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Jōwa (承和) was a Japanese era name (年号,, nengō,, lit. "year name") after Tenchō and before Kashō. This period started in January 834 and ended in July 848.^[1] During this time, the emperors were Junna-tennō (淳和天皇) and Ninmyō-tennō (仁明天皇).^[2]

Events of the Jōwa era

[change | change source]

In *Jōwa 1*, a cherry tree was planted in the main courtyard of the Heian Palace

There were disturbances when Emperor Junna abdicated; and this time was called Jōwa no Hen.^[3]

834 (Jōwa 1): Emperor Ninmyō planted a cherry tree near the shishinden to replace the tree Emperor Kammu planted when the capital of Japan was moved to Heian-kyō (Kyoto).^[4]

834 (Jōwa 1): Kukai was permitted to create a Buddhist chapel at the Imperial Palace.^[5]

11 June 840 (Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month): Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.^[6]

841 (Jōwa 8, 11th month): A broom star was seen in the west.^[7]

24 August 842 (Jōwa 9, 15th day of the 7th month): Former-Emperor Saga died at the age of 57.^[8]

843 (Jōwa 10): Work was completed on the Nihon kōki.^[9]

Coins minted from 835 to 847 were known as Jōwa-shōhō.^[10]

[change | change source]

Heian period

References

[change | change source]

↑ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Jōwa" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 434.
↑ Titsingh, Isaac. (1834). Annales empereurs du Japon, pp. 106-111; Brown, Delmer et al. (1979). Gukanshō, p. 284; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). Jinnō Shōtōki, p. 164-165.
↑ Nussbaum, "Jōwa no Hen" at p. 434.
↑ Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan, p. 63.
↑ Kukai. (1972). Kūkai: Major Works (S. Hakeda, editor), p. 59.
↑ Brown, p. 284; Imperial Household Agency (Kunaichō): 淳和天皇 (53); retrieved 2011-12-27.
↑ Pankenier, David et al. (2008). Archaeoastronomy in East Asia: Historical Observational Records of Comets and Meteor Showers from China, Japan, and Korea, p. 98.
↑ Brown, p. 282; Varley, p. 163; Kunaichō, 嵯峨天皇 (52); retrieved 2012-5-22.
↑ Nussbaum, "Nihon Kōki" at p. 709.
↑ Nussbaum, "Jōwa-shōhō" at p. 434.

Other websites

[change | change source]

National Diet Library, "The Japanese Calendar" -- historical overview plus illustrative images from library's collection

Jōwa	1st	2nd	3rd	4th	5th	6th	7th	8th	9th	10th	11th	12th	13th	14th	15th
	834	835	836	837	838	839	840	841	842	843	844	845	846	847	848

Preceded by:
Tenchō

Era or nengō:
Jōwa

Succeeded by:
Kashō

v t e Japanese era names (Nengō)
Legendary Period
Kofun period
Asuka period 538–710	Taika 645–650 · Hakuchi 650–654 · Shuchō 686–686 · Taihō 701–704 · Keiun 704–708 · Wadō 708–715
Nara period 710–784	Reiki 715–717 · Yōrō 717–724 · Jinki 724–729 · Tenpyō 729–749 · Tenpyō-kanpō 749–749 · Tenpyō-shōhō 749–757 · Tenpyō-hōji 757–765 · Tenpyō-jingo 765–767 · Jingo-keiun 767–770 · Hōki 770–781 · Ten'ō 781–782 · Enryaku 782–806
Heian period 784–1185	Daidō 806–810 · Kōnin 810–824 · Tenchō 824–834 · Jōwa 834–848 · Kashō 848–851 · Ninju 851–854 · Saikō 854–857 · Ten'an 857–859 · Jōgan 859–877 · Gangyō 877–885 · Ninna 885–889 · Kanpyō 889–898 · Shōtai 898–901 · Engi 901–923 · Enchō 923–931 · Jōhei 931–938 · Tengyō 938–947 · Tenryaku 947–957 · Tentoku 957–961 · Ōwa 961–964 · Kōhō 964–968 · Anna 968–970 · Tenroku 970–973 · Ten'en 973–976 · Jōgen 976–978 · Tengen 978–983 · Eikan 983–985 · Kanna 985–987 · Eien 987–988 · Eiso 988–990 · Shōryaku 990–995 · Chōtoku 995–999 · Chōhō 999–1004 · Kankō 1004–1012 · Chōwa 1012–1017 · Kannin 1017–1021 · Jian 1021–1024 · Manju 1024–1028 · Chōgen 1028–1037 · Chōryaku 1037–1040 · Chōkyū 1040–1044 · Kantoku 1044–1046 · Eishō 1046–1053 · Tengi 1053–1058 · Kōhei 1058–1065 · Jiryaku 1065–1069 · Enkyū 1069–1074 · Jōhō 1074–1077 · Jōryaku 1077–1081 · Eihō 1081–1084 · Ōtoku 1084–1087 · Kanji 1087–1094 · Kahō 1094–1096 · Eichō 1096–1097 · Jōtoku 1097–1099 · Kōwa 1099–1104 · Chōji 1104–1106 · Kashō 1106–1108 · Tennin 1108–1110 · Ten'ei 1110–1113 · Eikyū 1113–1118 · Gen'ei 1118–1120 · Hōan 1120–1124 · Tenji 1124–1126 · Daiji 1126–1131 · Tenshō 1131–1132 · Chōshō 1132–1135 · Hōen 1135–1141 · Eiji 1141–1142 · Kōji 1142–1144 · Ten'yō 1144–1145 · Kyūan 1145–1151 · Ninpei 1151–1154 · Kyūju 1154–1156 · Hōgen 1156–1159 · Heiji 1159–1160 · Eiryaku 1160–1161 · Ōhō 1161–1163 · Chōkan 1163–1165 · Eiman 1165–1166 · Nin'an 1166–1169 · Kaō 1169–1171 · Jōan 1171–1175 · Angen 1175–1177 · Jishō 1177–1181 · Yōwa 1181–1182 · Juei 1182–1184 · Genryaku 1184–1185
Kamakura period 1185–1333	Bunji 1185–1190 · Kenkyū 1190–1199 · Shōji 1199–1201 · Kennin 1201–1204 · Genkyū 1204–1206 · Ken'ei 1206–1207 · Jōgen 1207–1211 · Kenryaku 1211–1213 · Kempo 1213–1219 · Jōkyū 1219–1222 · Jōō 1222–1224 · Gennin 1224–1225 · Karoku 1225–1227 · Antei 1227–1229 · Kangi 1229–1232 · Jōei 1232–1233 · Tenpuku 1233–1234 · Bunryaku 1234–1235 · Katei 1235–1238 · Ryakunin 1238–1239 · En'ō 1239–1240 · Ninji 1240–1243 · Kangen 1243–1247 · Hōji 1247–1249 · Kenchō 1249–1256 · Kōgen 1256–1257 · Shōka 1257–1259 · Shōgen 1259–1260 · Bun'ō 1260–1261 · Kōchō 1261–1264 · Bun'ei 1264–1275 · Kenji 1275–1278 · Kōan 1278–1288 · Shōō 1288–1293 · Einin 1293–1299 · Shōan 1299–1302 · Kengen 1302–1303 · Kagen 1303–1306 · Tokuji 1306–1308 · Enkyō 1308–1311 · Ōchō 1311–1312 · Shōwa 1312–1317 · Bunpō 1317–1319 · Gen'ō 1319–1321 · Genkyō 1321–1324 · Shōchū 1324–1326 · Karyaku 1326–1329 · Gentoku 1329–1331 · Genkō 1331–1334^♯ · Shōkyō 1332–1334^₪
Nanboku-chō period (Northern Court) 1336–1392	Kemmu 1334–1338 · Ryakuō 1338–1342 · Kōei 1342–1345 · Jōwa 1345–1350 · Kannō 1350–1352 · Bunna 1352–1356 · Enbun 1356–1361 · Kōan 1361–1362 · Jōji 1362–1368 · Ōan 1368–1375 · Eiwa 1375–1379 · Kōryaku 1379–1381 · Eitoku 1381–1384 · Shitoku 1384–1387 · Kakei 1387–1389 · Kōō 1389–1390 · Meitoku 1390–1394^‡
Nanboku-chō period (Southern Court) 1336–1392	Kemmu 1334–1336 · Engen 1336–1340 · Kōkoku 1340–1346 · Shōhei 1346–1370 · Kentoku 1370–1372 · Bunchū 1372–1375 · Tenju 1375–1381 · Kōwa 1381–1384 · Genchū 1384–1392^‡
Muromachi period 1333–1573	Ōei 1394–1428 · Shōchō 1428–1429 · Eikyō 1429–1441 · Kakitsu 1441–1444 · Bun'an 1444–1449 · Hōtoku 1449–1452 · Kyōtoku 1452–1455 · Kōshō 1455–1457 · Chōroku 1457–1460 · Kanshō 1460–1466 · Bunshō 1466–1467 · Ōnin 1467–1469 · Bunmei 1469–1487 · Chōkyō 1487–1489 · Entoku 1489–1492 · Meiō 1492–1501 · Bunki 1501–1521 · Eishō 1504–1521 · Daiei 1521–1528 · Kyōroku 1528–1532 · Tenbun 1532–1555 · Kōji 1555–1558 · Eiroku 1558–1570 · Genki 1570–1573
Momoyama period 1573–1600	Tenshō 1573–1592 · Bunroku 1592–1596 · Keichō 1596–1615
Edo period 1600–1868	Genna 1615–1624 · Kan'ei 1624–1644 · Shōhō 1644–1648 · Keian 1648–1652 · Jōō 1652–1655 · Meireki 1655–1658 · Manji 1658–1661 · Kanbun 1661–1673 · Enpō 1673–1681 · Tenna 1681–1684 · Jōkyō 1684–1688 · Genroku 1688–1704 · Hōei 1704–1711 · Shōtoku 1711–1716 · Kyōhō 1716–1736 · Genbun 1736–1741 · Kanpō 1741–1744 · Enkyō 1744–1748 · Kan'en 1748–1751 · Hōreki 1751–1764 · Meiwa 1764–1772 · An'ei 1772–1781 · Tenmei 1781–1789 · Kansei 1789–1801 · Kyōwa 1801–1804 · Bunka 1804–1818 · Bunsei 1818–1830 · Tenpō 1830–1844 · Kōka 1844–1848 · Kaei 1848–1854 · Ansei 1854–1860 · Man'en 1860–1861 · Bunkyū 1861–1864 · Genji 1864–1865 · Keiō 1865–1868
Modern Japan 1868–present	Meiji 1868–1912 · Taishō 1912–1926 · Shōwa 1926–1989 · Heisei 1989–2019 · Reiwa 2019–present
^♯The Northern pretenders did not recognize the Genkō era. Gentoku was used in the Northern Court until 1332. ^₪The Shōkyō era was recognized only by the Northern pretenders, not by the Southern Court. ^‡ Upon reunification of the Northern and Southern Courts in 1392, Genchū was discontinued. Meitoku was used until 1394.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{nihongo|'''''Jōwa'''''|承和}} was a {{nihongo|[[Japanese era name]]|年号,|''nengō'',|lit. "year name"}} after ''[[Tenchō]]'' and before ''[[Kashō (early Heian period)|Kashō]].''  This period started in January 834  and ended in July 848.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA434&dq= "''Jōwa''"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 434.</ref>  During this time, the emperors were {{nihongo|[[Emperor Junna|Junna]]''-tennō''|淳和天皇}} and {{nihongo|[[Emperor Ninmyō|Ninmyō]]''-tennō''|仁明天皇}}.<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&&pg=PA106#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Annales empereurs du Japon'', pp. 106-111]; Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). [http://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA284&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Gukanshō'', p. 284]; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki'', p. 164-165.</ref>
+{{nihongo|'''''Jōwa'''''|承和}} was a {{nihongo|[[Japanese era name]]|年号,|''nengō'',|lit. "year name"}} after ''[[Tenchō]]'' and before ''[[Kashō (early Heian period)|Kashō]].''  This period started in January 834  and ended in July 848.<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA434 "''Jōwa''"] in ''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 434.</ref>  During this time, the emperors were {{nihongo|[[Emperor Junna|Junna]]''-tennō''|淳和天皇}} and {{nihongo|[[Emperor Ninmyō|Ninmyō]]''-tennō''|仁明天皇}}.<ref>[[Isaac Titsingh|Titsingh, Isaac.]] (1834). [https://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA106 ''Annales empereurs du Japon'', pp. 106-111]; Brown, Delmer ''et al.'' (1979). [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA284 ''Gukanshō'', p. 284]; Varley, H. Paul. (1980). ''Jinnō Shōtōki'', p. 164-165.</ref>
 == Events of the ''Jōwa'' era ==
-[[File:DairiPlan.png|thumb|right|In ''Jōwa 1, a cherry tree was planted in the main courtyard of the Heian Palace]]
+[[File:DairiPlan.png|thumb|right|In ''Jōwa 1'', a cherry tree was planted in the main courtyard of the Heian Palace]]
-There were disturbances when Emperor Junna [[Abdication|abdicated]]; and this time was called ''Jōwa no Hen.''<ref>Nussbaum, [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA434&dq= "''Jōwa no Hen''"] at p. 434.</ref>
+There were disturbances when Emperor Junna [[Abdication|abdicated]]; and this time was called ''Jōwa no Hen.''<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA434 "''Jōwa no Hen''"] at p. 434.</ref>
 * '''834''' (''Jōwa 1''): Emperor Ninmyō planted a cherry tree near the [[shishinden]] to replace the tree [[Emperor Kammu]] planted when the [[capital of Japan]] was moved to [[Heian-kyō]] (Kyoto).<ref>Ponsonby-Fane, Richard. (1956). ''Kyoto: the Old Capital of Japan,'' p. 63.</ref>
-* '''834''' (''Jōwa 1''): [[Kukai]] was permitted to create a Buddhist chapel at the Imperial Palace.<ref>Kukai. (1972). [http://books.google.com/books?id=FGtbmTMf3r4C&pg=PA59#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Kūkai: Major Works'' (S. Hakeda, editor), p. 59].</ref>
+* '''834''' (''Jōwa 1''): [[Kukai]] was permitted to create a Buddhist chapel at the Imperial Palace.<ref>Kukai. (1972). [https://books.google.com/books?id=FGtbmTMf3r4C&pg=PA59 ''Kūkai: Major Works'' (S. Hakeda, editor), p. 59].</ref>
-* '''11 June 840''' (''Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm  NengoCalc 承和七年五月八日  -->: Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.<ref>Brown, [http://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA284&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 284]; [[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/053/index.html  淳和天皇 (53)]; retrieved 2011-12-27.</ref>
+* '''11 June 840''' (''Jōwa 7, 8th day of the 5th month'')<!-- [http://web.me.com/meyer.eva/www.yukikurete.de/nengo_calc.htm  NengoCalc 承和七年五月八日  -->: Former-Emperor Junna died at the age of 55.<ref>Brown, [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA284 p. 284]; [[Imperial Household Agency]] (''Kunaichō''): [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/053/index.html  淳和天皇 (53)]; retrieved 2011-12-27.</ref>
-* '''841''' (''Jōwa 8, 11th month''): A broom star was seen in the west.<ref>Pankenier, David et al. (2008). [http://books.google.com/books?id=XmgEWgvKmh4C&pg=PA98#v=onepage&q=japan&f=false  ''Archaeoastronomy in East Asia: Historical Observational Records of Comets and Meteor Showers from China, Japan, and Korea,'' p. 98].</ref>
+* '''841''' (''Jōwa 8, 11th month''): A broom star was seen in the west.<ref>Pankenier, David et al. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=XmgEWgvKmh4C&q=japan&pg=PA98  ''Archaeoastronomy in East Asia: Historical Observational Records of Comets and Meteor Showers from China, Japan, and Korea,'' p. 98].</ref>
-* '''24 August 842''' (''[[Jōwa]] 9, 15th day of the 7th month'')<!-- nengoCalc 承和九年七月十五日 -->: Former-[[Emperor Saga]] died at the age of 57.<ref>Brown, [http://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA282&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 282]; Varley, p. 163; ''Kunaichō'', [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/052/index.html 嵯峨天皇 (52)]; retrieved 2012-5-22.</ref>
+* '''24 August 842''' (''[[Jōwa]] 9, 15th day of the 7th month'')<!-- nengoCalc 承和九年七月十五日 -->: Former-[[Emperor Saga]] died at the age of 57.<ref>Brown, [https://books.google.com/books?id=w4f5FrmIJKIC&pg=PA282 p. 282]; Varley, p. 163; ''Kunaichō'', [http://www.kunaicho.go.jp/ryobo/guide/052/index.html 嵯峨天皇 (52)]; retrieved 2012-5-22.</ref>
-* '''843''' (''Jōwa 10''): Work was completed on the ''[[Nihon kōki]]''.<ref>Nussbaum, [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA709&dq= "''Nihon Kōki''"] at p. 709.</ref>
+* '''843''' (''Jōwa 10''): Work was completed on the ''[[Nihon kōki]]''.<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA709 "''Nihon Kōki''"] at p. 709.</ref>
-Coins minted from 835 to 847 were known as ''Jōwa-shōhō''.<ref>Nussbaum, [http://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA434&dq= "''Jōwa-shōhō''"] at p. 434.</ref>
+Coins minted from 835 to 847 were known as ''Jōwa-shōhō''.<ref>Nussbaum, [https://books.google.com/books?id=p2QnPijAEmEC&pg=PA434 "''Jōwa-shōhō''"] at p. 434.</ref>
 ==Related pages==
@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 |- align=center
 | width =20% |Preceded by:<br>''[[Tenchō]]''
-| width =30% |[[Japanese era name|Era or ''nengō'']]:<br>'''Jōwa
+| width =30% |[[Japanese era name|Era or ''nengō'']]:<br>'''Jōwa'''
 | width =20% |Succeeded by:<br>''[[Kashō (early Heian period)|Kashō]]''
 |}
@@ Line 54: / Line 54: @@
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Jowa (Heian period)}}
 [[Category:Japanese eras]]
+[[Category:9th-century establishments in Japan]]
+[[Category:9th-century disestablishments in Japan]]
-[[en:Jōwa (Heian period)]]
+[[Category:830s establishments]]
-[[es:Jōwa (período Heian)]]
+[[Category:840s disestablishments]]
-[[fr:Ère Jōwa (Heian)]]
-[[ja:承和]]