Polycystina

Taxonavigation

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Diaphoretickes
Cladus: Tsar
Cladus: Sar
Infraregnum: Rhizaria
Clade: Retaria
Phylum: Radiozoa
Classis: Polycystina
Ordines: Collodaria – Nassellaria – Spumellaria

Ordines (to be revised): †Albaillellaria - †Archaeospicularia - Entactinaria - †Latentifistularia

Name

Polycystina Ehrenberg, 1838, emend. Riedel, 1967

Synonyms

Polycystinea Levine et al., 1980 [?]

References

Boltovskoy, D. 1999. Radiolaria Polycystina. p. 149-212. In: South Atlantic zooplankton. D. Boltovskoy (Editor). Leiden, Backhuys Publishers, vol. 1, p. 868, [1].
Boltovskoy, D.; Anderson, O.R.; Correa, N.M. (2017). Radiolaria and Phaeodaria. In: Archibald, J.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Slamovits, C. (Eds.). Handbook of the Protists. Springer, pp. 1-33. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-32669-6_19-2
Cavalier-Smith, T.: Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa, Europ. J. Protistol. 39: 338–348 (2003).
Corliss J.O. 1984: The kingdom Protista and its 45 phyla
De Wever, Dumitrica, Caulet, Nigrini & Caridroit (2001), Radiolarians in the sedimentary record. Gordon & Breach Science Publ., 533 p.
Ikenoue, T., Bjørklund, K. R., Dumitrica, P., Krabberød, A. K., Kimoto, K., Matsuno, K., & Harada, N. (2016). Two new living Entactinaria (Radiolaria) species from the Arctic province: Joergensenium arcticum n. sp. and Joergensenium clevei n. sp. Marine Micropaleontology, 124, 75-94.
Protist classification at micro*scope, May 2001. (CC)
Lazarus, D., Suzuki, N., Caulet, J-P., Nigrini, C., Goll, I., Goll, R.M., Dolven, J.K., Diver, P. & Sanfilippo, A. 2015. An evaluated list of Cenozic-Recent radiolarian species names (Polycystinea), based on those used in the DSDP, ODP and IODP deep-sea drilling programs. Zootaxa 3999(3): 301–333. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3999.3.1. Preview (PDF) Full article (PDF) Reference page.

Links

Classifications

Cachon, Cachon, & Estep, in Margulis et al. (1990)

Cachon, J., Cachon, M. & Estep, K.W., 1990. 20a. Phylum Actinopoda, Classes Polycystina (=Radiolaria) and Phaeodaria. In: Margulis, L., J.O. Corliss, M. Melkonian, D.J. Chapman (ed.). Handbook of Protoctista. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Boston, p. 334-346. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [2].

Kingdom Protoctista

Section III: Phyla with flagellated stages, but without complex sexual cycles
- Phylum 20. Actinopoda
  - Class Polycystina
  - Class Phaeodaria
  - Class Heliozoa
  - Class Acantharia

Cavalier-Smith (1993)

From Kingdom Protozoa and its 18 phyla, [3].

Kingdom 1. Protozoa
- Phylum 2. Radiozoa Cavalier-Smith, 1987
  - Subphylum 1. Spasmaria subph. nov.
    - Class 1. Acantharea Haeckel, 1881 stat. nov.
      - Subclass 1. Holacanthia subcl. nov. (orders Holacanthida Schewiakoff, 1926; Plegmacantha, Rechetniak, 1981)
      - Subclass 2. Euacanthia subcl. nov. (3 orders)
    - Class 2. Sticholonchea Poche, 1913 stat. nov. Petrushevskaja, 1977
  - Subphylum 2. Radiolaria Muller, 1858 emend. stat. nov.
    - Class 1. Polycystinea Ehrenberg, 1838 stat. nov.
      - Subclass 1. Spumellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
      - Subclass 2. Nassellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
    - Class 2. Phaeodarea Haeckel, 1879

Anderson et al., in Lee et al. (2000)

Anderson, O.R., Nigrini, C., Boltovskoy, D., Takahashi, K. & Swanberg, N.R., 2000. Class Polycystinea. In: Lee, J.J., Leedale, G.F. & Bradbury, P. An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa. Society of Protozoologists/Allen Press: Lawrence, Kansas, U.S.A, 2nd ed., vol. 2, p. 994-1022, [4]. See Brands, S.J. (1989-2015), [5].

In “protozoa”, “amoeboid protists”

Class Polycystina Ehrenberg, 1838, emend. Riedel, 1967a
- 1 Order Spumellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
  - 01 Genus Styptosphaera Haeckel, 1887
  - 02 Genus Plegmosphaera Haeckel, 1881
  - 03 Genus Otosphaera Haeckel, 1887
  - 04 Genus Cenosphaera Ehrenberg, 1854
  - 05 Genus Cladococcus Mueller, 1856
  - 06 Genus Acanthosphaera Ehrenberg, 1858
  - 07 Genus Centrocubus Haeckel, 1887
  - 08 Genus Octodendron Haeckel, 1887
  - 09 Genus Spongoliva Haeckel, 1887
  - 10 Genus Spongosphaera Ehrenberg, 1847
  - 11 Genus Spongoplegma Haeckel, 1881
  - 12 Genus Carposphaera Haeckel, 1881
  - 13 Genus Thecosphaera E. Haeckel, 1881
  - 14 Genus Stylacontarium Popofsky, 1912
  - 15 Genus Stylatractus Haeckel, 1887
  - 16 Genus Druppatractus Haeckel, 1887
  - 17 Genus Hexalonche E. Haeckel, 1881
  - 18 Genus Cromyechinus E. Haeckel, 1881
  - 19 Genus Larcopyle Dreyer, 1889
  - 20 Genus Tetrapyle Muller, 1858
  - 21 Genus Hexapyle Haeckel, 1881
  - 22 Genus Pylolena Haeckel, 1887
  - 23 Genus Spongocore Haeckel, 1887
  - 24 Genus Spongurus Haeckel, 1860
  - 25 Genus Amphirhopalum Haeckel, 1881
  - 26 Genus Ommatodiscus Stöhr, 1880
  - 27 Genus Stylochlamydium Haeckel, 1887
  - 28 Genus Stylodictya Ehrenberg, 1847
  - 29 Genus Spongopyle Dreyer, 1889
  - 30 Genus Spongotrochus Haeckel, 1860
  - 31 Genus Spongodiscus Ehrenberg, 1854
  - 32 Family Thalassicollidae Haeckel, 1862
    - 1 Genus Actissa Haeckel, 1884
    - 2 Genus Lampoxanthium Haeckel, 1887
    - 3 Genus Physematium Meyen, 1834
    - 4 Genus Thalassicolla Huxley, 1851
    - 5 Genus Thalassolampe Haeckel, 1862
    - 6 Genus Thalassoplancta Haeckel, 1887
    - 7 Genus Thalassosphaera Haeckel, 1862
    - 8 Genus Thalassoxanthium Haeckel, 1887
  - 33 Family Collozoidae Haeckel, 1862
    - 1 Genus Collozoum Haeckel, 1862
    - 2 Genus Rhaphidozoum Haeckel, 1862
    - 3 Genus Sphaerozoum Meyen, 1834
  - 34 Family Collosphaeridae J. Müller, 1858b
    - 1 Genus Acrosphaera Haeckel, 1881
    - 2 Genus Buccinosphaera Haeckel, 1887
    - 3 Genus Collosphaera Müller, 1855
    - 4 Genus Disolenia Ehrenberg, 1861
    - 5 Genus Siphonosphaera Müller, 1858
  - 35 Family Actinommidae Haeckel, 1862
    - 1 Genus Actinomma Haeckel, 1860
    - 2 Genus Astrosphaera Haeckel, 1887
    - 3 Genus Hexacontium Haeckel, 1881
    - 4 Genus Saturnalis Haeckel, 1881
    - 5 Genus Staurolonche Haeckel, 1881
  - 36 Family Phacodiscidae Haeckel, 1881
    - 1 Genus Heliodiscus Haeckel, 1862
  - 37 Family Coccodiscidae Haeckel, 1862
    - 1 Genus Didymocyrtis Haeckel, 1861
  - 38 Family Spongodiscidae Haeckel, 1862
    - 1 Genus Euchitonia Ehrenberg, 1860
    - 2 Genus Hymeniastrum Ehrenberg, 1847
    - 3 Genus Spongaster Ehrenberg, 1860
  - 39 Family Pyloniidae Haeckel, 1881
    - 1 Genus Octopyle Haeckel, 1881
  - 40 Family Tholoniidae Haeckel, 1887
    - 1 Genus Tholostaurus Haeckel, 1887
  - 41 Family Litheliidae Haeckel, 1862
    - 1 Genus Larcospira Haeckel, 1887
    - 2 Genus Lithelius Haeckel, 1860b
- 2 Order Nassellaria Ehrenberg, 1875
  - 01 Genus Nephrospyris Haeckel, 1887
  - 02 Genus Lithocircus Müller, 1856
  - 03 Genus Neosemantis Popofsky, 1913
  - 04 Genus Pseudocubus
  - 05 Genus Lophophaen [see Genus Lophophaena Ehrenberg, 1847]
  - 06 Genus Peromelissa Haeckel, 1881
  - 07 Genus Arachnocorys Haeckel, 1860
  - 08 Genus Cycladophora
  - 09 Genus Lampromitra Haeckel, 1881
  - 10 Genus Eucecryphalus Haeckel, 1861
  - 11 Genus Theopilium Haeckel, 1881
  - 12 Genus Litharachnium
  - 13 Genus Cornutella Ehrenberg, [1839]
  - 14 Genus Antarctissa Petrushevskaya, 1967
  - 15 Genus Acanthocorys Haeckel, 1881
  - 16 Genus Pterocanium Ehrenberg, 1847
  - 17 Genus Dictyophimus Ehrenberg, 1847
  - 18 Genus Lipmanella Loeblich & Tappan, 1961
  - 19 Genus Clathrocyclas Haeckel, 1881
  - 20 Genus Cyrtopera Haeckel, 1881
  - 21 Genus Stichopilium Haeckel, 1881
  - 22 Genus Lithostrobus Haeckel, 1887
  - 23 Genus Siphocampe Haeckel, 1881
  - 24 Genus Triceraspyris Haeckel, 1881
  - 25 Genus Phormospyris Haeckel, 1881
  - 26 Genus Centrobotrys Petrushevskaya, 1965
  - 27 Genus Botryocyrtis Ehrenberg, 1860
  - 28 Family Plagoniidae Haeckel, 1881
    - 1 Genus Callimitra Haeckel, 1881
    - 2 Genus Clathrocanium Ehrenberg, 1860
    - 3 Genus Clathrocorys Haeckel, 1881
    - 4 Genus Phormacantha Jörgensen, 1905
    - 5 Genus Sethophormis Haeckel, 1887
    - 6 Genus Triplagia Haeckel, 1881
    - 7 Genus Triplecta Haeckel, 1881
    - 8 Genus Zygocircus Bütschli, 1882
  - 29 Family Acanthodesmiidae Haeckel, 1862
    - 1 Genus Acanthodesmia Müller, 1856
    - 2 Genus Dendrospyris Haeckel, 1881
    - 3 Genus Liriospyris Haeckel, 1881
    - 4 Genus Lophospyris Haeckel, 1881
    - 5 Genus Tholospyris Haeckel, 1881
  - 30 Family Theoperidae Haeckel, 1881
    - 1 Genus Eucyrtidium Ehrenberg, 1847
    - 2 Genus Lithopera Ehrenberg, 1847
    - 3 Genus Peripyramis Haeckel, 1881
  - 31 Family Carpocaniidae Haeckel, 1881
    - 1 Genus Carpocanistrum Haeckel, 1887
  - 32 Family Pterocorythidae Haeckel, 1881, emend. Riedel, 1967b, emend. Moore, 1972
    - 1 Genus Anthocyrtidium Haeckel, 1881
    - 2 Genus Lamprocyclas Haeckel, 1881
    - 3 Genus Lamprocyrtis Kling, 1973
    - 4 Genus Pterocorys Haeckel, 1881
    - 5 Genus Theocorythium Haeckel, 1887
  - 33 Family Artostrobiidae Riedel, 1967a, emend. Foreman, 1973
    - 1 Genus Botryostrobus Haeckel, 1887
    - 2 Genus Phormostichoartus Campbell, 1951
    - 3 Genus Spirocyrtis Haeckel, 1882
  - 34 Family Cannobotryidae Haeckel, 1881
    - 1 Genus Acrobotrys Haeckel, 1881
    - 2 Genus Botryopyle Haeckel, 1881
    - 3 Genus Saccospyris Haecker, 1907

Adl et al. (2012)

Adl, S.M., Simpson, A.G.B., Lane, C.E., Lukeš, J., Bass, D., Bowser, S.S., Brown, M.W., Burki, F., Dunthorn, M., Hampl, V., Heiss, A., Hoppenrath, M., Lara, E., Le Gall, L., Lynn, D.H., McManus, H., Mitchell, E.A.D., Mozley-Stanridge, S.E., Parfrey, L.W., Pawlowski, J., Rueckert, S., Shadwick, L., Schoch, C.L., Smirnow, A. & Spiegel, F.W. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59(5): 429–514. DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x . [Erratum: 60(3): 321. DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12033 .] Reference page.

Eukaryota Chatton, 1925

Sar Burki et al. 2007
- Rhizaria Cavalier-Smith 2002
  - Retaria Cavalier-Smith 2002
    - Polycystinea Ehrenberg 1838, emend. Haeckel 1887
      - Spumellaria Ehrenberg 1875, Haeckel 1887, emend. Riedel 1967
        Actinomma, Didymocyrtis, Euchitonia, Hexacontium, Hexalonche, Hexastylus, Octodendron, Plegmosphaera, Saturnalis, Spongaster, Spongosphaera
      - Nassellaria Ehrenberg 1875, emend. Haeckel 1887
        Artostrobus, Eucyrtidium, Lithomelissa, Pterocanium, Pterocorys
      - Collodaria Haeckel 1887
        Acrosphaera, Collosphaera, Collozoum, Sphaerozoum, Rhaphidozoum, Siphonsphaera, Thalassicolla