Tōkyō

Tokio 東京
Kolaž slika grada Kolaž slika grada Kolaž slika grada
Koordinate: 35°41′N 139°41′E
Država	Japan
Površina
- Ukupna	622 km² 2 187.66 km² (prefektura Tokio)
Stanovništvo (2006.)
- Grad	13.185.502
- Urbano područje	8 535 792 13 185 502 (prefektura Tokio)
Vremenska zona	UTC+9 (UTC)
Karta
Tokio class=notpageimage| Tokio na karti Japana

Tokio (japanski: 東京‎; Tōkyō  slušaj) nekadašnji Edo je glavni i najveći grad Japana od 8 535 792 stanovnika (po procjeni iz 2006).

Ali metropolitanski (prefektura) Tokio je puno veći, on ima oko 13 185 502 stanovnika, dok još 20 miliona ljudi svaki dan putuje iz okolnih područja radi posla. Tokio je centralno mesto japanske politike, ekonomije, kulture i obrazovanja, kao i grad u kom stoluje japanski car. Tokio je i poslovni i financijski centar istočne Azije.

Zanimljivo je da ima daleko manje nebodera nego drugi gradovi slične veličine, a čemu je razlog standardi u gradnji koji su zahtevani zbog čestih zemljotresa. Zgrada gradske vlade (Tokio metropoliten) je najviši neboder u Tokiju. Tokio ima najkompleksniji sistem javnog prevoza na svetu.

U doslovnom prevodu Tokio znači "istočna prestonica" na japanskom, a ime je dobila zato što je stara prestonica (Kjoto) nalazila na zapadu i bila je preimenovana u "Saikio" (西京 Saikyō), što znači "zapadna prestonica", u toku devetnaestog veka. Do 1870. Tokio je bio poznat pod imenom "Edo" (u nekim evropskim jezicima se izgovara "Jedo"). Kada je Carska porodica preselila iz Kjota ime je promenjeno.

Istorija

Tokio je osnovan 1457. pod imenom Edo (江戸). Tokugava šogunat je osnovan 1603. sa Edom kao sedištem vlade. U septembru 1868., kada je prestao da postoji šogunat , car Meiđi je naredio da Edo bude preimenovan u Tokio.

Veliki Kanto zemljotres je pogodio Tokio 1923. godine, i u njemu je poginulo oko 70.000 ljudi. I pored toga grad je nastavio da raste do početka Drugog svetskog rata.

DN toranj 21 se uzdiže iznad zgrade u kojoj je radio Douglas MacArthur

Tokom rata, Tokio je teško bombardovan, i veliki deo grada je sravnjen sa zemljom. Pored rušenja izazvanog bombama, veliki deo grada je nestao i u požarima izazvanim bombardovanjem. Broj stanovnika Tokia 1945. godine je bio samo polovina broja koji je imao 1940. godine.

Nakon rata, Tokio je bio vod vojnom okupacijom od strane savezničke vojske. Američko prisustvo u Japanu je bilo važan logistički i komandni centar tokom rata u Koreji. U Tokiju i dalje postoji nekoliko američkih vojnih baza.

Tokom pedesetih i šezdesetih godina dvadesetog veka Japan je često opisivan kao "ekonomsko čudo", koje je transformisalo zemlju od ratom razorene zemlje do druge ekonomske sile na svetu 1966. godine. Ponovna izgradnja ratom razrušenog Tokija je završena održavanjem Olimpijskih igara 1964. godine.

Početkom sedamdesetih godina dvadesetog veka, japanski gradovi su se suočili sa velikim prilivom radne snage i ruralnih delova zemlje, a Tokio je bio jedan od gradova sa najvećim prilivom stanovništva.

Tokio je bio u centru svetske pažnje 20. marta 1995. godine, kada je sektaška teroristička organizacija nervnim otrovom, sarinom, napala sistem podzemnih železnica u kome je 12 osoba poginulo, a hiljade povređeno.

Geografija

Jezera, planine i ostrva

U Tokiju se nalazi jezero Okutama

Sledeće planine se nalaze u Tokiju:

• Kumotori
• Takao
• Mitake
• Mihara

Ostrva koja se nalaze u Tokiju su:

• Izu ostrva:
• Ogasavara ostrva

• 
  Satelitski snimak Tokija
• 
  Karta iz (1888) Mejersovog leksikona.

Životna sredina

Tokyo has enacted a measure to cut greenhouse gases. Governor Shintaro Ishihara created Japan's first emissions cap system, aiming to reduce greenhouse gas emission by a total of 25% by 2020 from the 2000 level. Tokyo is an example of an urban heat island, and the phenomenon is especially serious in its special wards. According to the Tokyo Metropolitan Government, the annual mean temperature has increased by about 3 °C (5.4 °F) over the past 100 years. Tokyo has been cited as a "convincing example of the relationship between urban growth and climate."

In 2006, Tokyo enacted the "10 Year Project for Green Tokyo" to be realised by 2016. It set a goal of increasing roadside trees in Tokyo to 1 million (from 480,000), and adding 1,000 ha of green space 88 of which will be a new park named "Umi no Mori" (sea forest) which will be on a reclaimed island in Tokyo Bay which used to be a landfill. From 2007 to 2010 436 ha of the planned 1,000 ha of green space was created and 220,000 trees were planted bringing the total to 700,000. By 2014 road side trees in Tokyo will increase to 950,000 and a further 300 ha of green space will be added.

Demografija

Registered foreign nationals
Nationality	Population (2012)
China	161,169
North Korea and South Korea	99,880
Philippines	27,929
United States	15,901
India	8,313
Nepal	8,669
Thailand	6,906
United Kingdom	5,522
Myanmar	4,781
France	4,635

As of October 2012, the official intercensal estimate showed 13.22 million people in Tokyo with 8.996 million living within Tokyo's 23 wards. During the daytime, the population swells by over 2.5 million as workers and students commute from adjacent areas. This effect is even more pronounced in the three central wards of Chiyoda, Chūō, and Minato, whose collective population as of the 2005 National Census was 326,000 at night, but 2.4 million during the day.

The entire prefecture had 12,790,000 residents in October 2007 (8,653,000 in 23 wards), with an increase of over 3 million in the daytime. Tokyo is at its highest population ever, while that of the 23 wards peak official count was 8,893,094 in the 1965 Census, with the count dipping below 8 million in the 1995 Census.

As of 2005, the most common foreign nationalities found in Tokyo are Chinese (123,661), Korean (106,697), Filipino (31,077), American (18,848), British (7,696), Brazilian (5,300) and French (3,000).

In 1889, the Ministry of Home Affairs recorded 1,375,937 people in Tokyo City and a total of 1,694,292 people in Tokyo-fu. In the same year, a total of 779 foreign nationals were recorded as residing in Tokyo. The most common nationality was British (209 residents), followed by United States nationals (182) and nationals of the Qing dynasty (137).

Population of Tokyo By area1 Tokyo Special wards Tama Area Islands 12.79 million 8.653 million 4.109 million 28,000 By age² Juveniles (age 0-14) Working (age 15-64) Retired (age 65+) 1.461 million (11.8%) 8.546 million (69.3%) 2.332 million (18.9%) By hours³ Day Night 14.978 million 12.416 million By nationality Foreign residents 364,6534 (2.9% of total) 1 Estimates as of October 1, 2007. ² as of January 1, 2007. ³ as of 2005 National Census. 4 as of January 1, 2006.

This chart is growth rate of municipalities of Tokyo, Japan. It is estimated by census carried out in 2005 and 2010. Increase   10.0 % over   7.5 – 9.9 %   5.0 – 7.4 %   2.5 – 4.9 %   0.0 – 2.4 % Decrease   0.0 – 2.4 %   2.5 – 4.9%   5.0 – 7.4 %   7.5 – 9.9 %   10.0 % and below

Ekonomija

Neboderi u centru grada

Centralni Tokio (pogled sa Gradske većnice) se širi do dometa ljudskog oka.

Tokyo Stock Exchange

Bank of Japan

Shiodome City Center in Minato, headquarters of All Nippon Airways and Fujitsu

Mitsubishi Corporation headquarters in Marunouchi, Chiyoda

Tokyo has the largest metropolitan economy in the world. According to a study conducted by PricewaterhouseCoopers, the Tokyo urban area (35 million people) had a total GDP of US$1.9 trillion in 2012 (at purchasing power parity), which topped that list. 51 of the companies listed on the Global 500 are based in Tokyo, almost twice that of the second-placed city (Paris).

Tokyo is a major international finance center, houses the headquarters of several of the world's largest investment banks and insurance companies, and serves as a hub for Japan's transportation, publishing, electronics and broadcasting industries. During the centralised growth of Japan's economy following World War II, many large firms moved their headquarters from cities such as Osaka (the historical commercial capital) to Tokyo, in an attempt to take advantage of better access to the government. This trend has begun to slow due to ongoing population growth in Tokyo and the high cost of living there.

Tokyo was rated by the Economist Intelligence Unit as the most expensive (highest cost-of-living) city in the world for 14 years in a row ending in 2006.

Tokyo has been described as one of the three "command centers" for the world economy, along with New York City and London. The Tokyo Stock Exchange is Japan's largest stock exchange, and third largest in the world by market capitalization and fourth largest by share turnover. In 1990 at the end of the Japanese asset price bubble, it accounted for more than 60% of the world stock market value. Tokyo had 8,460 ha (20,900 acres) of agricultural land as of 2003, according to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, placing it last among the nation's prefectures. The farmland is concentrated in Western Tokyo. Perishables such as vegetables, fruits, and flowers can be conveniently shipped to the markets in the eastern part of the prefecture. Komatsuna and spinach are the most important vegetables; as of 2000, Tokyo supplied 32.5% of the komatsuna sold at its central produce market.

With 36% of its area covered by forest, Tokyo has extensive growths of cryptomeria and Japanese cypress, especially in the mountainous western communities of Akiruno, Ōme, Okutama, Hachiōji, Hinode, and Hinohara. Decreases in the price of timber, increases in the cost of production, and advancing old age among the forestry population have resulted in a decline in Tokyo's output. In addition, pollen, especially from cryptomeria, is a major allergen for the nearby population centers. Tokyo Bay was once a major source of fish. Currently, most of Tokyo's fish production comes from the outer islands, such as Izu Ōshima and Hachijōjima. Skipjack tuna, nori, and aji are among the ocean products.

Tourism in Tokyo is also a contributor to the economy. In 2006, 4.81 million foreigners and 420 million Japanese visits to Tokyo were made; the economic value of these visits totaled 9.4 trillion yen according to the government of Tokyo. Many tourists visit the various downtowns, stores, and entertainment districts throughout the neighbourhoods of the special wards of Tokyo; particularly school children on class trips, a visit to Tokyo Tower is de rigueur. Cultural offerings include both omnipresent Japanese pop culture and associated districts such as Shibuya and Harajuku, subcultural attractions such as Studio Ghibli anime center, as well as museums like the Tokyo National Museum, which houses 37% of the country's artwork national treasures (87/233).

The Tsukiji Fish Market in central Tokyo is the biggest wholesale fish and seafood market in the world and also one of the largest wholesale food markets of any kind. The Tsukiji market holds strong to the traditions of its predecessor, the Nihombashi fish market, and serves some 50,000 buyers and sellers every day. Retailers, whole-sellers, auctioneers, and public citizens alike frequent the market, creating a unique microcosm of organized chaos that still continues to fuel the city and its food supply after over four centuries.

Kultura

Mesta od religijskog značaja u Tokiju:

• Kanda
• hram Meiđi
• Sensođi
• katedrala Svetog Nikole
• Katedrala Sv. Marije, Tokio
• Hram Jasukuni

Sport

Fudbalski klubovi u Tokiju:

• FK Tokio
• Tokio Verdi 1969

Palata

Sedište carske vlasti Japana nalazi se na mestu nekadašnjeg utvrđenja grada Edo, koje su nekada kao svoj dom koristili i šoguni. Ovu raskošnu građevinu okružuju brojni vrtovi, od kojih su neki otvoreni i za javnost. Iz njih se do palate i unutrašnjih vrtova stiže preko jednog od dva mosta. Međutim, ti delovi su otvoreni za javnost samo dva dana godišnje, za Novu godinu i za carev rođendan. Legenda kaže da je prvi car Japana, Jimu, sin boginje Sunca Amaterasu i da je krunisan pre otprilike hiljadu i po godina. Za razliku od gotovo svih drugih svetskih dinastija, ova se održala do danas, i današnji car je direktan potomak cara Jimua. Iako kroz istoriju carevi nisu uvek imali vlast, uvek su predstavljali autoritet koji su uvažavali nosioci stvarne vlasti. Čak i danas, kada je Japan moderna država sa demokratski izabranom vlašću, carska porodica smatra se izuzetno značajnom i uvaženom.

Železnica

Šinkasen u Tokiju

Železnica je osnovno prevozno sredstvo u Tokiju još od početka 20. veka. Zahvaljujući brižljivo planiranom javnom prevozu, ovaj grad uspešno izdržava 35 miliona svojih stanovnika koji neprekidno žure sa jednog na drugi kraj grada. Broj automobila, u odnosu na broj stanovnika, je relativno mali- vozovi su brži, tačniji i jeftiniji način kretanja kroz grad. Istini za volju, tokom špica su pretrpani do te mere da na prometnijim stanicama postoje ljudi kojima je posao da poguraju one koji vise sa vrata i pomognu im da stanu u već krcat vagon. Grad u Japanuski saobraćaj obuhvata preko 17 linija i više od 1000 stanica. Najprometnija je Šindžuku, koja je svakako i svetski rekorder sa preko 3 miliona putnika dnevno. Na samu stanicu se ulazi kroz jedan od 200 ulaza. Po površini prevazilazi je jedino železnička stanica u gradu Nagoji.

Ginza

Ovo je deo grada sa najviše prodavnica, restorana i noćnih klubova. Svaka robna marka koja nešto znači u svetu ima svoj prostor upravo u Ginzi. Nekada se tu nalazila kovnica srebrnjaka po čemu je ceo kraj dobio ime. Nakon velikog zemljotresa 1923, oblast je pretvorena u trgovinsku četvrt koja je brzo napredovala. Ginza je poznata po najskupljem zemljištu na svetu- kvadratni metar građevinskog zemljišta često prelazi cenu od 100000 američkih dolara. Tokom vikenda Ginza je pešačka zona, a brojni restorani otvaraju svoje bašte.

Akihabara

Akihabara

U pitanju je četvrt koja najviše podseća na buvlju pijacu iz naučnofantastičnih filmova. Iako su glavni artikli elektronika, kompjuterske komponente i audio i video oprema, na istim tezgama može se kupiti sve i svašta, uključujući i voće i odeću. Putnik namernik ovde se najpre sreće s neonskim reklamama i video-bimovima, ali, za razliku od većine drugih bazara u svetu, ovde prodavci ne mame kupce glasnim reklamiranjem svoje robe i izvikivanjem cena. Naime, kako i dolikuje centru svetske elektronike, svi glasovi su snimljeni i vrte se neprekidno pojačani do maksimuma. Akihabara je zbog toga bučna, šarena i gotovo neprohodna.

Zemljotresi

Zemljotresi su česta pojava u Japanu. Manji potresi mogu se očekivati bar jednom mesečno i stanovništvo je prilično naviknuto na njih. Nažalost, neki od zemljotresa su jači i prilično razorni. Najteži udarac naneo je Veliki kanto zemljotres, 1. septembra 1923. godine. Za samo nekoliko minuta Tokio i susedna Jokohama su gotovo u celosti srušeni. Živote je izgubilo između 100000 i 150000 ljudi, a oko dva miliona ljudi ostalo je bez domova. Zemljotres je izazvao niz požara koji su se brzo proširili zahvaljujući tajfunu koji je duvao sa Pacifika. Usled medijske zbrke koja je nastala, danima nakon zemljotresa na ulicama su vladali haos i nasilje. Požari su ugašeni tek tri dana kasnije. Rekonstrukcija grada trajala je decenijama.

Jokohama

Jokohama možda najbolje ilustruje širenje Japana na okolne gradove i sela. Nekada, ona je bila ribarsko selo. Sa otvaranjem Japana ka svetu tokom 19. veka, selo se pretvorilo u luku, a zatim u mali gradić koji je brzo prihvatio uticaj dalekih zapadnih zemalja. Do kraja veka, tu su se objavljivale prve japanske novine, a ulice su po prvi put bile osvetljene lampama na gas. Budući da se nalazi na zapadnoj strani Tokijskog zaliva, na svega tridesetak kilometara od užeg centra grada, Jokohama je od 1927. povezana sa Tokiom redovnom metro linijom. Već deceniju kasnije, gradovi se stapaju u jedan. Zahvaljujući Jokohami danas je Tokio jedini grad na svetu koji ima predgrađe sa više od 3 miliona stanovnika.

Literatura

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• McClain, James, John M Merriman and Kaoru Ugawa. (1994). Edo and Paris: Urban Life and the State in the Early Modern Era. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 10-ISBN 0801429870/13-ISBN 9780801429873; OCLC 30157716
• Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 10-ISBN 0-674-01753-6; 13-ISBN 978-0-674-01753-5; OCLC 58053128
• Sorensen, Andre. (2002). The Making of Urban Japan: Cities and Planning from Edo to the Twenty First Century. London: RoutledgeCurzon. 10-ISBN 0415226511/13-ISBN 9780415226516; OCLC 48517502
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• Philippe Pons, D'Edo à Tokyo. Mémoires et modernités, Gallimard, Paris, 1988, 455 pages, ISBN 978-2070711932 (Compte-rendu dans la revue Politique étrangère).
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• Michaël Ferrier, Le Goût de Tokyo, anthologie commentée de textes sur Tokyo, Paris, Mercure de France, 2008 ISBN 2-7152-2811-2, Tokyo, petits portraits de l’aube, Paris, Gallimard, 2004 (rééd. 2010) ISBN 978-2070772131

Spoljašnje veze

• Zvanična prezentacija grada
• Tokyo na portalu Encyclopædia Britannica (en)
• Turistički vodič - Tokio (vikitravel)
• Turistički vodič - Tokio
• Vremenska prognoza -Tokio
• Metropolis Vodič kroz Tokio na engleskom

Tokijo na Wikimedijinoj ostavi