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Wells Cathedral

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The West front of the cathedral. It has about 300 different figures and sculptures. Originally, many of them were painted and gilded.
The Lady Chapel in Wells Cathedral
The star-shaped vault of the Lady Chapel
Plan of Wells Cathedral

Wells Cathedral is an Anglican church in Wells, Somerset, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Bath and Wells. Its construction started in 1170 and the Cathedral was dedicated in 1239.

Wells Cathedral has been described as “the most poetic of the English Cathedrals”.[1] Much of the structure is in Early English architecture. Many mouldings look almost like sculptures. The carved capitals are done in a foliate style known as “stiff leaf”. This adds to their lively view. The eastern end has kept much original glass, which is rare in England. The exterior has a splendid Early English façade (~front) and a large central tower.[1][2][3]

The first church was established on the site in 705. Construction of the present building began in the 10th century under Anglo-Saxon rule, but was later transformed under the Normans. It was largely complete at the time of its dedication in 1239. It has been expanded and renovated several times since then and has been designated by English Heritage as a grade I listed building.[4]

History of the building

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Early years

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The first church was established here in 705 AD.[5] It was dedicated to Saint Andrew. The only remains of this first church are some excavated foundations which can be seen in the cloisters. The baptismal font in the south transept is the oldest surviving part of the cathedral which is dated to c.700 AD.[6]

Two centuries later, the seat of the diocese was shifted to Wells from Sherborne. The first Bishop of Wells was Athelm (circa 909), who crowned King Athelstan. Athelm and his nephew Saint Dunstan both became Archbishops of Canterbury.[7] It was also around this time that Wells Cathedral School was founded.

Present structure

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The roof of Wells Cathedral.

The present structure was begun under the direction of Bishop Reginald de Bohun, who died in 1184.[8] Wells Cathedral dates mainly from the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries; the nave and transept are masterpieces of Early English architecture. It was largely complete at the time of its dedication in 1239.[9]

The bishop responsible for the construction was Jocelyn de Wells, one of the bishops at the signing of Magna Carta. Jocelyn's buildings included the Bishop's Palace, a choristers' school, a grammar school, a hospital for travellers and a chapel. He also built a manor at Wookey, near Wells.[10] The master mason associated with Jocelyn was Elias of Dereham (died 1246). Jocelyn lived to see the church dedicated but, despite much lobbying of Rome, died in 1242. Cathedral status was granted in 1245.[10][11] Masons continued with the enrichment of the West Front until about 1260.

King John was excommunicated between 1209 and 1213. During this time, work on the cathedral was suspended. In this period, building methods advanced so that bigger blocks of masonry could be moved and put into the walls. The effect of this advance can be seen on the walls of the cathedral; at a point in the building's walls, the blocks of stone increase in size.

The Chapter House steps, about 1306 AD

By the time the building was finished, including the Chapter House (1306),[12] it already seemed too small for the developing liturgy, in particular the increasingly grand processions. A new spate of building was therefore started by Bishop John Drokensford. He heightened the central tower and began a dramatic eight-sided Lady chapel at the far east end, finished by 1326.[13] Thomas of Whitney was the master mason.

Bishop Ralph of Shrewsbury followed. He continued the eastward extension of the quire. He also built Vicars' Close and the Vicars' Hall, to give the men of the choir a secure place to live and dine, away from the town with all its temptations.[14] He enjoyed an uneasy relationship with the citizens of Wells, partly because of his imposition of taxes.[14] He surrounded his palace with crenellated walls and a moat and drawbridge. The Palace was now a castle.

The appointment of William Wynford as master mason in 1365 marked another period of activity. He was one of the foremost architects of his time and, apart from Wells, was engaged in work for the king at Windsor and at New College, Oxford University and Winchester Cathedral.[15] Under Bishop John Harewell, he built the south-west tower of the West Front and designed the north west, which was built to match in the early 15th century.[16] Inside the building he filled in the early English lancet windows with delicate tracery.

In the fourteenth century, the central piers (upright supports) of the crossing (where the building forms a cross) started sinking under the weight of the crossing tower. 'Scissor arches' were inserted to brace and stabilize the piers as a unit.[17] The building was now complete, and it looked much as it does today.

Images

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  • The Cathedral, seen from the north.
    The Cathedral, seen from the north.
  • The inverted Arch
    The inverted Arch
  • Astronomical clock in Wells Cathedral
    Astronomical clock in Wells Cathedral
  • Wells Cathedral from the gardens of the Bishop's Palace.
    Wells Cathedral from the gardens of the Bishop's Palace.
  • The Chapter House has the finest example of fan vaulting in the world.
    The Chapter House has the finest example of fan vaulting in the world.
  • Close-up of the front.
    Close-up of the front.
  • Wells Cathedral interior.
    Wells Cathedral interior.

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England. Thames and Hudson.
  2. ↑ Tatton-Brown, Tim; John Crook (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 1-84330-120-2.
  3. ↑ Lee, Lawrence; George Seddon, Francis Stephens (1976). Stained Glass. Spring Books. ISBN 0-600-56281-6.
  4. ↑ "Cathedral Church of St Andrew, Chapter House and Cloisters". Images of England. Archived from the original on 2013-10-30. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  5. ↑ "Wells Cathedral". Britania.com. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2010.
  6. ↑ "Virtual tour of Wells Cathedral". RE:Quest. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  7. ↑ "History & Architecture of Wells Cathedral". Britannia. Archived from the original on 2013-07-04. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  8. ↑ Powicke Handbook of British Chronology p. 251
  9. ↑ "History". Wells Cathedral. Archived from the original on 2010-10-31. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Dunning 'Wells, Jocelin of (d. 1242)' 'Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Online Edition. Retrieved November 15, 2007.
  11. ↑ Fryde Handbook of British Chronology p228
  12. ↑ "Wells Cathedral". Sacred destinations. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  13. ↑ "Wells Cathedral". Isle of Albion. Retrieved 2008-02-10.[permanent dead link]
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "Local history". Wells UK. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
  15. ↑ page 352, English Medieval Architects A Biographical Dictionary Down to 1550, John Harvey 1984
  16. ↑ Somerset by Wade G.W. & Wade J.H. at Project Gutenberg
  17. ↑ "Wells Cathedral". Timeref. Archived from the original on 2007-12-09. Retrieved 2008-02-10.
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