBN 0-8225-2996-3.

Spoljašnje veze

Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows Corvus moneduloides

[1] Charing Worh (2014), Types of Cutlery in the UK, Charing Worth, Архивирано из оригинала 24. 3. 2014. г., Приступљено 24. 3. 2014

[2] rags.com. bookrags.com (2 November 2010). Шаблон:Tertiary

[3] Anette Rasmsson. „popularhistoria.se at archive.org”. Архивирано из оригинала 31. 7. 2010. г. Приступљено 2019-02-06.

[4] Colvin, Fred H.; Haas, Lucian L. (1938). Jigs and Fixtures: A Reference Book. New York and London: McGraw-Hill Book Company.

[5] Henriksen, Erik K. (1973). Jig and Fixture Design Manual. New York, N.Y.: Industrial Press Inc.

[lilley-6] Sam Lilley, Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress, 1948 Cobbett Press.

[7] Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W.C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C.E.G. Tutin, R.W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. Nature 399:682—85. Panger, M.A., A.S. Brooks, B.G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 11:235–45.

[encylopediahumanevolution-8] Jones, S.; Martin, R.; Pilbeam, D., ур. (1994). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-32370-3. Also ISBN 0-521-46786-1 (paperback)

[9] McPherron, Shannon P.; Zeresenay Alemseged; Curtis W. Marean; Jonathan G. Wynn; Denne Reed; Denis Geraads; Rene Bobe; Hamdallah A. Bearat (2010). „Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia”. Nature. 466 (7308): 857—60. Bibcode:2010Natur.466..857M. PMID 20703305. S2CID 4356816. doi:10.1038/nature09248.

[Corbey-10] Corbey, Raymond; Jagich, Adam; Vaesen, Krist; Collard, Mark (2016). „The acheulean handaxe: More like a bird's song than a beatles' tune?”. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 25 (1): 6—19. PMC 5066817 . PMID 26800014. doi:10.1002/evan.21467.

[11] Frere, John (1800). „Account of Flint Weapons Discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk”. Archaeologia. Society of Antiquaries of London. 13: 204—205. doi:10.1017/s0261340900024267.

[Key-12] Key, Alastair J. M.; Lycett, Stephen J. (јун 2017). „Influence of Handaxe Size and Shape on Cutting Efficiency: A Large-Scale Experiment and Morphometric Analysis” (PDF). Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory. 24 (2): 514—541. S2CID 254609180. doi:10.1007/s10816-016-9276-0.

[13] Wynn, Thomas; Gowlett, John (јануар 2018). „The handaxe reconsidered”. Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 27 (1): 21—29. PMID 29446559. S2CID 3678641. doi:10.1002/evan.21552 .

[Holmes-14] Holmes, Bob. „Man's early hunting role in doubt”. Newscientist.com. Приступљено 12. 11. 2012.

[15] „Industrial History of European Countries”. European Route of Industrial Heritage. Council of Europe. Архивирано из оригинала 23. 6. 2021. г. Приступљено 2. 6. 2021.

[David_S._Landes_1969-16] Landes, David S. (1969). The Unbound Prometheus. Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-09418-4.

[17] Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles, David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

[18] Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?, Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006

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@@ Ред 1: / Ред 1: @@
+[[File:Agricultural tools at show.jpg|thumb|250px|Prikaz poljoprivrednih alata]]
-[[Датотека:Railway workshop museum exhibition in Ljubljana, Slovenia.jpg|мини|250п|Alat u železničkoj radionici.]]
+[[Датотека:20060513 toolbox.jpg|250px|десно|thumb|Moderna [[toolbox|kutija alata]]]]
-[[Alat]] ({{jez-tur|âlet|el}}) naziv je za [[ruka|ručna]] sredstva za [[rad]]. Alate možemo dijeliti prema granama [[industrija|industrije]] na poljoprivredne alatke, šumarske, bravarske, električarske, rudarske, hirurške itd, ali tu se između njih teško može povući granica, jer ista alatka može da se koristi u raznim granama industrije.
+'''Alat''' ({{jez-tur|âlet|el}}) ili '''oruđe''' su [[ruka|ručna]] sredstva za [[Механички рад|rad]]. Alate možemo dijeliti prema granama [[industrija|industrije]] na poljoprivredne alatke, šumarske, bravarske, električarske, rudarske, hirurške itd, ali tu se između njih teško može povući granica, jer ista alatka može da se koristi u raznim granama industrije.
+Iako se termin alat lako može primeniti na mnoge stvari koje su sredstvo za postizanje cilja (npr. [[viljuška]]),<ref>{{citation|author=Charing Worh|title=Types of Cutlery in the UK|url=http://www.charingworth.net/GB/shop/about-charingworth-cutlery.html|access-date=24 March 2014|year=2014|publisher=Charing Worth|archive-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140324075857/http://www.charingworth.net/GB/shop/about-charingworth-cutlery.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.bookrags.com/research/knife-fork-and-spoon-woi/ bookrags.com]. bookrags.com (2 November 2010). {{tertiary|date=April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Anette Rasmsson |url=http://www.popularhistoria.se/o.o.i.s?id=170&vid=707 |title=popularhistoria.se at archive.org |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100731165816/http://www.popularhistoria.se/o.o.i.s?id=170&vid=707|access-date=2019-02-06|archive-date = 31 July 2010}}</ref> strogo govoreći, predmet je alat samo ako je, osim što je konstruisan za držanje, takođe napravljen od materijala koji omogućava korisniku da na njega primenjuje različite stepene sile. Ako ponovljena upotreba istroši deo alata (poput sečiva [[nož]]a), moguće je da postoji mogućnost obnove tog dela; alternativno istrošeni ili polomljeni alat mora biti zamenjen. Alat spada u taksonomsku kategoriju ''oruđa'', i nalazi se u istom taksonomskom rangu kao [[wikt:instrument|instrument]], [[wikt:utensil|pribor]], [[uređaj]] ili posuđe.
-Svrsishodnija je podjela prema namjeni. Prema namjeni alate dijelimo na :
-# [[alati za stezanje]], (fiksiranje), ([[klješta]], [[stega]]...)
+Svrsishodna je podjela prema namjeni. Prema namjeni alate dijelimo na :
+{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
+# [[alati za stezanje]], (fiksiranje), ([[klješta]], [[stega]]...)<ref>{{cite book
+ | last1= Colvin
+ | first1= Fred H.
+ | last2=Haas
+ | first2= Lucian L.
+ | title= Jigs and Fixtures: A Reference Book
+ | url=https://archive.org/details/jigsandfixtures00haasgoog
+ | year= 1938
+ | publisher= McGraw-Hill Book Company
+ | location= New York and London
+}}</ref><ref>{{cite book
+ | last= Henriksen
+ | first= Erik K.
+ | title= Jig and Fixture Design Manual
+ | url=https://archive.org/details/jigfixturedesign0000unse
+ | url-access=registration
+ | year= 1973
+ | publisher= Industrial Press Inc.
+ | location= New York, N.Y.
+}}</ref>
 # [[alati za pomjeranje|alati za pomjerenje]],
 # [[alati za mjerenje]], ([[nonijus]] ili [[šubler]], [[metar (alat)]], [[lenjir]]...)
@@ Ред 10: / Ред 33: @@
 # [[alati za kovanje]] i savijanje,
 # [[alati za držanje]] (pridržavanje), ([[hvataljke]], [[mašice]]...)
-# [[alati za bušenje]], ([[brusilica]], [[rende]], [[turpija]]...)
+# [[alati za bušenje]], ([[bušilica]], [[hoblerica|rende]], [[turpija]]...)
 # [[specijalni alati]]
+{{div col end}}
+== Istorija ==
+{{main-lat |Istorija tehnologije}}
+[[File:Prehistoric Tools - Les Combarelles - Les Eyzies de Tayac - MNP.jpg|thumb|200px|десно|Praistorijski [[stone tool|kameni alati]] koji su preko 10.000 godina stari, nađeni u [[Les Combarelles|Kombareljskoj]] pećini u Francuskoj]]
+[[File:MaryRose-carpentry tools1.jpg|thumb|200px|Stolarski alati pronađeni u olupini jedrenjaka iz 16. veka, [[Mary Rose|Mari Rouz]]. Idući od gore, [[malj]], [[Brace (tool)|stvrdlo]], [[hoblerica]], drška [[Auger (drill)|T-svrdla]], drška [[Сврдло|karike]], moguća drška [[čekić]]a i [[lenjir]].]]
+[[Физичка антропологија|Antropolozi]] smatraju da je upotreba alata bio važan korak u [[еволуција човека|ljudskoj evoluciji]].<ref name="lilley">Sam Lilley, ''[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.36385 <!-- quote=tools history. --> Men, Machines and History: The Story of Tools and Machines in Relation to Social Progress]'', 1948 Cobbett Press.</ref> S obzirom na to da alate ekstenzivno koriste ljudi i divlje [[Обична шимпанза|šimpanze]], široko se pretpostavlja da se prva rutinska upotreba alata dogodila pre divergencije između te dve vrste.<ref>Whiten, A., J. Goodall, W.C. McGrew, T. Nishida, V. Reynolds, Y. Sugiyama, C.E.G. Tutin, R.W. Wrangham, and C. Boesch. 1999. Cultures in Chimpanzees. ''Nature'' 399:682—85. Panger, M.A., A.S. Brooks, B.G. Richmond, and B. Wood. 2002. Older than the Oldowan? Rethinking the emergence of hominin tool use. ''Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews'' 11:235–45.</ref> Međutim, ovi rani alati su verovatno bili napravljeni od nepostojanih materijala kao što su štapivi ili su se sastojali od nemodifikovanog kamenja koje se ne može razlikovati od drugog kamenja kao alata.
+Kameni artefakti datiraju od pre oko 2,5 miliona godina.<ref name="encylopediahumanevolution">{{cite book |title=The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Human Evolution |editor1=Jones, S. |editor2=Martin, R. |editor3=Pilbeam, D. |year=1994 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-32370-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgeencyclo00step }} Also {{ISBN|0-521-46786-1}} (paperback)</ref> Međutim, jedna studija iz 2010. godine sugeriše da je vrsta [[Hominine|hominina]] -{''[[Australopithecus afarensis]]''}- jela meso kasapeći [[Carcasses of animals|leševe]] životinja kamenim oruđima. Ovo otkriće pomera najraniju poznatu upotrebu kamenog oruđa među homininima na pre oko 3,4 miliona godina.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1038/nature09248 |volume=466 |issue=7308 |pages=857–60 |last=McPherron |pmid=20703305 |first=Shannon P. |author2=Zeresenay Alemseged |author3=Curtis W. Marean |author4=Jonathan G. Wynn |author5=Denne Reed |author6=Denis Geraads |author7=Rene Bobe |author8=Hamdallah A. Bearat |title=Evidence for stone-tool-assisted consumption of animal tissues before 3.39 million years ago at Dikika, Ethiopia |journal=Nature |year=2010 |bibcode=2010Natur.466..857M|s2cid=4356816 }}</ref><ref name="Corbey">{{cite journal | doi=10.1002/evan.21467 | title=The acheulean handaxe: More like a bird's song than a beatles' tune? | year=2016 | last1=Corbey | first1=Raymond | last2=Jagich | first2=Adam | last3=Vaesen | first3=Krist | last4=Collard | first4=Mark | journal=Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews | volume=25 | issue=1 | pages=6–19 | pmid=26800014 | pmc=5066817 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Frere|first= John|year=1800|title=Account of Flint Weapons Discovered at Hoxne in Suffolk|journal=Archaeologia|publisher=Society of Antiquaries of London|volume=13|pages=204–205|doi=10.1017/s0261340900024267|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1428700}}</ref><ref name="Key">{{cite journal |last1=Key |first1=Alastair J. M. |last2=Lycett |first2=Stephen J. |title=Influence of Handaxe Size and Shape on Cutting Efficiency: A Large-Scale Experiment and Morphometric Analysis |journal=Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory |date=June 2017 |volume=24 |issue=2 |pages=514–541 |doi=10.1007/s10816-016-9276-0 |s2cid=254609180 |url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54006/1/Key%20Lycett%202017.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wynn |first1=Thomas |last2=Gowlett |first2=John |title=The handaxe reconsidered |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews |date=January 2018 |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=21–29 |doi=10.1002/evan.21552 |pmid=29446559 |s2cid=3678641 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+Do nedavno je oružje pronađeno u iskopinama bilo jedino oruđe „ranog čoveka” koje je proučavano i kome je pridavana važnost. Sada je više alata prepoznato kao kulturno i istorijski relevantno. Pored lova, za druge aktivnosti potrebni su i alati kao što su oni za pripremanje hrane, „... orašanje, obradu kože, žetvu i obradu drveta ...” U ovu grupu su uključeni i „alati od ljuskastog kamena”.
+[[File:Dijelovi zidarskog alata.jpg|thumb|Dijelovi zidarskog alata,[[Мuzej Hercegovine]], [[Trebinje]] ]]
+Alati su najvažniji predmeti koje su drevni ljudi koristili da se uspnu na vrh [[ланац исхране|lanca ishrane]]; unapređivanjem alata, oni su mogli da ostvare zadatke koji prevazilaze mogućnosti ljudskog tela, kao što je [[koplje]] ili [[luk i strela]] za ubijanje [[predacija|plena]], jer njihovi zubi nisu bili dovoljno oštri da probiju kožu mnogih životinja. „Čovek lovac” kao katalizator promene hominina je doveden u pitanje. Na osnovu tragova na kostima na arheološkim nalazištima, sada je očiglednije da su praljudi lešinarili ulove drugih predator, umesto da ubijaju svoju hranu.<ref name="Holmes">{{cite web |last=Holmes |first=Bob |title=Man's early hunting role in doubt |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3222-mans-early-hunting-role-in-doubt.html |publisher=Newscientist.com |accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref>
+[[Механика|Mehanički]] uređaji doživeli su veliku ekspanziju svoje upotrebe u [[стара Грчка|drevnoj Grčkoj]] i [[хронологија античког Рима|drevnom Rimu]] sistematskim korišćenjem novih izvora energije, posebno [[waterwheel|vodenih točkova]]. Njihova upotreba proširila se tokom [[Мрачно доба|mračnog doba]] dodavanjem [[Вјетрењача|vetrenjača]].
+[[Machine tool|Mašinski alati]] izazvali su nagli porast u proizvodnji novih alata tokom [[индустријска револуција|industrijske revolucije]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Industrial History of European Countries |url=https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=European Route of Industrial Heritage |publisher=Council of Europe |archive-date=23 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623201807/https://www.erih.net/how-it-started/industrial-history-of-european-countries |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="David S. Landes 1969">{{cite book |last=Landes |first=David S. |title=The Unbound Prometheus |date=1969 |publisher=Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-09418-4}}</ref> Zagovornici [[нанотехнологија|nanotehnologije]] očekuju nastanak sličnog talasa sa umanjenjem alata do mikroskopske veličine.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121025003855/http://www.forbes.com/2004/01/28/cx_dw_0129pollnanotechmidas04_xyz.html Nanotechnology: Big Potential In Tiny Particles], David Whelan. Retrieved on November 6, 2006</ref><ref>[http://news.thomasnet.com/IMT/archives/2004/03/will_this_tiny.html?t=archive Will this Tiny Science Usher in the Next Industrial Revolution?], Katrina C. Arabe. Retrieved on November 6, 2006</ref>
+== Reference ==
+{{reflist}}
+== Literatura ==
+{{Литература|30em}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Paul |first1=Akshoy |last2=Roy |first2=Pijush |last3=Mukherjee |first3=Sanchayan |title=Mechanical sciences: engineering mechanics and strength of materials |year=2005 |publisher=Prentice Hall of India |isbn=81-203-2611-3 |page= |postscript=.}}
+* {{Citation |last=Asimov |first=Isaac |title=Understanding Physics |year=1988 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |location=New York City|isbn=0-88029-251-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pSKvaLV6zkcC&dq=Asimov+simple+machine&pg=PA88 |page= |postscript=.}}
+* {{cite book |last=Anderson |first=William Ballantyne |title=Physics for Technical Students: Mechanics and Heat |year=1914 |publisher=McGraw Hill |location=New York City |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Pa0IAAAAIAAJ |accessdate=2008-05-11 |pages= }}
+* {{cite journal|author=Archibugi, Daniele, and Mario Planta|title=Measuring technological change through patents and innovation surveys |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_technovation_1996-09_16_9/page/451|date=1996 |journal=Technovation |volume=16|issue=9|pages=451–519|doi=10.1016/0166-4972(96)00031-4 }}.
+* Brush, S.G. (1988). ''The History of Modern Science: A Guide to the Second Scientific Revolution 1800–1950''. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
+* Bunch, Bryan and Hellemans, Alexander, (1993) ''The Timetables of Technology'', New York, Simon & Schuster.
+* {{cite journal|doi=10.1111/hic3.12609|volume=18|issue=3|pages= |title=History of technology in nineteenth and twentieth century Latin America |date=2020 |last1=Castro |first1=J. Justin |journal=History Compass |s2cid=212813609 }}
+* Derry, Thomas Kingston and Williams, Trevor I., (1993) ''A Short History of Technology: From the Earliest Times to A.D. 1900''  New York: Dover Publications.
+* Greenwood, Jeremy (1997) [https://web.archive.org/web/20081217025009/http://www.econ.rochester.edu/Faculty/GreenwoodPapers/third.pdf ''The Third Industrial Revolution: Technology, Productivity and Income Inequality''] AEI Press.
+* Kranzberg, Melvin and Pursell, Carroll W. Jr., eds. (1967) ''Technology in Western Civilization: Technology in the Twentieth Century''  New York: Oxford University Press.
+* [[Manuel de Landa|Landa, Manuel de]], ''[[War in the Age of Intelligent Machines]]'', 2001.
+* {{cite book |title=An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology |last=McNeil |first=Ian|authorlink= |year=1990 |publisher=Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-14792-7 |pages= |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofh00mcne|url-access=registration }}
+* Olby, R.C. et al., eds. (1996). ''Companion to the History of Modern Science''. New York, Routledge.
+* Pacey, Arnold, (1974, 2ed 1994), ''The Maze of Ingenuity'', The MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass,
+* Singer, C., Holmyard, E.J., Hall, A.R. and Williams, T.I. (eds.), (1954–59 and 1978) <cite>A History of Technology</cite>, 7 vols., Oxford, Clarendon Press. (Vols 6 and 7, 1978, ed. T. I. Williams)
+* {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=George|authorlink=George Wilson (chemist)|title=What is Technology?: an inaugural lecture delivered in the University of Edinburgh on November 7, 1855|edition=1|year=1855|publisher=Sutherland and Knox|location=Edinburgh|title-link=s:What is Technology?}}
+* {{cite journal | title=Environment and Behavior of 2.5-Million-Year-Old Bouri Hominids | last1=Heinzelin | first1=Jean de | journal=[[Science (časopis)|Science]] |date=April 1999 | volume=284 | issue=5414 | pages=625–629 | doi= 10.1126/science.284.5414.625 | pmid=10213682 | last2=Clark | first2=JD | last3=White | first3=T | last4=Hart | first4=W | last5=Renne | first5=P | last6=Woldegabriel | first6=G | last7=Beyene | first7=Y | last8=Vrba | first8=E| bibcode=1999Sci...284..625D }}
+* {{cite journal|title=Flaked Stones and Old Bones: Biological and Cultural Evolution at the Dawn of Technology|author= Plummer, Thomas|journal= American Journal of Physical Anthropology|publisher=[[Yearbook of Physical Anthropology]]|year=2004|volume= Suppl 39|issue=47|pages= 118–64|doi= 10.1002/ajpa.20157|pmid= 15605391}}
+* {{cite book|title=Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge|author= Haviland, William A.|publisher=[[The Thomson Corporation]]|year=2004|isbn=978-0-534-62487-3|page= }}
+* {{Cite book|first1=Zsuzsanna|last1=Tóth | editor1-first=Alexandra |editor1-last=Anders | editor2-first=Zsuzsanna |editor2-last=Siklósi | year=2012 | title=Bone, Antler, and Tusk tools of the Early Neolithic Körös Culture | contribution=The First Neolithic Sites in Central/South-East European Transect, Volume III: The Körös Culture in Eastern Hungary | page= | location=Oxford | publisher=BAR International Series 2334 }}
+* {{cite book |title=The Sea and Civilization: A Maritime History of the World |last=Paine |first= Lincoln |year= 2013 |publisher =Random House, LLC|location= New York|isbn= |pages=}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |date=1999 |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |isbn=9781575060422}}
+* {{cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|author=D.T. Potts|year=2012|page=285}}
+* {{cite journal|last1=Attema |first1=P. A. J. |last2=Los-Weijns |first2=Ma |last3=Pers |first3=N. D. Maring-Van der |title=Bronocice, Flintbek, Uruk, JEbel Aruda and Arslantepe: The Earliest Evidence Of Wheeled Vehicles In Europe And The Near East |journal=Palaeohistoria |date=December 2006 |volume=47/48 |publisher=[[University of Groningen]] |pages=10–28 (11)}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Paipetis |first1=S. A. |last2=Ceccarelli |first2=Marco |title=The Genius of Archimedes -- 23 Centuries of Influence on Mathematics, Science and Engineering: Proceedings of an International Conference held at Syracuse, Italy, June 8-10, 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789048190911 |page=416}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Faiella |first1=Graham |title=The Technology of Mesopotamia |date=2006 |publisher=[[The Rosen Publishing Group]] |isbn=9781404205604 |page=27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bGMyBTS0-v0C&pg=PA27}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Moorey |first1=Peter Roger Stuart |title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence |url=https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor |url-access=limited |date=1999 |publisher=[[Eisenbrauns]] |isbn=9781575060422 |page=[https://archive.org/details/ancientmesopotam00moor/page/n12 4]}}
+* {{cite book   | last =  Woods| first = Michael |author2=Mary B. Woods| title = Ancient Machines: From Wedges to Waterwheels| publisher = Twenty-First Century Books| year = 2000| location = USA| pages = 58| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=E1tzW_aDnxsC&pg=PA58| doi = | isbn = 0-8225-2994-7}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Selin |first1=Helaine |title=Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Westen Cultures |date=2013 |publisher=[[Springer Science & Business Media]] |isbn=9789401714167 |page=282 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282}}
+* {{cite book|title=Ancient Machines: From Grunts to Graffiti|last=Wood|first=Michael|publisher=Runestone Press|year=2000|isbn=0-8225-2996-3|location=Minneapolis, MN|pages=[https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35 35, 36]|authorlink=|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientcommunica00wood/page/35}}
+{{Литература крај}}
+== Spoljašnje veze ==
+* [https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10071-003-0202-y Selection of tool diameter by New Caledonian crows ''Corvus moneduloides'']
+{{podnožje|lat=da}}
+{{СОРТИРАЊЕ:Алат}}
-{{клица}}
+[[Категорија:Алати| ]]
-{{Commonscat|Tools}}
-{{DEFAULTSORT:Алат}}
-[[Категорија:Alati]]
 [[Категорија:Турцизми]]

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