Kepresidenan Madras
Kepresidenan Madras மெட்ராஸ் மாகாணம் మద్రాస్ రాష్ట్రభాగము | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kepresidenan di India Britania | |||||||||||||
1652–1950 | |||||||||||||
Panji daerah | |||||||||||||
![]() Kepresidenan Madras pada 1913 | |||||||||||||
Sejarah | |||||||||||||
Era sejarah | Imperialisme Baru | ||||||||||||
• Didirikan | 1652 | ||||||||||||
• Agensi Benteng St George di Madraspatnam menjadi Kepresidenan Madras | 1684 | ||||||||||||
1950 | |||||||||||||
|
![]() Entitas kekaisaran di India | |
India Belanda | 1605–1825 |
---|---|
India Denmark | 1620–1869 |
India Prancis | 1769–1954 |
Casa da Índia | 1434–1833 |
Perusahaan India Timur Portugis | 1628–1633 |
Perusahaan India Timur | 1612–1757 |
Kekuasaan perusahaan di India | 1757–1858 |
Kemaharajaan Britania | 1858–1947 |
Kekuasaan Britania di Burma | 1824–1948 |
Negara-negara kepangeranan | 1721–1949 |
Partisi India | 1947 |
Kepresidenan Madras, yang bernama resmi Kepresidenan Benteng St. George dan juga dikenal sebagai Provinsi Madras, adalah sebuah subdivisi administratif (kepresidenan) di India Britania. Pada masa kejayaannya, kepresidenan tersebut meliputi kebanyakan wilayah selatan India, yang meliputi wilayah pada masa sekarang dari negara bagian India Tamil Nadu dan Andhra Pradesh dan sebagian dari Odisha, Kerala dan Karnataka dan wilayah persatuan Lakshadweep. Kota Madras adalah ibu kota musim dingin dari Kepresidenan tersebut dan Ootacamund atau Ooty adalah ibu kota musim panas-nya. Pulau Ceylon menjadi bagian dari Kepresidenan Madras dari 1793 sampai 1798 ketika kepresidenan tersebut dijadikan sebagai koloni mahkota.
Setelah reformasi Montague-Chelmsford pada 1919, Madras menjadi provinsi pertama dari India Britania untuk mengimplementasikan sistem diarki, dan setelah itu Gubernur-nya memerintah bersama dengan seorang perdana menteri. Pada awal dekade abad ke-20, beberapa kontributor signifikan dari gerakan kemerdekaan India berasal dari Madras. Dengan adanya kemerdekaan India pada 15 Agustus 1947, Kepresidenan tersebut dibubarkan. Madras kemudian dijadikan sebagai Negara Bagian Madras, sebuah negara bagian dari India Serikat dan peresmian Republik India pada 26 Januari 1950, dan direorganisir pada 1956.
Asal muasal
[sunting | sunting sumber]Sebelum kedatangan Inggris
[sunting | sunting sumber]Penemuan dolmen-dolmen di wilayah subbenua tersebut menunjukan bahwa wilayah tersebut telah ditinggal sejak awal Zaman Batu. Penguasa berpengaruh pertama dari bagian utara yang kelak menjadi Kepresidenan tersebut adalah dinasti Satawahana Telugu (230 SM - 102 Masehi). Setelah perpecahan kerajaan Satawahana di Andhra dan Chola di Tamil Nadu, negara tersebut ditaklukan suku bangsa ras kecil yang disebut Kalabhra.[1] Negara tersebut kembali ditaklukan dibawah kekuasaan dinasti Pallawa dan peradaban-nya memuncak pada masa kekuasaan Chola dan Pandya. Antara 1685 dan 1947, sejumlah raja menguasai wilayah yang kemudian menjadi bagian dari Kepresidenan Madras.[2]
Sejarah
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/20_Cash_1803%2C_British_India%2C_Madras.jpg/260px-20_Cash_1803%2C_British_India%2C_Madras.jpg)
Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ Iyengar 1929, p. 535
- ^ Thurston 1913, pp. 138–142
Daftar pustaka
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Publikasi pemerintahan
- British and Foreign Anti-slavery Society (1841). Slavery and the slave trade in British India: with notices of the existence of these evils in the islands of Ceylon, Malacca, and Penang, drawn from official documents. T. Ward, and to be had at the office of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery society.
- C. D., MaClean (1877). Standing Information regarding the Official Administration of Madras Presidency. Government of Madras.
- Great Britain India Office (1905). The India List and India Office List. London: Harrison and Sons.
- Hunter, Sir William Wilson (1908). The Imperial Gazetteer of India 1908. Clarendon Press.
- Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway (Incorporated in England): Including the Tanjore District Board, Pondicherry, Peralam-Karaikkal, Travancore State, Cochin State, Coimbatore District Board, Tinnevelly-Tiruchendur, and the Nilgiri Railways. Madras: South Indian Railway Company. 1926.
- Madras District Gazetteers
- Raghavaiyangar, Srinivasa (1893). Memorandum of progress of the Madras Presidency during the last forty years of British Administration. Government of Madras.
- Slater, Gilbert (1918). Economic Studies Vol I:Some South Indian villages.
- Talboys-Wheeler, James (1862). Hand-book to the cotton cultivation in the Madras presidency. J. Higginbotham and Pharaoh and Co.
- Talboys-Wheeler, James (1996). Being a History of the Presidency from the First Foundation of Fort St. George to the Occupation of Madras by the French (1639–1748). Asian Educational Services. ISBN 8120605535.
- Tercentenary Madras Staff (1939). Madras Tercentenary Celebration Committee Commemoration Volume. Oxford Press.
- Thurston, Edgar (1913). Provincial Geographies of India:The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and Associated States. Cambridge University.
- Thurston, Edgar; K. Rangachari (1909). Castes and Tribes of Southern India Vol. I to VII. Government of Madras. ISBN 0-520-04315-4.
- Publikasi lainnya
- A., Vadivelu (1903). The Aristocracy of South India. Vest & Co.
- Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). South India and her Muhammadan Invaders. Oxford University.
- Besant, Annie (1915). How India Wrought for freedom. Adyar, Madras: Theosophical Publishing House.
- Christophers, S. R. (1927). The Indian Empire Souvenir. Executive Committee of the Congress.
- Codrington, Humphry William (1926). A Short history of Lanka. Macmillan & Co.
- Dodd, George (1859). The history of the Indian revolt and of the expeditions to Persia, China, and Japan, 1856 – 7 – 8: With maps, plans, and wood engrav. [Umschlagt.:] Chambers"s history of the revolt in India. W. U. R. Chambers.
- F. E., Penny; Lady Lawley (1914). Southern India. A. C. Black.
- Finnemore, John (1917). Peeps at many lands: Home Life in India. London: A. & C. Black, Ltd.
- G. F., Major MacMunn; Major A. C. Lovett (1911). The Armies of India. Adam and Charles Black.
- Iyengar, P. T. Srinivasa (1929). History of the Tamils from the Earliest Times to the Present Day.
- Mazumdar, Amvika Charan (1917). Indian National Evolution. Madras: G. A. Natesan & Co.
- Newell, Herbert Andrews (1919). Madras, the Birth Place of British India: An Illustrated Guide with Map. The Madras Times Printing and Publishing.
- Pirie, A. H. (1883). Indian Students Geography. Methodist Episcopal Church Press.
- Playne, Somerset; J. W. Bond; Arnold Wright (1914). Southern India: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial Resources.
- Price, Thomas (1837). Slavery in America: With Notices of the Present State of Slavery and the Slave Trade Throughout the World. Oxford University.
- S. H., Steinberg (1950). The Statesman's Yearbook 1950. London: Macmillan and Co.
- Some Madras Leaders. Babu Bhishambher Nath Bhargava. 1922.
- T., Osborne (1765). The Modern part of a universal history from the Earliest Account of Time, Vol XLIII. London: Oxford University.
- Publikasi kontemporer
Artikel ini menyertakan teks dari suatu terbitan yang sekarang berada pada ranah publik: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "EB name". Encyclopædia Britannica (edisi ke-11). Cambridge University Press.
- Aggarwal, Bina (1994). A field of one's own: gender and land rights in South Asia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-42926-9.
- Ahmed, Farooqui Salma; Ahmed Farooqui, Salma (2011). A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: From Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India. ISBN 9788131732021.
- Anantha Raman, Sita; Vasantha Surya; A. Mātavaiyā (2005). A. Madhaviah: A Biography and a Novel. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-567021-3.
- B., Anitha (1998). Quality of Work Life in Commercial Banks. Discovery Publishing House. ISBN 81-7141-431-1.
- Böck, Monika; Rao, Aparna (2000). Culture, creation, and procreation: concepts of kinship in South Asian practice. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-911-8.
- Chatterjee, Indrani; Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2006). Slavery & South Asian History. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34810-2.
- Chaudhuri, K.N. (2006). The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company: 1660–1760. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521031592.
- D. Craik, Alex (2007). Mr Hopkins' Men: Cambridge Reform and British Mathematics in the 19th Century. Springer. SBN 1846287901, ISBN 978-1-84628-790-9.
- D., Sadasivan (1974). The Growth of public opinion in the Madras Presidency (1858–1909). University of Madras.
- Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and nationalism in India: the case of the Punjab. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-20108-7.
- Desai, A. R. (2005). Social background of Indian nationalism. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 81-7154-667-6.
- Dutt, Romesh Chunder (1999). Open Letters to Lord Curzon on Famines and Land Assessments in India. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 1-4021-5115-2.
- Eur (2002). Regional Surveys of the world: Far East and Australasia 2003. Psychology Press. ISBN 9781857431339.
- Gough, Kathleen (2008). Rural Society in Southeast India. Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-04019-1.
- Hibbert, Christopher (2000). Queen Victoria: A Personal History. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-638843-4.
- Ishizuka, Karen L.; Zimmermann, Patricia Rodden (2008). Mining the home movie: excavations in histories and memories. California Press. ISBN 0-520-23087-6.
- Kamath, Suryanath U. (2001) [1980]. A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present. Bangalore: Jupiter books. LCCN 80905179. OCLC 7796041.
- Kasbekar, Asha (2006). Pop culture India: media, arts, and lifestyle. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-636-1.
- Kothari, Rajni (2004). Caste in Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 81-250-0637-0.
- Kulke, Hermann; Dietmar Rothermund (2004). A History of India. Routledge (UK). ISBN 0-415-32919-1.
- Kumar, Dharma (1965). Land and Caste in South India: Agricultural Labor in the Madras Presidency During the Nineteenth Century. CUP Archive.
- Kumar, Naresh (2003). "Historical Background of Banking System". Motivation And Morale in Banking Administration: A Study Of Four Branches Of United Commercial Bank. Mittal Publications. ISBN 81-7099-897-2.
- M., Thangaraj (2003). Tamil Nadu: An Unfinished Task. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-9780-6.
- Mehrotra, Santosh K. (2006). The Economics of Elementary Education in India: The Challenge of Public Finance, Private Provision, and Household Costs. SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-3419-7.
- Mill, John Stuart; John M. Robson; Martin Moir; Zawahir Moir (1996). Miscellaneous Writings. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-04878-8.
- Mollin, Sandra (2006). Euro-English: assessing variety status. Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 978-3-8233-6250-0. Diakses tanggal 2012-11-17.
- O.P., Ralhan (2002). Encyclopaedia of Political Parties. Anmol Publications Private Limited. ISBN 81-7488-865-9.
- P. V., Balakrishnan (1981). Matrilineal system in Malabar. Satyavani Prakashan.
- P., Kandaswamy (2001). The political career of K Kamaraj. New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company. ISBN 81-7022-801-8.
- Paramanand (1985). Mahāmanā Madan Mohan Malaviya: An Historical Biography. Malaviya Adhyayan Sansthan, Banaras Hindu University.
- Patnaik, Nihar Ranjan (1997). Economic History of Orissa. Indus Publishing. SBN 8173870756, ISBN 978-81-7387-075-0.
- Rai, Raghunath (2011). History. FK Publications. ISBN 9788187139690. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-05-19. Diakses tanggal 2015-08-06.
- Ramaswamy, Sumathi (1997). Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970. University of California. ISBN 9780520918795.
- Read, Anthony (1997). The Proudest Day – India's Long Ride to Independence. London: Jonathan Cape. ISBN 0-393-31898-2.
- Roy, Kalpana (2002). Encyclopaedia of violence against women and dowry death in India. Anmol Publications Private Limited. ISBN 81-261-0343-4.
- Roy, Tirthankar (2012). East India Company the Worlds Most Powerful Company. Penguin Books India. ISBN 9780670085071.
- S. A., Govindarajan (1969). G. Subramania Iyer. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India.
- S. R., Bakshi (1991). C. Rajagopalachari: Role in Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications PVT. LTD. ISBN 81-7041-433-4.
- S., Muthiah (2004). Madras Rediscovered. East West Books (Madras) Pvt Ltd. ISBN 81-88661-24-4.
- Seal, Anil (1971). The Emergence of Indian Nationalism: Competition and Collaboration in the Later Nineteenth Century. CUP Archive. ISBN 0-521-09652-9.
- Sinha, Aseema (2005). The Regional Roots of Developmental Politics in India: A Divided Leviathan. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-21681-8.
- Smith, Bardwell L. (1976). Religion and Social Conflict in South Asia. Brill. ISBN 9789004045101.
- Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar (1982). India: social structure. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412826198.
- Thoraval, Yves (2000). Cinemas of India. Macmillan India. ISBN 0-333-93410-5.
- Thorpe, Edgar; Showick Thorpe; Thorpe Edgar (2011). The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011. Dorling Kindersly (India) Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-317-5830-4.
- von Fürer-Haimendorf, Christoph (1982). Tribes of India – The Struggle for Survival. University of California.
- W. B., Vasantha Kandasamy; F. Smarandache; K. Kandasamy; Florentin Smarandache (2005). Fuzzy and Neutrosophic Analysis of Periyar's Views on Untouchability. Infinite Study. ISBN 9781931233002.
- W. S., Weerasooriya (1973). The Nattukottai Chettiar Merchant Bankers in Ceylon. Tisara Prakasakayo.
- Walch, James (1976). Faction and front: Party systems in South India. Young Asia Publications.
- Wright, Arnold (1999). Twentieth Century Impressions of Ceylon: Its History, People, Commerce, Industries, and Resources. Asian Educational Services. ISBN 9788120613355.
Pranala luar
[sunting | sunting sumber]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
Templat:Kepresidenan dan provinsi di India Britania Templat:Tamil Nadu
- Former country articles requiring maintenance
- Pages using infobox former subdivision with unknown parameters
- Kepresidenan Madras
- Wilayah India dalam sejarah
- Kepresidenan di India Britania
- Sejarah Chennai
- Sejarah Andhra Pradesh
- Lakshadweep
- Sejarah Karnataka
- Kolonial Kerala
- Sejarah Odisha
- Pendirian tahun 1652
- Pembubaran tahun 1950