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List of Egyptian deities

From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of Egyptian Gods and goddesses from Egyptian mythology. The old Egyptians worshipped a few gods at different times and in different places.[1] Some gods changed in importance over time or were nonexistent until later eras.

Major deities

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Male

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  • Aker – A god of the earth and the east and west horizons of the Underworld[2]
  • Amun – A creator god, patron deity of the city of Thebes, and the preeminent deity in Egypt during the New Kingdom[3]
  • Anhur – A god of war and hunting[4][5]
  • Aten – Sun disk deity who became the focus of the monolatrous or monotheistic Atenist belief system in the reign of Akhenaten[6]
  • Atum – A creator god and solar deity, first god of the Ennead[7]
  • Bennu – A solar and creator deity, depicted as a bird[8]
  • Geb – An earth god and member of the Ennead[9]
  • Hapi – Personification of the Nile flood[10]
  • Horus – A major god, usually shown as a falcon or as a human child, linked with the sky, the sun, kingship, protection, and healing. Often said to be the son of Osiris and Isis.[11]
  • Khepri – A solar creator god, often treated as the morning form of Ra and represented by a scarab beetle[12]
  • Khnum (Khnemu) – A ram god, the patron deity of Elephantine, who was said to control the Nile flood and give life to gods and humans[13]
  • Khonsu – A moon god, son of Amun and Mut[14]
  • Maahes – A lion god, son of Bastet[15]
  • Montu – A god of war and the sun, worshipped at Thebes[16]
  • Nefertum – God of the lotus blossom from which the sun god rose at the beginning of time. Son of Ptah and Sekhmet.[17]
  • Nemty – Falcon god, worshipped in Middle Egypt,[18] who appears in myth as a ferryman for greater gods[19]
  • Neper – A god of grain[20]
  • Osiris – God of death and resurrection who rules the underworld and enlivens vegetation, the sun god, and deceased souls[21]
  • Ptah – A creator deity and god of craftsmen, the patron god of Memphis[22]
  • Ra – The sun god
  • Set – An ambivalent god, characterized by violence, chaos, and strength, connected with the desert. Mythological murderer of Osiris and enemy of Horus, but also a supporter of the king.[23]
  • Shu – Embodiment of wind or air, a member of the Ennead[24]
  • Sobek – Crocodile god, worshipped in the Faiyum and at Kom Ombo[25]
  • Sopdu – A god of the sky and of Egypt's eastern border regions[26]
  • Thoth – A moon god, and a god of writing and scribes, and patron deity of Hermopolis[27]
  • Wadj-wer – Personification of the Mediterranean sea or lakes of the Nile Delta[28]

Female

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  • Amunet – Female counterpart of Amun and a member of the Ogdoad[2]
  • Anuket – A goddess of Egypt's southern frontier regions, particularly the lower cataracts of the Nile[29]
  • Bastet – Goddess represented as a cat or lioness, patroness of the city of Bubastis, linked with protection from evil[30]
  • Bat – Cow goddess from early in Egyptian history, eventually absorbed by Hathor[31]
  • Hathor – One of the most important goddesses, linked with the sky, the sun, sexuality and motherhood, music and dance, foreign lands and goods, and the afterlife. One of many forms of the Eye of Ra.[32]
  • Heqet – Frog goddess said to protect women in childbirth[33]
  • Hesat – A maternal cow goddess[34]
  • Imentet – An afterlife goddess closely linked with Isis and Hathor[35]
  • Isis – Wife of Osiris and mother of Horus, linked with funerary rites, motherhood, protection, and magic. She became a major deity in Greek and Roman religion.[36]
  • Ma'at – Goddess who personified truth, justice, and order[37]
  • Menhit – A lioness goddess[38]
  • Mut – Consort of Amun, worshipped at Thebes[39]
  • Neith – A creator and hunter goddess, patron of the city of Sais in Lower Egypt[40]
  • Nekhbet (Nekhebit) – A vulture goddess, the tutelary deity of Upper Egypt[41]
  • Nephthys (Neb-t kha-t) – A member of the Ennead, the consort of Set, who mourned Osiris alongside Isis[42]
  • Nepit – A goddess of grain, female counterpart of Neper[43]
  • Nut – A sky goddess, a member of the Ennead[44]
  • Pakhet – A lioness goddess mainly worshipped in the area around Beni Hasan[45]
  • Renenutet – An agricultural goddess[46]
  • Satet – A goddess of Egypt's southern frontier regions[47]
  • Sekhmet – A lioness goddess, both destructive and violent and capable of warding off disease, protector of the pharaohs who led them in war, the consort of Ptah and one of many forms of the Eye of Ra.[48]
  • Tefnut – Goddess of moisture and a member of the Ennead[49]
  • Wadjet (Uatchit) – A cobra goddess, the tutelary deity of Lower Egypt[50]
  • Wosret – A goddess of Thebes[51]
[52]

Both male and female forms

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  • Heh – Personification of infinity and a member of the Ogdoad[53]
  • Kek – The god of Chaos and Darkness, as well as being the concept of primordial darkness. Kek's female form is known as Kauket.
  • Nu – Personification of the formless, watery disorder from which the world emerged at creation and a member of the Ogdoad[54]
  • Ra (Re) – The foremost Egyptian sun god, involved in creation and the afterlife. Mythological ruler of the gods, father of every Egyptian king, and the patron god of Heliopolis.[55]
  • Tatenen – Personification of the first mound of earth to emerge from chaos in ancient Egyptian creation myths[56]
  • Anubis/Anput – The god/goddess of embalming and protector of the dead[57]

Minor deities

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Male

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Female

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Male or female

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Objects

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  • Semi - A deified object found in the tenth division of Tuat[58]

Lesser-known deities

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Male

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Female

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Male or female

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Groups of deities

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  • The Aai – 3 guardian deities in the ninth division of Tuat; they are Ab-ta, Anhefta, and Ermen-ta[58]
  • The Cavern deities – Many underworld deities charged with punishing the damned souls by beheading and devouring them.[179]
  • The Ennead – An extended family of nine deities produced by Atum during the creation of the world. The Ennead usually consisted of Atum, his children Shu and Tefnut, their children Geb and Nut, and their children Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys.[180]
  • The four sons of Horus – Four gods who protected the mummified body, particularly the internal organs in canopic jars.[181]
  • The Gate deities – Many dangerous guardian deities at the gates of the underworld (flanked by divine Doorkeepers and Heralds), to be ingratiated by spells and knowing their names.[182]
  • The Hemsut (or Hemuset) – Protective goddesses of Fate, destiny, and of the creation sprung from the primordial abyss; daughters of Ptah, linked to the concept of ka[52][183]
  • The Her-Hequi – 4 deities in the fifth division of Tuat[58]
  • The Hours of the day deities – 12 divine embodiments of each hour of the day: partly major deities (1st: Maat, 7th: Horus) and partly lesser known ones (12th: "The One Who Gives Protection In The Twilight").[184]
  • The Hours of the night deities – 12 goddesses of each hour of the night, wearing a five-pointed star on their heads.[184]
  • The 42 judges of Maat – 42 deities including Osiris who judged the souls of the dead in the afterlife
  • The Khnemiu – 4 deities wearing red crowns in the eleventh division of Tuat[58]
  • The Ogdoad – A set of eight gods who personified the chaos that existed before creation. The Ogdoad commonly consisted of Amun, Amunet, Nu, Naunet, Heh, Hauhet, Kuk, and Kauket.[185]
  • The Renniu – 4 bearded gods in the eleventh division of Tuat[58]
  • The Setheniu-Tep – 4 deities wearing white crowns in the eleventh division of Tuat[58]
  • The Souls of Pe and Nekhen – A set of gods personifying the predynastic rulers of Upper and Lower Egypt.[186]
  • The 12 Thoueris goddesses[154]

References

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  1. ↑ Hill, J. (2010). "The Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt". ancientegyptonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2019-03-19.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hart 2005, p. 11
  3. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 13–22
  4. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 113–114
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 "Gods of Egypt". www.touregypt.net (in Russian).
  6. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 34–40
  7. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 40–42
  8. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 48
  9. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 58–60
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hart 2005, p. 61
  11. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 70–76
  12. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 84–85
  13. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 85–86
  14. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 86–88
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Hart 2005, p. 92
  16. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 96–97
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Hart 2005, p. 99
  18. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 23
  19. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, p. 204
  20. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 102
  21. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 114–124
  22. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 128–131
  23. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 143–145
  24. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 147
  25. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 148
  26. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 151
  27. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 156–159
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Hart 2005, p. 162
  29. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 28–29
  30. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 45–47
  31. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 47–48
  32. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 61–65
  33. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 67–68
  34. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 173–174
  35. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 145–146
  36. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 79–83
  37. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 89–90
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Wilkinson 2003, p. 179
  39. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 97–99
  40. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 100–101
  41. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 101–102
  42. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 102–103
  43. ↑ Porter & Moss 1991, pp. 76
  44. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 110–112
  45. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 125
  46. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 135–137
  47. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 140–141
  48. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 138–139
  49. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 156
  50. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 161
  51. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 164
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 "Gods of Ancient Egypt: Hemsut". www.ancientegyptonline.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Hart 2005, p. 66
  54. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 109–110
  55. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 133–135
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 Hart 2005, p. 154
  57. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 25–28
  58. ↑ 58.00 58.01 58.02 58.03 58.04 58.05 58.06 58.07 58.08 58.09 58.10 58.11 58.12 58.13 58.14 58.15 58.16 58.17 58.18 58.19 58.20 58.21 58.22 58.23 58.24 58.25 58.26 58.27 58.28 58.29 58.30 58.31 58.32 58.33 58.34 58.35 58.36 58.37 58.38 58.39 58.40 58.41 58.42 58.43 58.44 58.45 Coulter, Charles Russell; Turner, Patricia (2000). Encyclopedia of ancient deities. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 1-57958-270-2.
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 Hart 2005, p. 12
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 125. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  61. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)": 25. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 127. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ↑ 63.00 63.01 63.02 63.03 63.04 63.05 63.06 63.07 63.08 63.09 63.10 63.11 63.12 63.13 63.14 63.15 63.16 63.17 63.18 63.19 63.20 63.21 63.22 63.23 63.24 63.25 63.26 63.27 63.28 63.29 63.30 63.31 63.32 63.33 63.34 63.35 Mark, Joshua J. "Egyptian Gods - The Complete List". Ancient History Encyclopedia.
  64. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 29
  65. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 31–32
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 119. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  67. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 29–31
  68. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 32–33
  69. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 33
  70. ↑ 70.00 70.01 70.02 70.03 70.04 70.05 70.06 70.07 70.08 70.09 70.10 70.11 70.12 70.13 70.14 70.15 "GVC09-24: Mystical creatures and gods -Egyptian". winners.virtualclassroom.org.
  71. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 199
  72. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 44
  73. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 44–45
  74. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 45
  75. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 49–50
  76. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 172–173
  77. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 52
  78. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)": 35. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  79. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)": 9. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  80. ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 52. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. p. 59. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
  82. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 66–67
  83. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 68–69
  84. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 76
  85. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 77
  86. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 77–78
  87. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 78–79
  88. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 79
  89. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 165
  90. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)": 5. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  91. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 85
  92. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 90–91
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Hart 2005, p. 91
  94. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 92–95
  95. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 95–96
  96. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 99–100
  97. ↑ Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 94. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  98. ↑ Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 53. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  99. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 137
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 139. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 Eva Von Dassow, ed. (1994). The Egyptian Book of the dead : the Book of going forth by day : being the Papyrus of Ani (royal scribe of the divine offerings), written and illustrated circa 1250 B.C.E., by scribes and artists unknown, including the balance of chapters of the books of the dead known as the theban recension, compiled from ancient texts, dating back to the roots of egyptian civilization. Translated by Raymond O. Faulkner (1st ed.). San Francisco: Chronicle Books. p. 175. ISBN 0-8118-0767-3.
  102. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 148–149
  103. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 139–140
  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 Hart 2005, p. 146
  105. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 146–147
  106. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 147–148
  107. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 159
  108. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 162–163
  109. ↑ "McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia introduction and main index". McClintock and Strong Biblical Cyclopedia Online.
  110. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 12–13
  111. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 22
  112. ↑ Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 43. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  113. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 34
  114. ↑ Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 129. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  115. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 43–44
  116. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, p. 230
  117. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 145
  118. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 83
  119. ↑ Willockx, Sjef. "Amentet, Andjeti and Anubis: Three Ancient Egyptian Gods (2007)": 14. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  120. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 90
  121. ↑ Random Gods:
  122. ↑ Petry, Alan W. Shorter; with a new bibliography by Bonnie L. (1994). The Egyptian gods : a handbook (Rev. ed.). San Bernardino (Calif.): the Borgo press. p. 8. ISBN 0-89370-535-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  123. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 91–92
  124. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 1.
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 125.3 125.4 125.5 Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 2.
  126. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, p. 156
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 20.
  128. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 132
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 Wilkinson 2003, p. 164
  130. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 21.
  131. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 22.
  132. ↑ 132.0 132.1 Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 24.
  133. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 141–142
  134. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 29.
  135. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 142–143
  136. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 30.
  137. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 31.
  138. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 151–152
  139. ↑ "Aswan History Facts and Timeline: Aswan, Egypt". www.world-guides.com.
  140. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 32.
  141. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 154–155
  142. ↑ 142.0 142.1 Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. p. 67. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
  143. ↑ Zecchi, Marco (2001). "The god Hedjhotep". Chronique d'Égypte. LXXVI (151–152). Bruxelles: Fondation Égyptologique Reine Élizabeth: 5–19. doi:10.1484/J.CDE.2.309159. ISSN 0009-6067.
  144. ↑ 144.0 144.1 Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. p. 31. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
  145. ↑ 145.0 145.1 Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 37.
  146. ↑ Nelson, Thomas (2017). The Woman's Study Bible: Receiving God's Truth for Balance, Hope, and Transformation. Biblica, Inc. p. 97.
  147. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 38.
  148. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, p. 199
  149. ↑ Durdin-Robertson, Lawrence (1979). Communion With The Goddes: Idols, Images, and Symbols of the Goddesses; Egypt Part III. Cesara Publications. p. 40.
  150. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 163
  151. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 145–146
  152. ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  153. ↑ 153.0 153.1 153.2 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  154. ↑ 154.0 154.1 154.2 154.3 154.4 154.5 154.6 154.7 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  155. ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 155.3 155.4 155.5 155.6 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  156. ↑ 156.0 156.1 156.2 156.3 156.4 156.5 156.6 156.7 156.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  157. ↑ Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 59. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  158. ↑ Lorton, Claude Traunecker. transl. from the French by David (2001). The gods of Egypt (1st English-language, enhanced and expanded. ed.). Ithaca, N.Y [u.a.]: Cornell University Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-8014-3834-9.
  159. ↑ 159.0 159.1 159.2 159.3 159.4 159.5 159.6 159.7 159.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  160. ↑ 160.0 160.1 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  161. ↑ 161.0 161.1 161.2 161.3 161.4 161.5 161.6 161.7 Cite error: The named reference Sir199 was used but no text was provided for refs named (see the help page).
  162. ↑ 162.0 162.1 162.2 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 474. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  163. ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 163.4 163.5 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 472. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  164. ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 164.3 164.4 164.5 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 556. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  165. ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 165.3 165.4 165.5 165.6 165.7 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 267. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  166. ↑ 166.0 166.1 166.2 166.3 166.4 166.5 166.6 166.7 166.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 403. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  167. ↑ 167.0 167.1 167.2 167.3 167.4 167.5 167.6 167.7 167.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 336. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  168. ↑ 168.00 168.01 168.02 168.03 168.04 168.05 168.06 168.07 168.08 168.09 168.10 168.11 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 358. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  169. ↑ 169.00 169.01 169.02 169.03 169.04 169.05 169.06 169.07 169.08 169.09 169.10 169.11 169.12 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 359. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  170. ↑ 170.00 170.01 170.02 170.03 170.04 170.05 170.06 170.07 170.08 170.09 170.10 170.11 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 360. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  171. ↑ 171.00 171.01 171.02 171.03 171.04 171.05 171.06 171.07 171.08 171.09 171.10 171.11 171.12 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 363. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  172. ↑ 172.0 172.1 172.2 172.3 172.4 172.5 172.6 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 404. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  173. ↑ Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 612. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  174. ↑ 174.0 174.1 174.2 174.3 174.4 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 165. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  175. ↑ 175.0 175.1 175.2 175.3 175.4 175.5 175.6 175.7 175.8 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 162. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  176. ↑ 176.0 176.1 176.2 176.3 176.4 176.5 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  177. ↑ 177.00 177.01 177.02 177.03 177.04 177.05 177.06 177.07 177.08 177.09 177.10 177.11 177.12 177.13 Budge, Sir Ernest A. Wallis (2010). An Egyptian hieroglyphic dictionary : (in two volumes, with an index of English words, king list and geographical list with indexes, list of hieroglyphic characters, Coptic and Semitic alphabets. New York: Cosimo Classics. p. 173. ISBN 978-1-61640-460-4.
  178. ↑ Taylor, John (22 September 2010). "What is a Book of the Dead?". British Museum. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved 17 April 2015.
  179. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, p. 80
  180. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 53
  181. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 149–161
  182. ↑ Wilkinson 2003, pp. 81–82
  183. ↑ "Hemsut". www.reshafim.org.il. Archived from the original on 2018-07-23. Retrieved 2018-04-20.
  184. ↑ 184.0 184.1 Wilkinson 2003, p. 83
  185. ↑ Hart 2005, p. 113
  186. ↑ Hart 2005, pp. 152–153
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