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L''''esplorazione spaziale''' è l'esplorazione fisica degli oggetti non [[Terra|terrestri]] e più in generale tutto ciò che rigurda la tecnologia, la scienza e la politica finalizzata ad essa.  

Con il lancio dello [[Sputnik 1]], il primo [[satellite artificiale]] in orbita intorno alla Terra, l'esplorazione spaziale ebbe una grande accelerazione, che scaturì nella cosiddetta [[corsa allo spazio]] tra [[Unione Sovietica]] e [[Stati Uniti d'America|Stati Uniti]]. Il risultato fu il raggiungimento, in quegli anni, d importanti traguardi: il primo uomo nello spazio, [[Yuri Gagarin]] a bordo del [[Vostok 1]], e le prime persone sulla [[Luna]], [[Neil Armstrong]] e [[Buzz Aldrin]] a bordo dell'[[Apollo 11]]. Dopo trent'anni di competizione, gli sforzi si stanno concentrando nella cooperazione tra paesi con l'obiettivo ad esempio, di costruire piattaforme di lancio extra-terrestri da [[stazione spaziale|stazioni spaziali]] o anche dalla Luna.

==Orbiting and reaching space==
From a spaceflight perspective, the definition of space usually used is that space begins 100 km (62 miles) above Earth's surface. The United States sometimes uses a 50 mile definition. (See [[boundary to space]].)

Achieving orbit is essential for going anywhere else, such as to the [[Moon]] or [[Mars (planet)|Mars]]. The first successful orbital launch was of the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] unmanned [[Sputnik I]] mission on [[October 4]], [[1957]]. This spectacular success led to an escalation of the American space program, and to an undeclared Space Race between the two superpowers. Soviet dog [[Laika]] became the first animal in orbit on [[November 3]], [[1957]]. The first orbital flight made by a human being was [[Vostok 1]], carrying [[Yuri Gagarin]] on [[April 12]] [[1961]].

One can distinguish the [[sub-orbital spaceflight]] and the [[orbital spaceflight]] (cf. [[Difference between sub-orbital and orbital spaceflights]]). As for sub-orbital flights, on [[October 3]], [[1942]] an A4 rocket, a prototype for the German [[V2 rocket]] bomb, became the first successful launch of an object into space. The first [[organisms]] launched into space were fruit flies and corn seeds aboard a U.S.-launched V2 rocket in July, [[1946]]. Another milestone was achieved on [[May 17]], [[2004]] when [[Civilian Space eXploration Team]] launched the [[GoFast Rocket]] on a suborbital flight, the first amateur space flight. On [[June 21]], [[2004]], [[SpaceShipOne]] became the first privately-funded manned [[spacecraft]].

==Agenzie spaziali==
===Agenzia spaziale brasiliana===
L'[[Agência Espacial Brasileira]], fondata nel [[1994]], dirige uno dei programmi spaziali più recenti e sicuramente il più avanzato di tutto il [[Sudamerica]]. Subì la maggior sconfitta nel 2003 a causa dell'esplosione di un [[razzo]] sulla rampa di lancio che causò l'uccisione di diversi tecnici. Ottennero il primo successo il [[23 ottobre]] [[2004]] con un VSV-30 ([[Brazilian Exploration Vehicle]]), lanciato in una missione sub-orbitale. Il centro di lancio principale dell'agenzia si trova a [[Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara|Alcântara]].

===Canadian Space Agency===
L'[[Canadian Space Agency|Agenzia Spaziale Canadese]] (CSA o, in [[Lingua francese|francese]] ASC) è il dipartimento governativo responsabile del programma spaziale del [[Canada]]. È stata costituita nel marzo [[1989]].

===China National Space Administration===
[[:Image:China_(223).jpg|right|thumb|The [[UN]] and [[Flag of the People's Republic of China|PRC flags]] in orbit during the [[Shenzhou 5]] mission.]]
The [[China National Space Administration]] is the civilian agency in the People's Republic of China that is responsible for national space policy. The agency was created in 1993 when the Ministry of Aerospace Industry was split in two, with the other part being the China Aerospace Corp.  China became only the third country on Earth to send a human into space independently on [[October 15]], [[2003]] when Yang Liwei piloted the Shenzhou V mission, accomplishing 14 orbits before returning to Earth the next day.

In Oct 12, 2005 China sent its second  spacecraft into space, the ShenZhou 6.  The ShenZhou 6 carries 2 astronauts and it stayed in space for 5 days.  The China National Space Administration agency allowed most television stations in China to broadcast the blast-off.

===Indian Space Research Organisation===
The [[Indian Space Research Organisation]], also known as ISRO, was established on [[August 15]], [[1969]] under the [[Department of Atomic Energy]] of the [[Government of India]].  It manages all of India's space activities, and has a well developed space programme.  

ISRO has capability to build and launch satellites up to 2000 kg into [[Polar orbit|polar]] and [[geostationary orbit]]. It has 2 major satellite launch vehicles called [[PSLV]] (Polar satellite launch vehicle) and [[GSLV]] (Geostationary satellite Launch Vehicle).  Most of ISRO's programs are geared towards nation building, though there are a few efforts in scientific research and space exploration.
ISRO has started the work on its first Unmanned Lunar program called [[Chandrayan|Chandrayan-1]] (Moon-Ship-1) which is slated to be launched by [[2007]].

===Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency===
The [[Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency|Japan Aerospace eXploration Agency]], or JAXA, is Japan's aerospace agency. It was formed [[October 1]], [[2003]], by the merger of NASDA, the National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan and the Institute of Space and Aeronautical Science.

===Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (Pakistan)===
See [[Suparco]].

===Russian Aviation and Space Agency===
The [[Russian Aviation and Space Agency]] (RKA) (in Russian: ''&#1056;&#1086;&#1089;&#1089;&#1080;&#1081;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1077; &#1072;&#1074;&#1080;&#1072;&#1094;&#1080;&#1086;&#1085;&#1085;&#1086;-&#1082;&#1086;&#1089;&#1084;&#1080;&#1095;&#1077;&#1089;&#1082;&#1086;&#1077; &#1072;&#1075;&#1077;&#1085;&#1090;&#1089;&#1090;&#1074;&#1086;'') is the government agency responsible for Russia's space science program and general aerospace research. It was formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union and the dissolution of the Soviet space program.

=== National Space Agency of Ukraine ===
The [[National Space Agency of Ukraine]] (NSAU) is the [[Ukraine |Ukrainian]] government agency responsible for space policy and programs, established in 1992.  It oversees Ukraine's national and commercial space research, construction, and launch programs.  Launches are conducted in Kazakhstan, Russia, and on the [[Sea Launch]] platform.

===National Aeronautics and Space Administration (United States)===
n [[July 29]], [[1958]], President Eisenhower signed the [[National Aeronautics and Space Act]] of 1958 establishing the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA). When it began operations on [[October 1]], [[1958]], NASA consisted mainly of the four laboratories and some 8,000 employees of the government's 46-year-old research agency for aeronautics, the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA).

==Criticisms==
'''In general''', it is hugely more expensive to perform certain tasks in space by humans than by robots or machines. Humans need large spacecraft by comparison, which contain many extra provisions such as a hermetic and temperature controlled cabin, production of breathable air, food and drink storage, waste disposal, voice- and other communication systems, and many more extra safety systems, such as crew escape systems, medical facilities etc. Apart from specific provisions there is also the security of the spacecraft as whole; losing a robot is nowhere near as dramatic as human loss, so overall safety of the mission (ie safe return) isn't near as much an issue. All these extra expenses have to be weighed against the value of having humans aboard, given that launching one pound into orbit by space shuttle costs roughly US$10,000. Some critics argue that those few instances where human intervention was essential do not justify the enormous extra costs of having humans aboard. 

Other critics, such as the physicist and Nobel-prize winner [[Richard Feynman]], contend that space travel has never achieved any major scientific breakthrough.
Some critics also contend that in light of the huge distances in space, human space travel will never be able to do more than achieve an earth orbit or at best visit our closest neighbours in the solar system, and even this will consume huge amounts of money and will require extremely complex spacecraft which will accommodate only a handful of people. Supporters of human space travel state that this is irrelevant, because its real value lies in providing a focal point for national prestige and patriotism. They suggest that this was the reason why the Clinton administration cooperated closely with Russia on the International Space Station: it gave Russia something to take pride in, and as such became a stabilizing factor in post-communist Russia. From this point of view, the ISS was a justifyable cash outlay.

Some people also have moral objections to the huge costs of space travel, and point out that even a fraction of the space travel budget would make a huge difference in fighting disease and hunger in the world even though space exploration itself receives a very small percentage of total government spending (nearly always under 0.5%). 

Overall, however, the public remains largely supportive of both manned and unmanned space exploration. According to an Associated Press Poll conducted in July 2003, 71% of US citizens agreed with the statement that the space program is "a good investment," compared to 21% who did not ([http://www.pollingreport.com/science.htm# Pollingreport.com]).

==Cronologia dell'esplorazione spaziale==
===1957-1975===
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Data
! Successo
! Paese
! Nome missione
|-
||[[1946]]
||[[Animali nello spazio|Animale nello spazio]] (fruit flies)
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] [[ABMA|USA-ABMA]]
||[[Missile V2|V2]]
|-
||[[21 agosto]] [[1957]]
||[[ICBM]]
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] [[Soviet space program|USSR]]
||[[Semyorka|R-7/SS-6 Sapwood]]
|-
||[[4 ottobre]] [[1957]]
||Satellite artificiale
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Sputnik 1]]
|-
||[[3 novembre]] [[1957]]
||Animale in orbita (cane)
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Sputnik 2]]
|-
||[[31 gennaio]] [[1958]]
||Scoperta delle [[fasce di Van Allen]]
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-ABMA
||[[Explorer I]]
|-
||[[18 dicembre]] [[1958]]
||[[Satellite per comunicazioni]]
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-ABMA
||[[Progetto SCORE]]
|-
||[[14 settembre]] [[1959]]
||Sonda per la Luna
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Luna 2]]
|-
||[[17 febbraio]] [[1959]]
||[[Satellite meteo]]
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] [[NASA|USA-NASA]] ([[US Naval Research Laboratory|NRL]])<sup>1</sup>
||[[Vanguard 2]]
|-
||[[7 agosto]] [[1959]]
||Immagine della Terra dallo spazio
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-NASA
||[[Explorer 6]]
|-
||[[August 18]] [[1960]]
||[[Reconnaissance satellite]]
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] [[United States Air Force|USA-Air Force]]
||[[Corona (satellite)|KH-1 9009]]
|-
||[[April 12]] [[1961]]
||uomo in orbita
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Vostok 1]]
|-
||[[March 18]] [[1965]]
||[[Attività extra-veicolare]]
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Voskhod 2]]
|-
||[[December 15]] [[1965]]
||Orbital [[Space rendezvous|rendezvous]]<sup>2</sup>
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-NASA
||[[Gemini 6A]]/[[Gemini 7]]
|-
||[[March 1]] [[1966]]
||Probe to another planet
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Venera 3]]
|-
||[[July 21]] [[1969]]
||Human on the Moon
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-NASA
||[[Apollo 11]]
|-
||[[April 23]] [[1971]]
||[[Space station]]
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Salyut 1]]
|-
||[[July 15]] [[1975]]
||First U.S.-USSR joint mission
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-NASA
||[[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]]
|}
<sup>1</sup>Project Vanguard was transferred from the NRL to NASA immediately before launch.<BR>
<sup>2</sup> The Soviet Union had attempted an earlier rendezvous on [[August 12]], [[1962]]; However, [[Vostok 3]] and [[Vostok 4]] were only within five kilometers of one another, and were in different [[orbital plane]]s. ''[[Pravda]]'', however, did not mention this information and indicated that rendezvous had been accomplished.

===post-1975===
{| border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0"
|- bgcolor="#efefef"
! Date
! First Success
! Country
! Mission Name
|-
||[[October 2]] [[1978]]
||Non-American and non-Soviet in space
||[[Image:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg|20px| ]] USSR
||[[Soyuz 28]]
|-
||[[April 12]] [[1981]]
||[[Space shuttle|Reusable manned spacecraft]]
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] [[NASA|USA-NASA]]
||[[STS-1]]
|-
||[[June 13]] [[1983]]
||Extra-solar system spacecraft||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-NASA 
||[[Pioneer 10]]
|-
||[[September 11]] [[1985]]
||[[Comet]] probe
||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA-NASA
||[[International Cometary Explorer]]
|-
||[[April 28]] [[2001]]
||[[Space tourist]]
||[[Image:Flag of Russia.svg|20px| ]] [[Russia]] [[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] USA
||[[Soyuz TM-32]]
|-
||[[June 21]] [[2004]]
||Privately developed manned spacecraft||[[Image:Flag of the United States.svg|20px| ]] [[Mojave Aerospace Ventures|USA-MAV]] 
||[[SpaceShipOne flight 15P|SpaceShipOne 15P]]

|}

==Reusable spacecraft== 
[[Image:Space Shuttle Columbia launching.jpg|thumb|The Space Shuttle Columbia seconds after engine ignition, 12 April 1981 (NASA)]]

The first reusable spacecraft, the [[Space Shuttle]], was launched by the USA on the 20th anniversary of Yuri Gagarin's flight, on [[April 12]], [[1981]]. During the Shuttle era, six orbiters were built, all of which have flown in the atmosphere and five of which have flown in space. The [[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]] was used only for approach and landing tests, launching from the back of a [[Boeing 747]] and gliding to deadstick landings at [[Edwards AFB, California]]. The first Space Shuttle to fly into space was the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]], followed by the [[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]], [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]], [[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]], and [[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]. The Endeavour was built to replace the Challenger when it was [[STS-51-L|lost]] in January 1986. The Columbia [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|broke up]] during reentry in February 2003.

The first (and so far only) automatic reusable spacecraft was the [[Buran]] (Snowstorm), launched by the USSR on [[November 15]], [[1988]], although it made only one flight. This [[spaceplane]] was designed for a crew and strongly resembled the U.S. Space Shuttle, although its drop-off boosters used liquid propellants and its main engines were located at the base of what would be the external tank in the American Shuttle. Lack of funding, complicated by the dissolution of the USSR, prevented any further flights of Buran.

==Voci correlate==

*[[Programma Pioneer]]
*[[Programma Luna]]
*[[Programma Zond]]
*[[Programma Venera]]
*[[Programma Ranger]]
*[[Programma Mariner]]
*[[Programma Surveyor]]
*[[Programma Viking]]
*[[Programma Voyager]]
*[[Programma Vega]]
*[[Programma Phobos]]
*[[Programma Discovery]]

===Humans in space===
Main articles: [[Astronaut]]s and [[human spaceflight]]
*[[List of human spaceflights]]
*[[List of human spaceflights chronologically]]
*[[List of human spaceflights by program]]
*[[Vostok program]]
*[[Mercury program]]
*[[Voskhod program]]
*[[Gemini program]]
*[[Soyuz program]]
*[[Programma Apollo]]
*[[Salyut|Programma Salyut]]
*[[Skylab]]
*[[Programma Space Shuttle]]
*[[Mir]]
*[[International Space Station]]
*[[Shenzhou]]
*[[Crew Exploration Vehicle]]
*[[Vision for Space Exploration]]
*[[Programma Aurora]]
*[[Tier One]]
*[[Human adaptation to space]]

===Sviluppi recenti e futuri===
*[[Esplorazione di Marte]]
*[[Future energy development]]
*[[Turismo spaziale]]
*[[Private spaceflight]]
*[[Colonizzazione dello spazio]]
*[[Viaggio interstellare]]

===Altro===
*[[Stazione spaziale]]
*[[Sopravvivenza nello spazio]]
*[[Disastri spaziali]]
*[[Matematica spaziale]]

== Altri progetti ==
{{interprogetto|commons=Category:Space exploration}}
== Collegamenti esterni ==
*http://space.skyrocket.de/
*http://www.planet4589.org/space/
*http://www.nasa.gov
*http://www.spacelist.org
*[http://www.nss.org/ National Space Society] - non-profit organization that promotes a spacefaring civilization
*[http://www.whatsnextnetwork.com/technology/index.php?cat=53 Recent Developments In Space Exploration]
* [http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/hqlibrary/pathfinders/spinoff.htm Benefits of Space Exploration] - bibliography fom NASA.gov
* [http://www.sti.nasa.gov/tto/spinoff1997/contents.html Technology Spinoffs from Space Exploration] - NASA.gov
* [http://www.chrisvalentines.com/sts107/videoessay.html 20 minute video essay on space exploration]

{{Agenzie spaziali pubbliche}}

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