J
J, ko j, shine harafi na goma a cikin haruffan Ingilishi na zamani da haruffan Latin na ISO na asali . Its saba sunan Turanci ne <i id="mwFg">jay</i> (pronounced /dʒ eɪ / ), da yanzu-nadiri bambance-bambancen jy /dʒ aɪ / . [1] [2] Lokacin amfani a cikin International karin lafazi Alphabet ga <i id="mwIA">y</i> sauti, zai iya yiwuwa a kira yod ko jod (furta /j ɒ d / ko /j oʊ d / ).
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harafin J amfani da za a yi amfani da matsayin swash harafi na, amfani da harafi na a karshen Roman numerals lokacin da wadannan wata I, kamar yadda a XXIIJ ko xxiij maimakon XXIII ko XXIII ga Roman adadi wakiltar 23. Wani amfani na musamman ya fito a Tsakiyar Babban Jamusanci . Gian Giorgio Trissino {1478-1550} shine farkon wanda ya bambanta I da J a bayyane a matsayin wakiltar sauti daban -daban, a cikin littafinsa na istpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana (" wasiƙar Trissino game da haruffan da aka ƙara kwanan nan cikin harshen Italiyanci ") ) na shekara ta 1524. [3] Asali, 'I' da 'J' sun kasance siffofi daban -daban don harafi ɗaya, duka daidai suke /i/, /iː/, da /j/ ; duk da haka, harsunan Romance sun haɓaka sabbin sautuna (daga tsohon /j/ da /ɡ/ ) waɗanda aka wakilta a matsayin 'I' da 'J'; saboda haka, Ingilishi J, wanda aka samo daga Faransanci J, yana da ƙima mai ƙima sosai da /j/ (wanda ke wakiltar sautin farko a cikin kalmar Ingilishi " y et")
Furuci da amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Turanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Turanci, ⟩ fi wakiltar affricate /dʒ/ . A Old Turanci, da phoneme /dʒ/ ya wakilta orthographically da ⟩ da ⟩ Ƙarƙashin rinjayar Old Faransa, wadda take da irin wannan phoneme deriving daga Latin /j/ English malaman Attaura suka fara amfani da ⟩ (daga baya ⟩ su wakilci kalma-farko /dʒ/ a Old Turanci (misali, i Est kuma, daga baya j Est), yayin da yin amfani da ⟩ da sauran wurare (misali, ya DG e) [4] Daga baya, da yawa wasu amfani da ⟩ (daga baya ⟩ da aka kara a loanwords daga Faransa da kuma sauran harsuna (misali ad j oin, j unta) A farko harshen Turanci littafin yi da bambanci a fili tsakanin ⟩ da ⟩ shi ne juyi na King James 1st Revision Cambridge a shekara ta 1629 da kuma wani English nahawu littafin da aka buga ashekara ta 1633. [5] A aro kalmomi kamar raj, ⟩ iya wakiltar /ʒ/ A cikin wasu daga cikin waɗannan, gami da raj, Azerbaijan, Taj Mahal, da Beijing, lafazin /dʒ/ yana kusa da lafazi na asali, yana yin amfani da /ʒ/ misali na tsinkayen girman kai . Lokaci-lokaci, ⟩ wakiltar ainihin /j/ sauti, kamar yadda a Hallelujah da Fjord (ga Yodh domin qarin bayani) A kalmomi na Spanish asalin, inda ⟩ wakiltar voiceless velar fricative [ x ] (kamar jalapeño) English jawabai yawanci m tare da voiceless glottal fricative /h / .
A Turanci, ⟩ ne karo na hudu kalla akai-akai amfani da harafi a kalmomi, kasancewa mafi m kawai fiye da ⟨ ⟨ kuma ⟨ Yana, duk da haka, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin sunaye masu dacewa, musamman sunaye na mutum.
Wasu harsuna
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Harsunan Jamusanci da Gabashin Turai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mafi yawancin Harsunan Jamus, kamar Jamus, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish kuma Norwegian, amfani ⟩ ga palatal approximant /j /, wanda mafi yawa ana wakilta harafi ⟩ a Turanci. Sanannen sanannu shine Ingilishi, Scots da (zuwa ƙaramin matakin) Luxembourgish . ⟩ ma wakiltar /j / a Albanian, da waɗanda Uralic, Slavic da Baltic harsuna da cewa amfani da Latin haruffa, kamar Hungarian, Finnish, Istoniyanci, Polish, Czech, Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya, Basulake, Basulabe, Latvian da Lithuanian . Wasu related harsuna, kamar Kuroweshiyancin-Sabiya da Macedonian, kuma soma ⟩ cikin QFontDatabase haruffa ga wannan manufa. Saboda wannan ƙa'idar, an zaɓi ƙaramin ƙaramin harafin don amfani dashi a cikin IPA azaman alamar sautin sauti.
Harsunan soyayya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin harsunan Rum, ⟩ ya kullum ci gaba daga asalin palatal approximant darajar a Latin zuwa wasu irin fricative . A Faransa, Portuguese, Catalan, kuma Romanian an fronted da postalveolar fricative /ʒ / (kamar ⟩ in English mea s Ure). A Spain, da bambanci, an biyu devoiced da kuma goyon baya daga wani a baya /ʝ / wani ba-rana /x / ~ /h /, tare da ainihin karin lafazi ganin dangane da magana ta yare.
Gabaɗaya, ⟨j⟩ baya yawan kasancewa a cikin daidaitaccen haruffan Italiyanci na zamani. Kawai dace sunaye (kamar Jesi da Letojanni ), Latin kalmomi ( Juventus ), ko kuma wadanda aro daga kasashen waje harsuna da ⟩ A dace sunaye da kuma Latin kalmomi ana furta a matsayin palatal approximant /j /, yayin da kalmomin aro daga kasashen waje harsuna ayan bi da harshen ta pronunciation na ⟩ Har cikin karni na 19th, ⟩ aka yi amfani maimakon ⟩ a diphthongs, kamar yadda wani zai maye gurbin karshe -ii, kuma a wasali kungiyoyin (as a Savoja) wannan doka ta kasance mai tsauri a rubuce na hukuma. ⟩ ana amfani ga sa /j / a harshe kuskure, misali Romanesco yare ⟩ [ajo] (tafarnuwa. Gwama Italian aglio [aʎo] A Italian mawallafin Luigi Pirandello amfani ⟩ a wasali kungiyoyin a cikin ayyukansu da aka rubuta a cikin Italiyanci. ya kuma ya rubuta a cikin 'yan qasar Sicilian harshe, wanda har yanzu yana amfani da harafin ⟩ su wakilci /j / (da kuma wani lokacin ma [dʒ] ko [gj], dangane da yanayi) Harshen Maltese yaren Semitic ne, ba yaren Romance ba; amma an warai rinjayi su (musamman Sicilian) da kuma shi yana amfani da ⟩ ga sauti / j / (cognate na Semitic yod)
Basque
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A Basque, da diaphoneme wakilta ⟩ yana da dama realizations bisa ga yankin yare: [j, ʝ, ɟ, ʒ, ʃ, x] (na karshe wanda shi ne hali da Gipuzkoa )
Harsunan da ba na Turawa ba
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga cikin harsunan da bana Turai da suka soma da Latin rubutun, ⟩ tsaye ga /ʒ / a Turkiyya da kuma Azerbaijani, domin /ʐ / a Tatar . ⟩ tsaye ga /dʒ / a Indonesiya, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Harshen Oromo, Harshen Turkmen, kuma Zulu . Yana wakiltar faɗar magana mai ƙarfi /ɟ / in Konkani, Yoruba, da Swahili . A Kiowa, ⟩ tsaye ga wata voiceless alveolar plosive, /t /.
⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in the romanization systems of most of the Languages of India such as Hindi and Telugu and stands for /dʑ/ in the Romanization of Japanese and Korean.
Domin Sin harsuna, ⟩ tsaye ga /t͡ɕ / a Mandarin Sin PinYin tsarin, da unaspirated kwatankwacin ⟩ /t͡ɕʰ /) A Wade-Giles, ⟩ tsaye ga Mandarin Sin /ʐ /. Pe̍h-œ-Ji na Hokkien da Tai-lo ga Taiwan Hokkien, ⟩ tsaye ga /z / da /ʑ /, ko /d͡z / da /d͡ʑ /, dangane da wasulla. A Jyutping for Kannada, ⟩ tsaye ga /j /.
The Royal Thai Janar System of kwafi ba ya amfani da harafin ⟩ ko da yake da shi da ake amfani a wasu dace sunayen da wadanda ba misali transcriptions su wakilci ko dai จ [tɕ] ko ช [tɕʰ] (wanda ke biye da tushen tushen Pali/Sanskrit)
A romanized Pashto, ⟩ wakiltar ځ, ya furta [dz]
A Qaniujaaqpait haruffan da Inuktitut harshe, ⟩ ake amfani da su rubũtunsa /j /.
Haruffa masu alaƙa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Ƙari : Harafin Semitic Yodh, wanda daga baya aka samo alamun da ke gaba
- Ina i : Harafin Latin I, daga abin da J ya samo
- Ƙari : Dotless j
- Ƙari : Harafin mai canzawa ƙaramin mara lamba j tare da bugun jini
- Ƙari : Harafin mai gyara ƙaramin j tare da ƙetare-jela [6]
- IPA -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da J: ʝ ɟ ʄ ʲ
- Harafin Sautin Uralic -alamomin musamman masu alaƙa da J:
Lambobin kwamfuta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- 1 Hakanan don rikodin rikodi akan ASCII, gami da DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 da Macintosh iyalai na rikodi.
Unicode kuma yana da bambance -bambancen mara iyaka, ȷ (U+0237) Da farko ana amfani da shi a Landsmålsalfabet da lissafi. Ba a yi nufin amfani da shi ba tare da diacritics tunda j j na al'ada an yi taushi a Unicode (wato, an cire ɗigon idan za a sanya diacritic a sama; Unicode ya ci gaba da cewa, misali i+ ¨ ≠ ı+ ¨ da iri ɗaya yana da gaskiya ga j da ȷ) [7]
A cikin Unicode, kwafin 'J' don amfani azaman yanayin sautin musamman a cikin tarihin harsunan Girka an sanya shi a cikin toshe rubutun Girkanci kamar ϳ (Unicode U+03F3) Ana amfani da shi don nuna ƙyalli na sarauta /j/ a cikin mahallin rubutun Girkanci. Ana kiranta "Yot" a ma'aunin Unicode, bayan sunan Jamusanci na harafin J. An ƙara babban juzu'in wannan wasiƙar zuwa Unicode Standard a U+037F tare da sakin sigar 7.0 a watan Yuni a shekara ta 2014.
Batun murmushin Wingdings
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin harafin Wingdings ta Microsoft, harafin "J" an sanya shi azaman fuskar murmushi (wannan ya bambanta da alamar lambar Unicode U+263A, wanda ke fassara ☺︎) A cikin aikace -aikacen Microsoft, ":) ana maye gurbinsa ta atomatik tare da murmushin da aka sanya a cikin takamaiman fuskar font lokacin ƙirƙirar takaddun rubutu mai ƙarfi ko imel na HTML. Za'a iya kashe wannan fasalin fasalin ta atomatik ko a canza shi zuwa murmushi na Unicode.
Sauran amfani
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- A cikin lambobin farantin lasisi na duniya, J yana wakiltar Japan .
- A cikin lissafi, j yana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin hasashe guda uku na ƙima .
- Hakanan a cikin lissafi, j yana ɗaya daga cikin vectors raka'a uku.
- A cikin tsarin awo, J shine alamar joule, SI da aka samu don makamashi .
- A wasu fannonin kimiyyar lissafi, injiniyan lantarki da filayen da ke da alaƙa, j alama ce ga ƙungiyar hasashe (tushen murabba'i na −1) (a wasu fannoni ana amfani da harafin i, amma wannan zai zama mai rikitarwa kamar yadda shima alama ce don halin yanzu ).
- A J iya zama wani irin harshe na dabam ambatacce ga wani hadin gwiwa ( marijuana taba)
- A cikin Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsarin (kafin a shekara ta2001), farantin lasisin da ya fara da "J" misali "J123 XYZ" zai yi daidai da abin hawa da aka yi rajista tsakanin 1 ga Agusta, a shekara ta 1991 da 31 ga Yuli, a shekara ta 1992. Hakanan a ƙarƙashin tsohon tsarin, farantin lasisi wanda ya ƙare da "J" misali "ABC 123J" zai yi daidai da abin hawa da aka yi rajista tsakanin 1 ga Agusta, ashekara ta 1970 da 31 ga Yuli, 1971.
Sauran wakilci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Nassoshi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Hanyoyin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
The dictionary definition of J at Wiktionary- The dictionary definition of j at Wiktionary
- . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
| Haruffan Latin na ISO | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz |
- ↑ "J", Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989)
- ↑ "J" and "jay", Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993)
- ↑ De le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana in Italian Wikisource.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
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- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedL204132 - ↑ The Unicode Standard, Version 8.0, p. 293 (at the very bottom)