Almoravid architecture
GINIWAR ALMORAVID
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ginin Almoravid yana da alaƙa da wani zamani daga ƙarni na 11 zuwa na 12 lokacin da Almoravids suka yi mulki a yankin Maghreb ta yamma (yanzu haka Maroko da yammacin Aljeriya) da al-Andalus (babban ɓangare na yanzu Spain da kudu na Portugal). Ya kasance muhimmin mataki a ci gaban ginin Musulunci na yamma, yayin da salon da ƙwarewar al-Andalus suka ƙara shigo da ci gaba a Arewacin Afirka. Almoravids sun kafa birnin Marrakesh a matsayin babban birninsu kuma sun gina masallatai da yawa a yankin, kodayake da yawa daga cikin abin da suka gina ba a kiyaye ba. Almoravids sun ƙwace mulki daga Almohads a ƙarni na 12, bayan haka ginin Almohad ya ci gaba da haɓaka wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan al'adu a Maghreb da al-Andalus.
JANARAR
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Zamanin Almoravid, tare da zamanin Almohad da ya biyo baya, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmancin matakai na gine-ginen Moorish da na Maroko, wanda ya kafa yawancin sifofi da kayan ado na wannan salon da aka inganta a ƙarnuka masu zuwa. Manuel Casamar Perez ya bayyana cewa Almoravids sun rage salon Andalusi mai nauyi da ƙarin kayan ado wanda ya samo asali tun daga Khalifancin Córdoba kuma sun fi baiwa fifiko ga daidaiton kima tsakanin sassa da kayan ado.
Cibiyoyin ƙirƙira na fasaha guda biyu a yammacin Musulunci kafin tashiwar Almoravids sun kasance Kairouan da Córdoba, dukkansu tsofaffin babban birane a yankin waɗanda suka zama tushen wahayi. Almoravids suna da alhakin kafa sabon babban birnin daular a Marrakesh, wanda ya zama babban cibiyar tallafin gine-gine daga nan gaba. Bayan sun mamaye Al-Andalus a Yaƙin Sagrajas, Almoravids sun tura masu fasaha na Musulmi, Kiristoci, da Yahudawa daga Iberia zuwa Arewacin Afirka don aiki a kan gine-gine.
Almoravids sun yi amfani da ƙwararrun Andalusi a duk faɗin mulkinsu, don haka suna taimakawa wajen baza salon gine-ginen al-Andalus mai kayatarwa zuwa Arewacin Afirka. Ginin Almoravid ya haɗa da kayan ado da sabbin abubuwan gine-ginen Andalusi, kamar manyan baka masu haɗuwa da juna a Babban Masallacin Córdoba da fadar Aljaferia a Zaragoza, amma kuma ya kawo sababbin dabarun kayan ado daga gabas, kamar muqarnas ("taurari" ko "gizo-gizo" zanen katako), da kuma ƙirƙirar sababbin abubuwansa, kamar lambrequin arch da amfani da ginshiƙai maimakon alamu a cikin masallatai.
Kayan ado da aka zana da stucco sun fara bayyana sosai a matsayin wani ɓangare na waɗannan gine-gine kuma za su zama mafi kayatarwa a lokuta masu zuwa. Tallafin Almoravid yana nuna wani lokaci na canji ga gine-gine a yankin, wanda ya kafa matakin ci gaba na gaba.
MASALLATAI
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Babban Masallaci an Algiers (kimanin 1097), Babban Masallacin Tlemcen (1136) da al-Qarawiyyin (wanda aka faɗaɗa a 1135) a Fez su ne muhimman misalai na gine-ginen Almoravid. Almoravid Qubba na ɗaya daga cikin 'yan gine-ginen Almoravid da suka tsira a Marrakesh, kuma yana da ban sha'awa saboda kwandon rufi mai tsananin kyau a ciki da kayan ado na stucco, siffofi masu wahala na baka, da ƙananan muqarnas cupolas a kusurwoyin ginin.
Kwandon muqarnas a Masallacin Qarawiyyin Tsakiyar rumfar Masallacin Qarawiyyin da aka faɗaɗa yana da misalin farko na cikakken kwandon muqarnas a duniya ta yammacin Musulunci. Tsarin wahala na waɗannan kwandon muqarnas a irin wannan lokacin na farko – shekaru kaɗan bayan fitowar kwandon muqarnas masu sauƙi a Iraki mai nisa – ya ba da mamaki ga masu nazarin gine-gine.
Wani babban misali na gine-ginen Almoravid shi ne ginin ribbed dome mai ban sha'awa a gaban mihrab na Babban Masallacin Tlemcen, wanda ake tsammanin asalin sa ya fito ne daga ginin ribbed domes na ƙarni na 10 na Babban Masallacin Córdoba. Tsarin ginin dome ɗin yana da kayan ado kawai, yana kunshe da ginshiƙai da yawa ko baka masu haɗuwa da juna suna samar da tsari mai taurari mai maki goma sha biyu. Hakanan yana da wani ɓangare mai gani ta hanyar, yana barin wani hasken waje ya ratsa ta cikin wani shinge na kayan ado na arabesque da aka haƙa wanda ke cike da sarari tsakanin ginshiƙan.
GANUWA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Almoravids sun kuma gina ganuwa da yawa, kodayake yawancin waɗannan daga baya Almohads da daular da suka biyo baya suka rusa ko suka canza su. Sabon babban birnin, Marrakesh, da farko ba shi da katangar gari amma wani garu da aka sani da Ksar el-Hajjar ("Garin Dutse") an gina shi da wanda ya kafa birnin, Abu Bakr ibn Umar, domin ajiye baitulmali da zama wurin zama na farko.
Daga ƙarshe, kimanin 1126, Ali Ibn Yusuf ya gina cikakken saitin katanga, wanda aka yi da rammed earth, a kusa da garin don mayar da martani ga barazanar da Almohads suka yi. Wadannan katanga, kodayake an gyara su sosai kuma an faɗaɗa su a ƙarnuka masu zuwa, suna ci gaba da zama katangar medina na Marrakesh a yau. Babban ƙofofin medina ma an fara gina su a wannan lokacin, kodayake an canza su sosai daga baya. Bab Doukkala, ɗaya daga cikin ƙofofin yamma, ana tsammanin ya fi kiyaye tsarin Almoravid na asali. Yana da ƙofa mai karkata, wanda nau'ikansa ake samu a duk lokacin tsaka-tsakin Maghreb da Al-Andalus, da kuma Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ƙofar tana juyawa digiri 90 zuwa dama sannan kuma digiri 90 zuwa hagu, tare da fitilu/masu shiga biyu da ke daidaita juna, waɗanda manyan murabba'in ganuwa biyu suka kewaye. Wannan tsarin na musamman ne a Marrakesh amma yana da halayen Almoravid, watakila yana wakiltar wani ci gaba na tsoffin tsare-tsaren ƙofa.
Garin Kasbah na Amargu, wani garun Almoravid a arewacin Fez A wani wuri, wurin binciken kayan tarihi na Tasghîmût, kudu maso gabas na Marrakesh, da Kasbah na Amargu, arewa maso gabas na Fez, suna ba da shaida game da wasu garuruwan Almoravid. A gina su da duwatsu na rushewa ko rammed earth, suna nuna kamanceceniya da tsoffin ganuwar Hammadid, da kuma wata buƙata ta gina cikin sauri yayin lokutan rikici. Katangar Tlemcen (yanzu Aljeriya) ma a gina su a wani ɓangare daga Almoravids, suna amfani da cakudadden duwatsu a ƙasa da rammed earth a sama.
FADOJI DA GIDAJE
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin gine-ginen gidaje, babu wani daga cikin fadoji ko gidajen Almoravid da suka tsira, kuma an san su ne kawai ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce da binciken kayan tarihi. A lokacin mulkinsa, Ali Ibn Yusuf ya ƙara wani babban fada da masaukin sarauta a kudancin Ksar el-Hajjar (a wurin da Masallacin Kutubiyya yake yanzu). Wannan fadar daga baya an bar ta kuma Almohad Kasbah ta maye gurbin aikinta, amma wasu daga cikin ragowarta an tono su kuma an yi nazari a karni na 20. Waɗannan ragowar sun bayyana misali na farko da aka sani a Maroko na lambun riad (wani lambu na cikin gida da aka raba shi zuwa sassa huɗu cikin daidaito).
A shekarar 1960 wasu bincike kusa da Chichaoua sun gano ragowar wani tsari na gida ko mazauni wanda ya samo asali daga zamanin Almoravid ko ma da wuri. Ya ƙunshi gidaje da yawa, hammams guda biyu, tsarin samar da ruwa, da watakila masallaci. A wurin an sami tarin gutsattsarin kayan ado na gine-gine waɗanda yanzu ake adanawa a Gidan Tarihi na Archeological na Rabat. Waɗannan gutsattsarin an yi su ne da stucco mai zurfin yanke wanda ke dauke da rubuce-rubucen Kufic da rubuce-rubucen larabci masu gudana da kuma kayan lambu kamar palmettes da ganyen acanthus. Gine-ginen kuma sun ƙunshi kayan ado da aka zana da jan ochre, yawanci suna ƙunshe da alamu na iyaka da aka haɗa da igiyoyi biyu. An kuma sami irin wannan kayan ado a cikin tsoffin gidaje da aka tono a shekarar 2006 a ƙarƙashin faɗaɗawar masallacin Qarawiyyin na Almoravid na ƙarni na 12 a Fes. Baya ga alamu na iyaka da aka saba, akwai manyan alamu masu haɗa-haɗa da rubuce-rubucen Kufic tare da bayanan kayan lambu, duk an yi su ne a cikin ja.
Gutsattsarin kayan ado da aka zana wanda ke nuna mai busa sarewa, daga al-Qasr al-Seghir a Murcia (ƙarni na 12) A cikin Spain na yau, tsoffin gutsattsarin muqarnas da suka tsira an samo su ne a cikin wani fada da aka gina ta Muhammad Ibn Mardanish, mai mulkin Murcia mai zaman kansa (1147–1172). Ragowar fadar, wanda aka sani da al-Qasr al-Seghir (ko Alcázar Seguir a Spanish) suna cikin Monastery na Santa Clara a Murcia. Gutsattsarin muqarnas an yi musu zanen hotunan mawaka da sauran mutane. Ibn Mardanish ya kuma gina abin da ake kira yanzu Castillejo de Monteagudo, wani babban gari da fadar da aka gina a kan tsauni a wajen garin wanda shine ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau da aka tsira daga gine-ginen zamanin Almoravid a yankin Iberian Peninsula. Yana da tsari mai kusurwa huɗu kuma ya ƙunshi babban lambun riad mai fadin fili tare da ɗakunan karɓar baƙi masu daidaito da ke fuskantar juna a tsawon axis na lambun.
DUBA KUMA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Minbarn da Masallacin Kutubiyya
MANAZARTA
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]1. Kubisch, Natascha (2011). "Almoravids and Almohads: Architecture". In Hattstein, Markus; Delius, Peter (eds.). Islam: Art and Architecture. h.f.ullmann. shafuka 254–259. ISBN 9783848003808.
2. Marçais 1954, shafuka 259–260.
3. Salmon 2018, shafuka 26–30, 86–88, 222 (da sauran su).
4. Bennison 2016, shafi 276.
5. Basset, Henri; Terrasse, Henri (1932). Sanctuaires et forteresses almohades. Paris: Larose.
6. Perez, Manuel Casamar (1992). "The Almoravids and Almohads: An introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. shafuka 75–83. ISBN 0870996371.
7. Bennison 2016, shafi 278.
8. Parker, R. (1981). A Practical Guide to Islamic Monuments in Morocco. Charlottesville, Virginia: Baraka Press. shafi 14.
9. Bloom 2020, shafuka 115–119; Salmon 2018, shafuka 26–30.
10. Salmon 2018, shafuka 26–30.
11. Tabbaa, Yasser (2008). "Andalusian roots and Abbasid homage in the Qubbat al-Barudiyyin in Marrakesh". Muqarnas. 25: 133–146. doi:10.1163/22118993_02501006.
12. Barrucand & Bednorz 1992, shafi 155.
13. Salmon 2018, shafi 30.
14. Bloom, Jonathan; Toufiq, Ahmed; Carboni, Stefano; Soultanian, Jack; Wilmering, Antoine M.; Minor, Mark D.; Zawacki, Andrew; Hbibi, El Mostafa (1998). The Minbar from the Kutubiyya Mosque. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Ediciones El Viso, S.A., Madrid; Ministère des Affaires Culturelles, Royaume du Maroc.
15. Bloom 2020, shafi 114.
16. Tabbaa 1985, shafi 64.
17. Almagro, Antonio (2015). "The Great Mosque of Tlemcen and the Dome of its Maqsura". Al-Qantara. 36 (1): 199–257. doi:10.3989/alqantara.2015.007. hdl:10261/122812.
18. Bloom 2020, shafuka 116–118.
19. Deverdun 1959, shafuka 56–59.
20. Wilbaux 2001, shafuka 211–213.
21. Deverdun 1959, shafuka 108–110.
22. Wilbaux 2001, shafuka 168, 224.
23. Allain, Charles; Deverdun, Gaston (1957). "Les portes anciennes de Marrakech". Hespéris. 44: 85–126. Archived from the original on 2021-02-28. Retrieved 2023-01-02.
24. Wilbaux 2001, shafi 198.
25. Petersen 1996, shafuka 17, 46, 89, 98.
26. Barrucand & Bednorz 1992, shafuka 66, 116.
27. Deverdun 1959, shafi 121.
28. Camps, G. (1986). "Amergou". Encyclopédie berbère. Retrieved 31 January 2024.
29. Marçais 1954, shafuka 219–220.
30. Bennison 2016, shafuka 299–300.
31. Marçais 1954, shafi 220.
32. Almagro, Antonio; Jiménez, Alfonso (2022-10-07). "The Kutubiyya Mosque of Marrakesh Revisited". Muqarnas Online. 39 (1): 255–288. doi:10.1163/22118993-00391P11. ISSN 0732-2992. S2CID 253138713.
33. Wilbaux 2001, shafi 71; Marçais 1954, shafi 404.
34. Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014, shafuka 219–223.
35. Lintz, Déléry & Tuil Leonetti 2014, shafuka 195–197.
36. Bloom 2020, shafuka 98–100.
37. Perez, Manuel Casamar (1992). "The Almoravids and Almohads: An Introduction". In Dodds, Jerrilynn D. (ed.). Al-Andalus: The Art of Islamic Spain. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. shafuka 75–83. ISBN 0870996371.
38. Wilbaux, Quentin; Lebrun, Michel (2008). Marrakesh: The Secret of Courtyard Houses. Translated by McElhearn, Kirk. ACR Edition. shafi 68. ISBN 978-2-86770-130-6.
TUSHEN BAYANAI
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- Barrucand, Marianne; Bednorz, Achim (1992). Moorish architecture in Andalusia. Taschen. ISBN 3822876348. - Bennison, Amira K. (2016). The Almoravid and Almohad Empires. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748646821. - Bloom, Jonathan M. (2020). Architecture of the Islamic West: North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, 700-1800. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300218701. - Deverdun, Gaston (1959). Marrakech: Des origines à 1912. Rabat: Éditions Techniques Nord-Africaines. - Marçais, Georges (1954). L'architecture musulmane d'Occident. Paris: Arts et métiers graphiques. - Lintz, Yannick; Déléry, Claire; Tuil Leonetti, Bulle, eds. (2014). Maroc médiéval: Un empire de l'Afrique à l'Espagne. Paris: Louvre éditions. ISBN 9782350314907. - Salmon, Xavier (2018). Maroc Almoravide et Almohade: Architecture et décors au temps des conquérants, 1055-1269. Paris: LienArt. - Tabbaa, Yasser (1985). "The Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin and Meaning". Muqarnas. 3: 61–74. doi:10.1163/22118993-90000196. JSTOR 1523084. - Wilbaux, Quentin (2001). La médina de Marrakech: Formation des espaces urbains d'une ancienne capitale du Maroc. Paris: L'Harmattan. ISBN 2747523888. - Petersen, Andrew (1996). Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. Routledge. ISBN 9781134613663.