Muslihat tentera
Muslihat tentera atau tipu helah tentera merujuk kepada cubaan untuk menyesatkan pasukan musuh semasa peperangan. Ia biasanya dicapai dengan membuat atau menguatkan satu pengeliruan perang yang palsu melalui operasi psikologi, perang maklumat, perdayaan visual dan kaedah-kaedah lain. Sebagai satu bentuk penggunaan maklumat strategik (maklumat palsu), ia bertindih dengan perang saraf. Mana-mana musuh yang terjerumus kedalam muslihat itu akan hilang keyakinan apabila ia didedahkan, dia mungkin teragak-agak apabila berhadapan dengan kebenaran.
Muslihat dalam peperangan bermula sejak kewujudan awalnya. The Art of War, sebuah karya tentera China kuno, memberi penekanan yang besar terhadap taktik ini. Pada zaman moden muslihat ketenteraan telah berkembang sebagai doktrin baru sepenuhnya. Maklumat salah dan tipu helah visual telah digunakan semasa Perang Dunia I dan menjadi lebih terkenal semasa Perang Dunia II. Sewaktu pencerobohan Normandy 1944 pihak Bersekutu melaksanakan salah satu penipuan terbesar dalam sejarah ketenteraan, Operasi Bodyguard, membantu mereka mencapai kejutan penuh taktikal.
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Deception in animals
- Demoralization (warfare)
- Denial and deception
- Feint
- Teori permainan
- Haversack Ruse
- Signaling game
- Outline of war
- Ruse of war
Nota
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[sunting | sunting sumber]Bibliografi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Bruce, Anthony (2002). The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War. London: John Murray Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7195-5432-2.
- Delmer, Sefton (1973). The Counterfeit Spy: The Untold Story of the Phantom Army That Deceived Hitler. Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 0-09-109700-2.
- Erickson, Edward J. (2007). John Gooch; Brian Holden Reid (penyunting). Ottoman Army Effectiveness in World War I: A Comparative Study. No. 26 of Cass series: military history and policy. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-96456-9.
- Falls, Cyril (1930). Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. 2 Part II. A. F. Becke (maps). London: HM Stationery Office. OCLC 256950972.
- Glantz, David (1989). Military Deception in the Second World War. Cass Series on Soviet Military Theory & Practice. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-714-63347-3.
- Gribkov, General Anatoli I. and General William Y. Smith (1994). Operation Anadyr. Chicago: Edition Q.
- Hamilton, Patrick M. (1996). Riders of Destiny The 4th Australian Light Horse Field Ambulance 1917–18: An Autobiography and History. Gardenvale, Melbourne: Mostly Unsung Military History. ISBN 978-1-876179-01-4.
- Handel, Michael I. (2006). Masters of War : Classical Strategic Thought (ed. 3rd rev. and expanded). London: Routledge. ISBN 0714650919.
- Hansen, James H. (2002). "Soviet Deception in the Cuban Missile Crisis". Studies in Intelligence. 46 (1).
- Hesketh, Roger Fleetwood (2002). Fortitude: The D-Day Deception Campaign. The Overlook Press. ISBN 1-58567-075-8.
- Holt, Thaddeus (2004). The Deceivers: Allied Military Deception in the Second World War. New York: Scribner. m/s. 1168. ISBN 0-7432-5042-7.
- Holt, Thaddeus (2004). The Deceivers : Allied Military Deception in the Second World War (ed. 1.udg.). London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297848046.
- Howard, Michael (1995). Strategic Deception in the Second World War: British Intelligence Operations Against the German High Command. W. W. Norton & Co. ISBN 0-393-31293-3.
- Latimer, Jon (2001). Deception in War. New York: Overlook Press. ISBN 978-1-58567-381-0.
- Liddell Hart, Basil Henry (1954). Strategy, the Indirect Approach. Faber & Faber.
- Liddell Hart, Basil Henry (1972). History of the First World War. London: Pan Books. ISBN 978-0-330-23354-5.
- Mitchell, Elyne; Victor Ambrus (illustrator) (1978). Light Horse The Story of Australia's Mounted Troops. Melbourne: Macmillan. OCLC 5288180.
- Paget, G.C.H.V Marquess of Anglesey (1994). Egypt, Palestine and Syria 1914 to 1919. A History of the British Cavalry 1816–1919 Volume 5. London: Leo Cooper. ISBN 978-0-85052-395-9.
- Powles, C. Guy; A. Wilkie (1922). The New Zealanders in Sinai and Palestine. Official History New Zealand's Effort in the Great War, Volume III. Auckland: Whitcombe & Tombs Ltd. OCLC 2959465.
- Rankin, Nicholas (1 Oktober 2008). Churchill's Wizards: The British Genius for Deception, 1914–1945. Faber and Faber. m/s. 466. ISBN 0-571-22195-5.
- Smith, Charles L. (Spring 1988). "Soviet Maskirovka". Airpower Journal.
- Stroud, Rick (2012). The Phantom Army of Alamein: How the Camouflage Unit and Operation Bertram Hoodwinked Rommel. Bloomsbury.
- Wheatley, Dennis (1980). The Deception Planners. Hutchinson & Co. ISBN 0-09-141830-5.
- Woodward, David R. (2006). Hell in the Holy Land World War I in the Middle East. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8131-2383-7.
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