Noctuidae

Egybolis vaillantina

Animalia — Arthropoda

Classis : Insecta
Ordo : Lepidoptera
Macrolepidoptera
Familia : Noctuidae

Species typica

Noctua pronuba

Noctuidae sunt familia lepidopterorum robustorum quae plus quam 35 000 specierum agnotarum ex fortasse 100 00 comprehendit, in plus quam 4200 generibus digestarum. Quae maxima familia inter lepidoptera est. Distributio est cosmopolita, 1450 fere speciebus in Europa inventis.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Plurimis sunt alae anteriores cinereae, coloribus claris carentes, sed nonnullis sunt alae posteriores vividis. Variationes sexuum plerumque sunt paucae. Paene omnes nocte volant, paeneque semper a luce vehementer attrahuntur; multae etiam a saccharo et floribus nectar plenis attrahuntur.

Vespertiliones nonnullas Noctuidas praedantur; multis autem speciebus sunt perparva organa in eorum auribus quae sonis echolocationis respondent, musculos alarum in spasma agentia, ut ea inconstanter volitent facientia; quod tergiversationem et adeo effugium iuvat.^[4]

Nonnullis speciebus sunt larvae (erucae) quae in solo habitant, ubi pestes agriculturae et horticulturae sunt. Hae sunt "vermes secantes," qui inferiores brassicarum iuvenum et lactucarum partes edunt. Pupas duras et nitidas formant. Plurimae nocte vescuntur, in solo vel in locis celatis in eorum plantis interdiu requiescentes.

Noctuidis insigniter sunt permultae species quarum erucae certis plantis venenosis innocue vesci possunt. Hae plantae, praecipue Solanaceae (e.g., Nicotiana) et Fabaceae (e.g., Sophora), chemicas continent quae plurima insecta vexant vel interficiunt.

Systematica

Divisio per subfamilias et numerus subfamiliarum non idonei sunt et aliquantulum in variis rationibus taxinomicis variant. Nonnulla genera per subfamilias certo nondum digeruntur

Recentia autem studia molecularia^[5]^[6] monstraverunt familiam Noctuidarum paraphyleticam esse; subfamilia quidem Plusiinarum statum familiae habere debet.

Species exemplariae

Helicoverpa zea
Schinia varix

Noctuinae

Plusiinae

Autographa gamma

Alia exempla:

Nexus interni

Notae

↑ M. Fibiger 1990: Noctuinae 1: Noctuidae Europaeae 1 (Dania: Sorø).
↑ M. Fibiger, 1993: Noctuinae 2: Noctuidae Europaeae 2 (Dania: Sorø).
↑ M. Fibiger, 1997: Noctuinae 3: Noctuidae Europaeae 3 (Dania: Sorø).
↑ Goerlitz, ter Hofstede, Zeale, Jones, et Holderied 2010; Ratcliffe, Fullard, Arthur, et Hoy 2009; Roeder 1974; Surlykke 1984.
↑ Weller, S. J., Pashley, D. P., Martin, J. A., et Constable, J. L. (1994). "Phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes". Systematic Biology (Systematic Biology, Vol. 43, No. 2) 43 (43): 194–211 .
↑ Andrew Mitchell, Charles Mitter, Jerome C. Regier (2006). "Systematics and evolution of the cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): evidence from two protein-coding nuclear genes". Systematic Entomology 1 (31): 21–46 abstract online.

Bibliographia

Goerlitz, Holger R., Hannah M. ter Hofstede, Matt R. K. Zeale, Gareth Jones, et Marc W. Holderied. 2010. "An Aerial-Hawking Bat Uses Stealth Echolocation to Counter Moth Hearing." Current Biology 20: 1568–72. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2010.07.046.
Ratcliffe, J. M., J. H. Fullard, B. J. Arthur, et R. R. Hoy. 2009. "Tiger Moths and the Threat of Bats: Decision-Making Based on the Activity of a Single Sensory Neuron." Biol. Lett. 5: 368–71.
Roeder, K. D. 1974. "Acoustic sensory responses and possible bat-evasion tactics of certain moths." Proceedings of the Canadian Society of Zoologists’ Annual Meeting, ed. M. D. B. Burt, 71–78. Fredericton: University of New Brunswick Press.
Surlykke, A. 1984. "Hearing in Notodontid Moths: A Tympanic Organ with a Single Auditory Neuron." Journal of Experimental Biology 113: 323–35.

Nexus externi

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad Noctuidas spectant.

Vide "Noctuidas" apud Vicispecies.

Situs scientifici: • ITIS • NCBI • Biodiversity • Encyclopedia of Life • WoRMS: Marine Species • Fossilworks

Noctuidae, lepidoptera.pro (Institutum Scientiarum Cibi et Agriculturae Universitatis Floridae):

[1] M. Fibiger 1990: Noctuinae 1: Noctuidae Europaeae 1 (Dania: Sorø).

[2] M. Fibiger, 1993: Noctuinae 2: Noctuidae Europaeae 2 (Dania: Sorø).

[3] M. Fibiger, 1997: Noctuinae 3: Noctuidae Europaeae 3 (Dania: Sorø).

[4] Goerlitz, ter Hofstede, Zeale, Jones, et Holderied 2010; Ratcliffe, Fullard, Arthur, et Hoy 2009; Roeder 1974; Surlykke 1984.

[5] Weller, S. J., Pashley, D. P., Martin, J. A., et Constable, J. L. (1994). "Phylogeny of noctuoid moths and the utility of combining independent nuclear and mitochondrial genes". Systematic Biology (Systematic Biology, Vol. 43, No. 2) 43 (43): 194–211 .

[6] Andrew Mitchell, Charles Mitter, Jerome C. Regier (2006). "Systematics and evolution of the cutworm moths (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): evidence from two protein-coding nuclear genes". Systematic Entomology 1 (31): 21–46 abstract online.

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