cli

Step CLI

step is a zero trust swiss army knife that integrates with step-ca for automated certificate management. It's an easy-to-use and hard-to-misuse utility for building, operating, and automating systems that use zero trust technologies like authenticated encryption (X.509, TLS), single sign-on (OAuth OIDC, SAML), multi-factor authentication (OATH OTP, FIDO U2F), encryption mechanisms (JSON Web Encryption, NaCl), and verifiable claims (JWT, SAML assertions).

Website | Documentation | Installation Guide | Examples | Contribution Guide

Features

step is a powerful security tool that's been carefully designed to be safe and easy to use, even if you don't have a favorite elliptic curve or if you're inclined to forget to check the aud when you verify a JWT.

• Safe and sane defaults everywhere encourage best practices by making the right thing easy
• Insecure or subtle operations are gated with flags to prevent accidental misuse
• In-depth help with examples is available via step help

Work with JWTs (RFC7519) and other JOSE constructs

• Sign, verify, and inspect JSON Web Tokens (JWTs)
• Sign, verify, and inspect arbitrary data using JSON Web Signature (JWS)
• Encrypt and decrypt data and wrap private keys using JSON Web Encryption (JWE)
• Create JWKs and manage key sets for use with JWT, JWE, and JWS

Work with X.509 (TLS/HTTPS) certificates

• Create key pairs (RSA, ECDSA, EdDSA) and certificate signing requests (CSRs)
• Create RFC5280 and CA/Browser Forum compliant X.509 certificates that work for TLS and HTTPS
• Create root and intermediate signing certificates (CA certificates)
• Create self-signed & CA-signed certificates, and sign CSRs
• Inspect and lint certificates on disk or in use by a remote server
• Install root certificates so your CA is trusted by default (issue development certificates that work in browsers)
• Get certificates from any ACME compliant CA (coming soon)

Connect to step-ca and get certificates from your own private certificate authority

• Authenticate and obtain a certificate using any enrollment mechanism supported by step-ca
• Securely distribute root certificates and bootstrap PKI relying parties
• Renew and revoke certificates issued by step-ca
• Submit CSRs to be signed by step-ca

Command line OAuth and MFA

• Get OAuth access tokens and OIDC identity tokens at the command line from any provider
• Supports OAuth authorization code, implicit, OOB, jwt-bearer, and refresh token flows
• Automatically launch browser to complete OAuth flow (or use console flow)
• Verify OIDC identity tokens (using step crypt jwt verify)
• Generate and verify TOTP tokens

NaCl and other crypto utilities

• Work with NaCl box, secretbox, and sign constructs
• Apply key derivation functions (KDFs) and verify passwords using scrypt, bcrypt, and argo2
• Generate and check file hashes

Installation Guide

These instructions will install an OS specific version of the step binary on your local machine. To build from source see getting started with development below.

Mac OS

Install step via Homebrew:

$ brew install step

Note: If you have installed step previously through the smallstep/smallstep tap you will need to run the following commands before installing:

$ brew untap smallstep/smallstep
$ brew uninstall step

Linux

Debian

Download and install the latest Debian package from releases:

$ wget https://github.com/smallstep/cli/releases/download/X.Y.Z/step_X.Y.Z_amd64.deb

# Install the Debian package:
$ sudo dpkg -i step_X.Y.Z_amd64.deb

Arch Linux

We are using the Arch User Repository to distribute step binaries for Arch Linux.

• The step-cli binary tarball can be found here.
• The step-ca binary tarball (for step certificates - a sibling repository) can be found here.

You can use pacman to install the packages.

Test

$ step certificate inspect https://smallstep.com
Certificate:
    Data:
        Version: 3 (0x2)
        Serial Number: 326381749415081530968054238478851085504954 (0x3bf265673332db2d0c70e48a163fb7d11ba)
    Signature Algorithm: SHA256-RSA
        Issuer: C=US,O=Let's Encrypt,CN=Let's Encrypt Authority X3
        Validity
            Not Before: Feb 8 13:07:44 2019 UTC
            Not After : May 9 13:07:44 2019 UTC
        Subject: CN=smallstep.com
[...]

Examples

X.509 Certificates from step-ca

This example assumes you already have step-ca running at https://ca.local.

Get your root certificate fingerprint from the machine running step-ca:

ca$ step certificate fingerprint $(step path)/certs/root_ca.crt
0eea955785796f0a103637df88f29d8dfc8c1f4260f35c8e744be155f06fd82d

Bootstrap a new machine to trust and connect to step-ca:

$ step ca bootstrap --ca-url https://ca.local \
                    --fingerprint 0eea955785796f0a103637df88f29d8dfc8c1f4260f35c8e744be155f06fd82d

Create a key pair, generate a CSR, and get a certificate from step-ca:

$ step ca certificate foo.local foo.crt foo.key
Use the arrow keys to navigate: ↓ ↑ → ←
What provisioner key do you want to use?
  ▸ [email protected] (JWK) [kid: XXX]
    Google (OIDC) [client: XXX.apps.googleusercontent.com]
    Auth0 (OIDC) [client: XXX]
    AWS IID Provisioner (AWS)
✔ CA: https://ca.local
✔ Certificate: foo.crt
✔ Private Key: foo.key

Use step certificate inspect to check our work:

$ step certificate inspect --short foo.crt
X.509v3 TLS Certificate (ECDSA P-256) [Serial: 2982...2760]
  Subject:     foo.local
  Issuer:      Intermediate CA
  Provisioner: [email protected] [ID: EVct...2B-I]
  Valid from:  2019-08-31T00:14:50Z
          to:  2019-09-01T00:14:50Z

Renew certificate:

$ step ca renew foo.crt foo.key --force
Your certificate has been saved in foo.crt.

Revoke certificate:

$ step ca revoke --cert foo.crt --key foo.key
✔ CA: https://ca.local
Certificate with Serial Number 202784089649824696691681223134769107758 has been revoked.

$ step ca renew foo.crt foo.key --force
error renewing certificate: Unauthorized

You can install your root certificate locally:

$ step certificate install $(step path)/certs/root_ca.crt

And issued certificates will work in your browser and with tools like curl. See our blog post for more info.

Alternatively, for internal service-to-service communication, you can configure your code and infrastructure to trust your root certificate.

X.509 Certificates

The step certificate command group can also be used to create an offline CA and self-signed certificates.

Create a self-signed certificate:

$ step certificate create foo.local foo.crt foo.key --profile self-signed --subtle
Your certificate has been saved in foo.crt.
Your private key has been saved in foo.key.

Create a root CA, an intermediate, and a leaf X.509 certificate. Bundle the leaf with the intermediate for use with TLS:

$ step certificate create --profile root-ca \
     "Example Root CA" root-ca.crt root-ca.key
Please enter the password to encrypt the private key:
Your certificate has been saved in root-ca.crt.
Your private key has been saved in root-ca.key.

$ step certificate create \
     "Example Intermediate CA 1" intermediate-ca.crt intermediate-ca.key \
     --profile intermediate-ca --ca ./root-ca.crt --ca-key ./root-ca.key
Please enter the password to decrypt ./root-ca.key:
Please enter the password to encrypt the private key:
Your certificate has been saved in intermediate-ca.crt.
Your private key has been saved in intermediate-ca.key.

$ step certificate create \
     example.com example.com.crt example.com.key \
     --profile leaf --ca ./intermediate-ca.crt --ca-key ./intermediate-ca.key
Please enter the password to decrypt ./intermediate-ca.key:
Please enter the password to encrypt the private key:
Your certificate has been saved in example.com.crt.
Your private key has been saved in example.com.key.

$ step certificate bundle \
     example.com.crt intermediate-ca.crt example.com-bundle.crt
Your certificate has been saved in example.com-bundle.crt.

Extract the expiration date from a certificate (requires jq):

$ step certificate inspect example.com.crt --format json | jq -r .validity.end
2019-02-28T17:46:16Z

$ step certificate inspect https://smallstep.com --format json | jq -r .validity.end
2019-05-09T13:07:44Z

JSON Object Signing & Encryption (JOSE)

Create a JSON Web Key (JWK), add the public key to a keyset, and sign a JSON Web Token (JWT):

$ step crypto jwk create pub.json key.json
Please enter the password to encrypt the private JWK:
Your public key has been saved in pub.json.
Your private key has been saved in key.json.

$ cat pub.json | step crypto jwk keyset add keys.json

$ JWT=$(step crypto jwt sign \
    --key key.json \
    --iss "[email protected]" \
    --aud "[email protected]" \
    --sub "[email protected]" \
    --exp $(date -v+15M +"%s"))
Please enter the password to decrypt key.json:

# Verify your JWT and return the payload:
$ echo $JWT | step crypto jwt verify \
    --jwks keys.json --iss "[email protected]" --aud "[email protected]"
{
  "header": {
    "alg": "ES256",
    "kid": "X6yaHYNyxr-psAqvSNKCWc9oYDetvGdo2n2PSRZjxss",
    "typ": "JWT"
  },
  "payload": {
    "aud": "[email protected]",
    "exp": 1551290879,
    "iat": 1551289983,
    "iss": "[email protected]",
    "nbf": 1551289983,
    "sub": "[email protected]"
  },
  "signature": "JU7fPGqBJcIfauJHA7KP9Wp292g_G9s4bLMVLyRgEQDpL5faaG-3teJ81_igPz1zP7IjHmz8D6Gigt7kbnlasw"
}

Single Sign-On

Login with Google, get an access token, and use it to make a request to Google's APIs:

$ curl -H"$(step oauth --header)" https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/userinfo
Your default web browser has been opened to visit:

https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?client_id=1087160488420-AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA.apps.googleusercontent.com&code_challenge=XXXXX

{
  "sub": "AAAAAAAAAAAAA",
  "picture": "https://lh6.googleusercontent.com/photo.jpg",
  "email": "[email protected]",
  "email_verified": true,
  "hd": "smallstep.com"
}

Login with Google and obtain an OAuth OIDC identity token for single sign-on:

$ step oauth \
    --provider https://accounts.google.com \
    --client-id 1087160488420-8qt7bavg3qesdhs6it824mhnfgcfe8il.apps.googleusercontent.com \
    --client-secret udTrOT3gzrO7W9fDPgZQLfYJ \
    --bare --oidc
Your default web browser has been opened to visit:

https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?client_id=[...]

xxx-google-xxx.yyy-oauth-yyy.zzz-token-zzz

Obtain and verify a Google-issued OAuth OIDC identity token:

$ step oauth \
     --provider https://accounts.google.com \
     --client-id 1087160488420-8qt7bavg3qesdhs6it824mhnfgcfe8il.apps.googleusercontent.com \
     --client-secret udTrOT3gzrO7W9fDPgZQLfYJ \
     --bare --oidc \
     | step crypto jwt verify \
       --jwks https://www.googleapis.com/oauth2/v3/certs \
       --iss https://accounts.google.com \
       --aud 1087160488420-8qt7bavg3qesdhs6it824mhnfgcfe8il.apps.googleusercontent.com
Your default web browser has been opened to visit:

https://accounts.google.com/o/oauth2/v2/auth?client_id=[...]

{
  "header": {
    "alg": "RS256",
    "kid": "f24d6a1930669cb75f19",
    "typ": "JWT"
  },
  "payload": {
    "iss": "https://accounts.google.com",
    "azp": "1087160488420-8qt7bavg3qesdhs6it824mhnfgcfe8il.apps.googleusercontent.com",
    "aud": "1087160488420-8qt7bavg3qesdhs6it824mhnfgcfe8il.apps.googleusercontent.com",
    "sub": "103209689286000948507",
    "hd": "smallstep.com",
    "email": "[email protected]",
    "email_verified": true,
    "at_hash": "euBvS34BVu0SJQ-EsbBT3A",
    "iat": 1551293134,
    "exp": 1551296734
  },
  "signature": "[...]"
}

Multi-factor Authentication

Generate a TOTP token and a QR code:

$ step crypto otp generate \
    --issuer smallstep.com --account [email protected] \
    --qr smallstep.png > smallstep.totp

Scan the QR Code (smallstep.png) using Google Authenticator, Authy or similar software and use it to verify the TOTP token:

$ step crypto otp verify --secret smallstep.totp

Documentation

Documentation can be found in three places:

1. On the command line with step help xxx where xxx is the subcommand you are interested in. Ex: step help crypto jwk

2. On the web at https://smallstep.com/docs/cli

3. On your browser by running step help --http :8080 and visiting http://localhost:8080

The Future

We plan to build more tools that facilitate the use and management of zero trust networks.

• Tell us what you like and don't like about managing identity in your network - we're eager to help solve problems in this space.
• Tell us what features you'd like to see - open issues or hit us on Twitter.

Further Reading

• Check out our blog.
• Eliminate the pain of managing a PKI with step certificates - an online certificate authority and related tools for secure automated certificate management, so you can use TLS everywhere.