Kepausan Byzantine
Kepausan Byzantine ialah tempoh penguasaan Byzantine ke atas kepausan Rom dari tahun 537 hingga 752, apabila paus memerlukan persetujuan Maharaja Byzantine untuk pentahbisan episkopal, dan ramai paus dipilih daripada apocrisiarii (penghubung daripada paus kepada maharaja) atau penduduk Greece, Syria, atau Sicily yang dikuasai oleh empayar Byzantine. Justinian I menakluki semenanjung Itali dalam Perang Gothic (535–554) dan melantik tiga paus seterusnya, satu amalan yang akan diteruskan oleh penggantinya dan kemudiannya diwakilkan kepada Exarchate of Ravenna .
Kecuali Paus Martin I, tiada paus dalam tempoh ini mempersoalkan kuasa raja Byzantine untuk mengesahkan pemilihan uskup Rom sebelum pentahbisan boleh berlaku; bagaimanapun, konflik teologi adalah perkara biasa antara paus dan maharaja dalam bidang seperti monotelitisme dan ikonoklasme .
Penutur bahasa Yunani dari Negara-negara seperti Yunani (Greece), Syria (Siria), dan Sicily (Wilayah Itali) menggantikan ahli-ahli bangsawan Rom yang berkuasa di kerusi paus dalam tempoh ini. Rom di bawah paus Yunani membentuk "periuk lebur" tradisi Kristian Barat dan Timur, tercermin dalam seni serta liturgi. [1]
Senarai paus Byzantine
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Pope Vigilius (537–555), former apocrisiarius
- Pope Pelagius I (556–561), former apocrisiarius
- Pope John III (561–574)
- Pope Benedict I (575–579)
- Pope Pelagius II (579–590)
- Pope Gregory I, "the Great" (590–604), former apocrisiarius
- Pope Sabinian (604–606), former apocrisiarius
- Pope Boniface III (607), former apocrisiarius, likely born in Rome to a Greek father from Antioch[2]
- Pope Boniface IV (608–615)
- Pope Adeodatus I (615–618)
- Pope Boniface V (619–625)
- Pope Honorius I (625–638)
- Pope Severinus (640)
- Pope John IV (640–642), Dalmatian, first pope born and raised east of Italy since Pope Zosimus (417–418)[3]
- Pope Theodore I (642–649), Greek-Palestinian[4]
- Pope Martin I (649–653), former apocrisiarius[5]
- Pope Eugene I (654–657)[6]
- Pope Vitalian (657–672), likely of eastern extraction (father named Anastasios)
- Pope Adeodatus II (672–676)
- Pope Donus (676–678)
- Pope Agatho (678–681), Greek
- Pope Leo II (682–683), Sicilian
- Pope Benedict II (684–685)
- Pope John V (685–686), Syrian
- Pope Conon (686–687), Sicilian
- Pope Sergius I (687–701), Syrian
- Antipope Theodore (687)
- Antipope Paschal (687)
- Pope John VI (701–705), Greek
- Pope John VII (705–707), Calabrian
- Pope Sisinnius (708), Syrian
- Pope Constantine (708–715), Syrian
- Pope Gregory II (715–731)
- Pope Gregory III (731–741), Syrian
- Pope Zachary (741–752), Calabrian
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Caesaropapism
- Pemerintahan Dukes
Petikan
[sunting | sunting sumber]
- ^ Duffy (1997).
- ^ Ekonomou (2007), m/s. 48.
- ^ Ekonomou (2007), m/s. 97.
- ^ Ekonomou (2007), m/s. 96–97.
- ^ Ekonomou (2007), m/s. 129.
- ^ Ekonomou (2007), m/s. 161.
Rujukan umum
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Baumgartner, Frederic J. (2003). Behind Locked Doors: A History of the Papal Elections. ISBN 9780312294632.
- Dale, Thomas E.A. (2004). Kleinhenz, Christopher (penyunting). Medieval Italy: an Encyclopedia. ISBN 9780415939317. Google books
- Duffy, Eamon (1997). Saints & Sinners: A History of the Popes. ISBN 9780300091656.
- Ekonomou, Andrew J. (2007). Byzantine Rome and the Greek Popes: Eastern Influences on Rome and the Papacy from Gregory the Great to Zacharias, A.D. 590–752. ISBN 9780739119778.
- Kleinhenz, Christopher, penyunting (2017). Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia. Routledge Revivals. Volume II: L–Z. ISBN 9781351664431.
|volume=has extra text (bantuan) - Lunt, William E. (1950). Papal Revenues in the Middle Ages. Columbia University Press.
- Talbot Rice, David (1968). Byzantine Art (ed. 3rd). Penguin Books.