Xanthophyceae

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: Tsar
Cladus: Sar
Infraregnum: Heterokonta
Phylum: Ochrophyta
Subphylum: Phaeista
Infraphylum: Limnista
Superclassis: Fucistia
Classis: Xanthophyceae
Ordines: Botrydiales – Mischococcales – Phyllosiphonales – Rhizochloridales – Tribonematales – Vaucheriales –

Genera (Ordo & familia incertae sedis): Dictyosphaeriopsis – Groenlandiella – Pelagocystis – Pseudopleurochloris – Raphidosphaera – Xanthophycomonas
Genus (nomen dubium): Sphaerochloris

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Groups (Adl et al.): Tribonematales – Vaucheriales

Name

Xanthophyceae Allorge, 1930, emend. Fritsch, 1935

Synonyms

• Heterokontae Luther, 1899
• Vaucheriacea Copeland, 1956
• Tribophyceae Hibberd, 1981
• Heteromonadida Leedale, 1983 [1985]
• Xanthophyta Hibberd, 1990

References

• Allorge, P. (1930). Heterocontées ou Xanthophycées? Rev. Alg. 5: 230.
• Maistro, S.; Broady, P.; Andreoli, C.; Negrisolo, E. (2016). Xanthophyceae. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-28. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_30-1
• Negrisolo, E. et al. (2004). Morphological convergence characterizes the evolution of Xanthophyceae (Heterokontophyta): evidence from nuclear SSU rDNA and plastidial rbcL genes. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33: 156–170, [1].
• Silva, P. C. (1979). Review of the taxonomic history and nomenclature of the yellow-green algae. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 121(1), 20-63, [2].

Alternative classifications

Fritsch (1935)

Fritsch, F.E. The Structure and Reproduction of the Algae. Vol. I. Introduction, Chlorophyceae. Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Chloromonadineae, Euglenineae, Colourless Flagellata. 1935. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. From Sharma (1986), [3], [4].

Class Xanthophyceae

• Order Heterochloridales
  • Suborder Heterochlorineae
    • Family Heterochloridaceae (e.g., Heterochloris)
  • Suborder Heterocapsineae
    • Family Heterocapsaceae (e.g., Chlorogloea)
  • Suborder Heterodendrineae
    • Family Mischococcaceae (e.g., Mischococcus)
  • Suborder Heterorhizidineae
    • Family Heterorhizidaceae (e.g., Rhizolekane)
• Order Heterococcales
  • Family Halosphaeraceae (e.g., Halosphaera)
  • Family Myxochloridaceae (e.g., Myxochloris)
  • Family Chlorobotrydaceae(e.g., Chlorobotrys)
  • Family Chlorotheciaceae (e.g., Chlorothecium)
  • Family Ophiocytiaceae (e.g., Ophiocytium)
• Order Heterotrichales
  • Family Tribonemataceae (e.g., Tribonema)
  • Family Heterocloniaceae (e.g., Heterodendron[?])
• Order Heterosiphonales
  • Family Botrydiaceae (e.g., Botrydium)

Smith (1938)

From Smith, G.M. (1938). Cryptogamic Botany, vol. 1. Algae and fungi. McGraw-Hill, New York, [5].

Division Chrysophyta

• Class Xanthophyceae
  • Order Heterochloridales (e.g., Chlorochromonas)
  • Order Rhizochloridales (e.g., Chlorarachnion)
  • Order Heterocapsales (e.g., Chlorosaccus)
  • Order Heterotrichales (e.g., Tribonema)
  • Order Heterococcales (e.g., Botrydiopsis)
  • Order Heterosiphonales (e.g., Botrydium)

Copeland (1956)

Copeland, H. F. (1956). The Classification of Lower Organisms. Palo Alto: Pacific Books, pp. 63-67, [6].

• Kingdom Protoctista
  • Phylum Phaeophyta [group similar to Heterokonta sensu Cavalier-Smith]
    • Class Heterokonta
      • Order Ochomonadalea
      • Order Silicoflagellata
      • Order Vaucheriacea
        • Family Chlorosaccacea
        • Family Mischococcacea
        • Family Chlorotheciacea
        • Family Botryococcacea
        • Family Stipitococcacea
        • Family Chloramoebacea
        • Family Tribonematacea
        • Family Phyllosiphonacea
      • Order Choanoflagellata
      • Order Hyphochytrialea
    • Class Bacillariacea
    • Class Oomycetes
    • Class Melanophycea [= Phaeophyceae]

Ettl (1978)

Ettl, H., 1978. Xanthophyceae. In: Ettl, H., Gerloff, J., Heynig, H. (Eds.), Süsswasserflora von Mitteleuropa, Bd. 3. 1. Teil. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 1–530, [7], [8].

[In Algae]

• Klasse Xanthophyceae
  • 1. Ordnung Chloramoebales
    • 1.1. Familie Chloramoebaceae Luther
      • 1.1.1. Heterochloris Pascher
      • 1.1.2. Chloramoeba Bohlin
      • 1.1.3. Anotropis Pascher
      • 1.1.4. Polykyrtos Pascher
      • 1.1.5. Chloromeson Pascher
      • 1.1.6. Ankylonoton Pascher
      • 1.1.7. Nephrochloris Geitler et Gimesi
      • 1.1.8. Phacomonas Lohmann
      • 1.1.9. Chlorokardion Pascher
    • 1.2. Familie Bothrochloridaceae Ettl
      • 1.2.1. Bothrochloris Pascher
      • 1.2.2. Beckingia Ruinen
  • 2. Ordnung Rhizochloridales
    • 2.1. Familie Rhizochloridaceae Pascher em. Ettl
      • 2.1.1. Rhizochloris Pascher
      • 2.1.2. Chlorarachnion Geitler
    • 2.2. Familie Stipitococcaceae Ettl
      • 2.2.1. Stipitococcus W. et G.S. West
      • 2.2.2. Stipitoporos Ettl
      • 2.2.3. Rhizolekane Pascher
    • 2.3. Familie Myxochloridaceae Pascher
      • 2.3.1. Myxochloris Pascher
      • 2.3.2. Chlamydomyxa Archer
  • 3. Ordnung Heterogloeales
    • 3.1. Familie Heterogloaceae Fott
      • 3.1.1. Heterogloea Pascher
      • 3.1.2. Gloechloris Pascher
      • 3.1.3. Helminthogloea Pascher
    • 3.2. Familie Malleodendraceae Pascher
      • Malleodendron Pascher
    • 3.3. Familie Pleurochloridellaceae Ettl
      • Pleurochloridella Pascher
    • 3.4. Familie Characidiopsidaceae Ettl
      • Characidiopsis Pascher
  • 4. Ordnung Mischococcales
    • 4.1. Familie Pleurochloridaceae Pascher
      • 4.1.1. Pleurochloris Pascher
      • 4.1.2. Chloridella Pascher
      • 4.1.3. Ellipsoidion Pascher
      • 4.1.4. Monallantus Pascher
      • 4.1.5. Nephrodiella Pascher
      • 4.1.6. Monodus Chodat
      • 4.1.7. Chlorocloster Pascher
      • 4.1.8. Pleurogaster Pascher
      • 4.1.9. Rhomboidella Pascher
      • 4.1.10. Prismatella Pascher
      • 4.1.11. Diachros Pascher
      • 4.1.12. Sklerochlamys Pascher
      • 4.1.13. Arachnochloris Pascher
      • 4.1.14. Trachycystis Pascher
      • 4.1.15. Chlorarkys Pascher
      • 4.1.16. Keriosphaera Pascher
      • 4.1.17. Endochloridion Pascher
      • 4.1.18. Akanthochloris Pascher
      • 4.1.19. Trachychloron Pascher
      • 4.1.20. Aulakochloris Pascher
      • 4.1.21. Chlorallantus Pascher
      • 4.1.22. Trachydiscus Ettl
      • 4.1.23. Schilleriella Pascher
      • 4.1.24. Pseudotetraedron Pascher
      • 4.1.25. Meringosphaera Lohmann em. Pascher
      • 4.1.26. Actinellipsoidion Ettl
      • 4.1.27. Skiadosphaera Pascher
      • 4.1.28. Vischeria Pascher
      • 4.1.29. Polyedriella Pascher
      • 4.1.30. Chlorogibba Geitler
      • 4.1.31. Tetraedriella Pascher
      • 4.1.32. Tetraplektron Fott
      • 4.1.33. Pseudostaurastrum Chodat
      • 4.1.34. Goniochloris Geitler
      • 4.1.35. Polygoniochloris Ettl
      • 4.1.36. Bracchiogonium Pascher in Ettl
      • 4.1.37. Isthmochloron Skuja
      • 4.1.38. Pseudopolyedriopsis Gollerbach
    • 4.2. Familie Botrydiopsidaceae Ettl
      • 4.2.1. Botrydiopsis Borzi
      • 4.2.2. Excentrochloris Pascher
      • 4.2.3. Chlorapion Bourrelly
      • 4.2.4. Perone Pascher
    • 4.3. Familie Botryochloridaceae Pascher
      • 4.3.1. Ilsteria Skuja et Pascher
      • 4.3.2. Tetraktis Pascher
      • 4.3.3. Raphidiella Pascher
      • 4.3.4. Heterodesmus Ettl
      • 4.3.5. Botryochloris Pascher
      • 4.3.6. Sphaerosorus Pascher
      • 4.3.7. Ducellieria Teiling
      • 4.3.8. Chlorellidiopsis Pascher
      • 4.3.9. Chlorellidium Vischer et Pascher
      • 4.3.10. Dichotomococcus Korschikoff
    • 4. Familie Gloeobotrydaceae Pascher
      • 4.4.1. Gloeoskene Fott
      • 4.4.2. Chlorosaccus Luther
      • 4.4.3. Gloeobotrys Pascher
      • 4.4.4. Gloeosphaeridium Pascher
      • 4.4.5. Chlorobotrys Bohlin
      • 4.4.6. Merismogloea Pascher in Ettl
      • 4.4.7. Asterogloea Pascher
      • 4.4.8. Gaumiella Bourrelly
    • 4.5. Familie Gloeopodiaceae Pascher
      • Gloeopodium
    • 4.6. Familie Mischococcaceae Pascher
      • Mischococcus
    • 4.7. Familie Characiopsidaceae Pascher
      • 4.7.1. Chlorokoryne Pascher
      • 4.7.2. Hemisphaerella Pascher
      • 4.7.3. Chlorothecium Borzi em. Pascher
      • 4.7.4. Chytridiochloris (Pascher) Jane
      • 4.7.5. Lutherella Pascher
      • 4.7.6. Dioxys Pascher
      • 4.7.7. Peroniella Gobi
      • 4.7.8. Characiopsis Borzi
    • 4.8. Familie Chloropediaceae Pascher
      • Chloropedia Pascher
    • 4.9. Familie Trypanochloridaceae Geitler
      • Trypanochloris Geitler
    • 4.10. Familie Centritractaceae Pascher
      • 4.10.1. Bumilleriopsis Printz
      • 4.10.2. Centritractus Lemmermann
    • 4.11. Familie Ophiocytiaceae G. M. Smith
      • Ophiocytium Naegeli
  • 5. Ordnung Tribonematales
    • 5.1. Familie Neonemataceae Ettl
      • 5.1.1. Neonema Pascher
      • 5.1.2. Chadefaudiothrix Bourrelly
    • 5.2. Familie Tribonemataceae Pascher
      • 5.2.1. Brachynema Alvik
      • 5.2.2. Heterotrichella Reisigl
      • 5.2.3. Heterothrix Pascher
      • 5.2.4. Bumilleria Borzi
      • 5.2.5. Tribonema Derbes et Solier
    • 5.3. Familie Heterodendraceae Pascher
      • Heterodendron Steinecke
    • 5.4. Familie Heteropediaceae Ettl
      • 5.4.1. Fremya P. A. Dangeard
      • 5.4.2. Heterococcus Chodat
      • 5.4.3. Capitulariella Pascher
      • 5.4.4. Heteropedia Pascher
      • 5.4.5. Chaetopedia Pascher
      • 5.4.6. Aeronemum Snow
  • 6. Ordnung Botrydiales
    • Familie Botrydiaceae Rostafinski et Woronin
      • Botrydium Wallroth
  • 7. Ordnung Vaucheriales [Band 4, Rieth, 1980]

van den Hoek et al. (1995)

van den Hoek, C., Mann, D.G. & Jahns, H.M. (1995). Algae: An Introduction to Phycology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, [9].

Class Xanthophyceae

• Order Chloramoebales (e.g., Chloromeson)
• Order Rhizochloridales (e.g., Rhizochloris, Myxochloris)
• Order Heterogloeales (e.g., Gloeochloris)
• Order Mischococcales (e.g., Chloridella, Botrydiopsis, Characiopsis, Ophiocytium)
• Order Tribonematales (e.g., Tribonema, Heterococcus, Heterodendron)
• Order Botrydiales (e.g., Botrydium)
• Order Vaucheriales (e.g., Vaucheria)

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla

Chromista

• Phylum Heterokonta
  • Subphylum Ochrista
    • Infraphylum Chrysista
      • Class Xanthophycea Allorge ex Fritsch, 1935 (Synonym Tribophyceae Hibberd)
        • Subclass Rhizochloridae
        • Subclass Tribophycidae

Adl et al. (2005, 2012)

The new higher level classification of eukaryotes with emphasis on the taxonomy of protists, 2005, [10].

• Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page. 

Stramenopiles Patterson, 1989, emend. Adl et al., 2005

• Xanthophyceae Allorge, 1930, emend. Fritsch, 1935 (Heterokontae Luther, 1899, Heteromonadea Leedale, 1983, Xanthophyta Hibberd, 1990)
  • Tribonematales Pascher 1939
    • Botrydium, Bumilleriopsis, Characiopsis, Chloromeson, Heterococcus, Ophiocytium, Sphaerosorus, Tribonema, Xanthonema
  • Vaucheriales Bohlin 1901
    • Vaucheria

Maistro et al. (2009)

Maistro S, Broady PA, Andreoli C, Negrisolo E (August 2009). Phylogeny and taxonomy of Xanthophyceae (Stramenopiles, Chromalveolata). Protist 160 (3): 412–26, [11].

Xanthophyceae

• Botrydiopsalean clade
• Chlorellidialean clade
• Tribonematalean clade
• Vaucherialean clade

Ott et al. (2015)

Ott, Donald W., Carla K. Oldham-Ott, Nataliya Rybalka, and Thomas Friedl. 2015. Xanthophyte, Eustigmatophyte, and Raphidophyte Algae. In: Wehr, J.D., Sheath, R.G., Kociolek, J.P. (Eds.) Freshwater Algae of North America: Ecology and Classification, 2nd edition. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp. 483-534, [12].

Xanthophyceae

• approved xanthophytes
  • coccoid (Botrydiopsis, Botryochloris, Bumilleriopsis, Chlorellidium, Mischococcus, Ophiocytium, Sphaerosorus)
  • filamentous (Bumilleria, Heterococcus (incl. Aeronemum, Capitulariella, Chaetopedia, Fremya, Heteropedia) Tribonema, Xanthonema)
  • siphonous (Botrydium, Vaucheria)
• untested Xanthophytes
  • coccoid (Akanthochloris, Arachnochloris, Asterogloea, Aulakochloris, Bracchiogonium, Centritractus, Chlorallantus, Chlorarkys, Chlorellidiopsis, Chlorogibba, Chlorokoryne, Chloropedia, Chlorosaccus, Chlorothecium, Diachros, Dioxys, Ducellieria, Endochloridion, Excentrochloris, Gloeopodium, Gloeosphaeridium, Hemisphaerella, Heterodesmus, Ilsteria, Isthmochloron, Keriosphaera, Lutherella, Meringosphaera, Monallantus, Peroniella, Pleurogaster, Polygoniochloris, Prismatella, Pseudopolyedriopsis, Pseudotetraedron, Raphidiella, Rhomboidella, Sklerochlamys, Tetraktis, Tetraplektron, Trachychloron, Trachycystis)
  • filamentous (Chadefaudiothrix, Neonema)
• doubtful xanthophytes
  • amoeboid (Rhizochloris, Rhizolekane, Stipitococcus, Stipitoporos, Perone)
  • capsoid (Characidiopsis)
  • coccoid (Chlorocloster, Chytridiochloris, Dichotomococcus, Nephrodiella, Pleurochloridella)
  • filamentous (Heterodendron)
• candidate eustigmatophytes
  • coccoid (Gloeobotrys, Gloeoskene, Merismogloea, Monodus, Pleurochloris (contains one approved xanthophyte species), Polyedriella, Tetraedriella)

Vernacular names

беларуская: Жоўта-зялёныя водарасці
eesti: Eriviburvetikad, Ksantofüüdid