Dinastia argéada

Casa de Argos
	; Sol de Vergina
País	Macedónia, (Grécia Antiga)
Etnia	Grego
Fundação	808 AC
Último soberano	Alexandre IV da Macedónia
Títulos	Basileus da Macedônia Rei da Pérsia Senhor da Ásia Faraó do Egito Hegemon da Liga Helênica
Religião	Religião da Grécia Antiga
Estado	Macedónia
Dissolução	310 AC

A Dinastia Argéada (em Grego: Ἀργεάδαι, Argeádai) era uma antiga casa real Grega Macedónia. Eles foram os fundadores e a dinastia governante da Macedônia de cerca de 700 a 310 AC. A sua tradição, como descrita na historiografia grega antiga, traçou suas origens para Argos, no Peloponeso, daí o nome Argeads ou Argives.^[1]^[2]^[3] Inicialmente os governantes da tribo homônima,^[4] na época de Filipe II, expandiram seu reinado ainda mais, para incluir sob o domínio da Macedônia todos os estados da Alta Macedônia. Os membros mais célebres da família foram Filipe II da Macedónia e Alexandre, o Grande, sob cuja liderança o reino da Macedônia gradualmente ganhou predominância em toda a Grécia, derrotou o Império Aquemênida e expandiu-se até ao Egito e á Índia. O mítico fundador da dinastia Argéada é o Rei Caranus.^[5]^[6]

Origem

As palavras "Argead" e "Argive" derivam (do Latim Argīvus^[7]) do Grego Ἀργεῖος (Argeios), "de ou de Argos",^[8] que é primeiro atestado em Homero, onde também foi usado como um designação coletiva para os gregos ("Ἀργείων Δαναῶν", Argive Danaans).^[9]^[10] A dinastia Argéada alegou descender dos Temenids de Argos, no Peloponeso, cujo lendário ancestral era Temenus, o trineto de Héracles. Nas escavações do palácio real em Aegae Manolis Andronikos descobriu na sala "tholos" (de acordo com alguns estudiosos "tholos" era a sala do trono) uma inscrição relativa a essa crença.^[11] Isto é testemunhado por Heródoto, em as Histórias, onde ele menciona que três irmãos da linhagem de Temenus, Gauanes, Aéropo e Pérdicas, fugiram de Argos para os Ilírios e então para a Alta Macedônia, para uma cidade chamada Lebaea, onde serviram o rei. Este último pediu-lhes para deixar o seu território, acreditando em um presságio de que algo grande aconteceria com Pérdicas. Os meninos foram para outra parte da Macedônia, perto do jardim de Midas, acima do qual fica o monte Bermio. Lá eles fizeram a sua casa e lentamente formaram o seu próprio reino.^[12] Heródoto também relata o incidente da participação de Alexandre I da Macedônia nos Jogos Olímpicos em 504 ou 500 AC, onde a participação do rei da Macedônia foi contestada pelos participantes, alegando que ele não era grego. O Hellanodikai, no entanto, depois de examinar a sua alegação Argéada, confirmou que os Macedônios eram Gregos e permitiu que ele participasse.^[13]

Outra teoria, apoiada por estudiosos modernos, como Apiano na antiguidade, é que a dinastia Argéada realmente descendia de Argos Orestikon, Macedônia, e que a teoria da vinda de Argos no Peloponeso, foi inventada pelos Reis da Macedônia fortalecer a sua linhagem grega.^[14]

De acordo com Tucídides, na História da Guerra do Peloponeso, os Argéadas eram originalmente Temenídeos de Argos, que desceram das terras altas para a Baixa Macedônia, expulsaram os Pierianos de Pieria e adquiriram em Peônia uma estreita faixa ao longo do rio Áxio, que se estendia até Pela e AO mar. Eles também acrescentaram Migdônia ao seu território através da expulsão dos Edonos, dos Eordeus e dos Almópios.^[15]

Lista de reis argéadas

**Governantes Argéadas**
Rei	Reino (AC)	Comentários
Carano	808–778 AC	Fundador da dinastia Argéada e primeiro Rei da Macedônia
Ceno	778–750 AC
Tirimas	750–700 AC
Pérdicas I	700–678 AC
Argeu I	678–640 AC
Felipe I	640–602 AC
Aéropo I	602–576 AC
Alcetas I	576–547 AC
Amintas I	547–498 AC
Alexandre I	498–454 AC
Pérdicas II	454–413 AC
Arquelau I	413–399 AC
Orestes e Aéropo II	399–396 AC
Arquelau II	396–393 AC
Amintas II	393 AC
Pausânias	393 AC
Amintas III	393 AC
Argeu II	393–392 AC
Amintas III	392–370 AC	Restaurado ao trono depois de um ano
Alexandre II	370–368 AC
Ptolomeu I	368–365 AC
Pérdicas III	365–359 AC
Amintas IV	359 AC
Filipe II	359–336 AC	Unificador da Grécia sob o domínio da Macedônia
Alexandre III	336–323 AC	Alexandre, o Grande. O mais notável Rei da Grécia antiga e um dos mais celebrados estrategistas e governantes de todos os tempos. Alexandre no topo do seu reinado foi simultaneamente Rei da Macedônia, Faraó do Egito, Rei da Pérsia e Rei da Ásia
Antípatro	334–323 AC	Regente da Macedônia durante o reinado de Alexandre III
Felipe III Arrideu	323–317 AC	Apenas rei titular após a morte de Alexandre III
Alexandre IV	323–310 AC	Filho de Alexandre, o Grande e Roxana. Serviu apenas como um rei titular e foi assassinado em tenra idade antes de ter a chance de subir ao trono da Macedônia

Genealogia dos argéadas

Referências

↑ Argive, Oxford Dictionaries.
↑ Hammond 1986, p. 516: "In the early 5th century the royal house of Macedonia, the Temenidae was recognised as Macedonian by the Presidents of the Olympic Games. Their verdict considered themselves to be of Macedonian descent ."
↑ Howatson & Harvey 1989, p. 339: "In historical times the royal house traced its descent from the mythical Temenus, king of Argos, who was one of the Heracleidae, and more immediately from Perdiccas I, who left Argos for Illyria, probably in the mid-seventh century BC, and from there captured the Macedonian plain and occupied the fortress of Aegae (Vergina), setting himself up as king of the Macedonians. Thus the kings were of largely Dorian Greek stock (see PHILIP (1)); they presumably spoke a form of Dorian Greek and their cultural tradition had Greek features."
↑ Rogers 2004, p. 316: "According to Strabo, 7.11 ff., the Argeadae were the tribe who were able to make themselves supreme in early Emathia, later Macedonia."
↑ Green 2013, p. 103.
↑ According to Pausanias (Description of Greece 9.40.8-9), Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion for a victory against Cisseus: "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India."
↑ Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary, Argīvus.
↑ Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, Ἀργεῖος.
↑ Cartledge 2011, Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23: "The Late Bronze Age in Greece is also called conventionally 'Mycenaean', as we saw in the last chapter. But it might in principle have been called 'Argive', 'Achaean', or 'Danaan', since the three names that Homer does in fact apply to Greeks collectively were 'Argives', 'Achaeans', and 'Danaans'."
↑ Homer. Iliad, 2.155-175, 4.8; Odyssey, 8.578, 4.6.
↑ Andronikos 1994, p. 38: Inscription found in the tholos room of the Agai Palace: "Η επιγραφή αυτή είναι: «ΗΡΑΚΛΗΙ ΠΑΤΡΩΙΩΙ», που σημαίνει στον «Πατρώο Ηρακλή», στον Ηρακλή δηλαδή που ήταν γενάρχης της βασιλικής οικογένειας των Μακεδόνων." [Tradução: "The inscription is: «ΗΡΑΚΛΗΙ ΠΑΤΡΩΙΩΙ», which means "Father (Ancestor) Hercules", dedicated to Hercules who was the ancestor of the royal family of the Macedonians."]
↑ Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.
↑ Herodotus. Histories, 5.22.
↑ Apiano. Syrian Wars, 11.10.63.
↑ Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.99.

Citações

Fontes

Andronikos, Manolēs (1994). Vergina: The Royal Tombs. Atenas: Ekdotikē Athēnōn. ISBN 960-213-128-4
Cartledge, Paul (2011). Ancient Greece: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-960134-9
Green, Peter (2013) [1991]. Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: A Historical Biography. Berkeley e Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-52-095469-4
Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière (1986). A History of Greece to 322 BC. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-873095-0
Howatson, M. C.; Harvey, Sir Paul (1989). The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature. Oxford, RU: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-866121-5
Rogers, Guy MacLean (2004). Alexander: The Ambiguity of Greatness. Nova Iorque: Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 1-4000-6261-6

Leitura adicional

Anson, Edward M. 2014. "The End of a Dynasty." In Alexander's Heirs: The Age of the Successors. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Carney, Elizabeth Donnelly. 2009. "The role of the BASILIKOI PAIDES at the Argead court." In Macedonian legacies: Studies in ancient Macedonian history and culture in honor of Eugene N. Borza. Editado por Timothy Howe and Jeanne Reames, 145–164. Claremont, CA: Regina.
--. 2010. "Putting women in their place: Women in public under Philip II and Alexander III and the last Argeads." In Philip II and Alexander the Great: Father and son, lives and afterlives. Editado por Elizabeth D. Carney and Daniel Ogden, 43–53. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
Errington, Robert Malcolm. 1978. "The nature of the Macedonian state under the monarchy." Chiron 7:77–133.
Griffith, Guy Thompson. 1979. "The reign of Philip the Second: The government of the kingdom." In A history of Macedonia. Vol. 2. Editado por Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond, and Guy Thompson Griffith, 383–404. Oxford: Clarendon.
Hatzopoulos, Miltiades B. 1996. Macedonian institutions under the kings. 2 volumess. Paris: De Boccard.
King, Carol J. 2010. "Macedonian kingship and other political institutions." In A companion to ancient Macedonia. Editado por Joseph Roisman and Ian Worthington, 373–391. Malden, MA: Blackwell-Wiley.
Ogden, Daniel. 2011. "The Royal Families of Argead Macedon and the Hellenistic World." In A Companion to Families in the Greek and Roman Worlds. Editado por Beryl Rawson, 92–107. Malden, MA: Blackwell-Wiley.

Ligações externas

«Argead Dynasty». Encyclopædia Britannica. Consultado em 10 de Julho de 2018. Cópia arquivada em 26 de Abril de 2008

[1] Argive, Oxford Dictionaries.

[2] Hammond 1986, p. 516: "In the early 5th century the royal house of Macedonia, the Temenidae was recognised as Macedonian by the Presidents of the Olympic Games. Their verdict considered themselves to be of Macedonian descent ."

[3] Howatson & Harvey 1989, p. 339: "In historical times the royal house traced its descent from the mythical Temenus, king of Argos, who was one of the Heracleidae, and more immediately from Perdiccas I, who left Argos for Illyria, probably in the mid-seventh century BC, and from there captured the Macedonian plain and occupied the fortress of Aegae (Vergina), setting himself up as king of the Macedonians. Thus the kings were of largely Dorian Greek stock (see PHILIP (1)); they presumably spoke a form of Dorian Greek and their cultural tradition had Greek features."

[4] Rogers 2004, p. 316: "According to Strabo, 7.11 ff., the Argeadae were the tribe who were able to make themselves supreme in early Emathia, later Macedonia."

[5] Green 2013, p. 103.

[6] According to Pausanias (Description of Greece 9.40.8-9), Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion for a victory against Cisseus: "The Macedonians say that Caranus, king of Macedonia, overcame in battle Cisseus, a chieftain in a bordering country. For his victory Caranus set up a trophy after the Argive fashion, but it is said to have been upset by a lion from Olympus, which then vanished. Caranus, they assert, realized that it was a mistaken policy to incur the undying hatred of the non-Greeks dwelling around, and so, they say, the rule was adopted that no king of Macedonia, neither Caranus himself nor any of his successors, should set up trophies, if they were ever to gain the good-will of their neighbors. This story is confirmed by the fact that Alexander set up no trophies, neither for his victory over Dareius nor for those he won in India."

[7] Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary, Argīvus.

[8] Henry George Liddell and Robert Scott. A Greek-English Lexicon, Ἀργεῖος.

[9] Cartledge 2011, Chapter 4: Argos, p. 23: "The Late Bronze Age in Greece is also called conventionally 'Mycenaean', as we saw in the last chapter. But it might in principle have been called 'Argive', 'Achaean', or 'Danaan', since the three names that Homer does in fact apply to Greeks collectively were 'Argives', 'Achaeans', and 'Danaans'."

[10] Homer. Iliad, 2.155-175, 4.8; Odyssey, 8.578, 4.6.

[11] Andronikos 1994, p. 38: Inscription found in the tholos room of the Agai Palace: "Η επιγραφή αυτή είναι: «ΗΡΑΚΛΗΙ ΠΑΤΡΩΙΩΙ», που σημαίνει στον «Πατρώο Ηρακλή», στον Ηρακλή δηλαδή που ήταν γενάρχης της βασιλικής οικογένειας των Μακεδόνων." [Tradução: "The inscription is: «ΗΡΑΚΛΗΙ ΠΑΤΡΩΙΩΙ», which means "Father (Ancestor) Hercules", dedicated to Hercules who was the ancestor of the royal family of the Macedonians."]

[12] Herodotus. Histories, 8.137.

[13] Herodotus. Histories, 5.22.

[14] Apiano. Syrian Wars, 11.10.63.

[15] Thucydides. History of the Peloponnesian War, 2.99.

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