Holannda

Holannda


(Flag)	(Coat of Arms)

Holannda, hono Hollande, ko leydi tawaandi e Fuɗnaange-rewo Yuroopu, jogiindi nokkuuji caggal maayo e nder Kariibi. Ko ndi leydi ɓurndi mawnude e nder leyɗeele nay jeyaaɗe e Laamu Holannda.[13] Holannda ina waɗi diiwanuuji sappo e ɗiɗi ; ina heeddi e Almaanya to fuɗnaange e Belsik to fuɗnaange, e daande maayo worgo to bannge worgo e hirnaange. Nde renndini keeri maayo e leydi Biritaan, Almaanya, e Belsik.[14] Ɗemngal laawɗinaangal ngal ko Nederlande, ko ɗemngal Frise hirnaange woni ɗemngal laawɗungal ɗiɗaɓal e nder diiwaan Friesland.[1] Holanndee, Biritaani, e Papiamento ko laamu e nder leyɗeele Kariibi.[1]

Holannda firti ko "leyɗeele leslese" e dow tooweeki mum lesɗi e nokkuuji mum ɓuuɓɗi, tawi 26% ina tawee les njiimaandi maayo.[15] Ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji les njiimaandi maayo, anndiraaɗi polders, ko batte mbayliigu leydi puɗɗiingu e teeminannde 14ɓiire.[16] E jamaanu Republique, puɗɗinooɗo e hitaande 1588, Holannda naati e yonta keeriiɗo, mawnugol politik, faggudu, e pinal, ina jeyaa e ɓurɗe doole e doole e nder Yuroopu e nder winndere ndee ; ooɗoo sahaa ina anndiraa Duuɓi kaŋŋe Holanndee en.[17] E nder oon sahaa, sosiyeteeji mum njulaagu, hono Sosiyetee Holanndeejo Inndo Fuɗnaange e Sosiyetee Holanndeejo Inndo Hirnaange, mbaɗii koloniiji e nokkuuji njulaagu e nder winndere ndee kala.[18][19]

E nder yimɓe ko ɓuri 17,9 miliyoŋ neɗɗo, kamɓe fof ɓe nguuri ko e nder wertallo 41 850 km2 (16 160 km2)—e nder heen wertallo leydi ndii ko 33 500 km2 (12 900 mi2)—Hollande woni leydi 33ɓiindi ɓurndi heewde yimɓe, e a densité 535 neɗɗo e kiloomeeteer kaaree (1 390 neɗɗo/miil kaaree). Ɗum fof e wayde noon, ko kañum woni leydi ɗiɗmiri e nder winndere ndee to bannge njulaagu nguura e geɗe ndema to bannge nafoore, sabu leydi mum ɓuuɓndi, weeyo mum ɓuuɓngo, ndema mum tiiɗka, e ƴellitaare mum.[20][21][22] Wurooji nay ɓurɗi mawnude e nder leydi Hollande ko Amsterdam, Rotterdam, La Haye e Utrecht.[23] Amsterdam woni wuro ɓurngo heewde yimɓe e nder leydi ndi, kadi ko laamorgo leydi ndi, hay so tawii noon juɓɓule politik leydi ndii ina tawee e La Haye.[24]

Holannda ko laamu doosgal parlemaa, jogiingu njuɓɓudi ngootiri gila 1848. Leydi ndii ina jogii aadaaji pillarisation (seerndude ɓiɓɓe leydi e nder pelle e nder diine e geɗe politik) e muñal renndo juutngal, tawi ina jogii laawɗingol njulaagu e warngooji, yantude e... jogaade politik dorog liberal. Holannda hokki rewɓe hakke suɓol nder hitaande 1919, nden woni lesdi arandeeri laawɗinki dewgal hakkunde gorko e debbo nder hitaande 2001.[25] Faggudu mum yahrundu yeeso e nder luumooji jillondirɗi ina jogii sappo e go’o ɓurɗo heewde ngalu e nder winndere ndee. La Haye ina jogii jooɗorde Dowlaaji Dentuɗi, Kabine, e Ñaawirde Toownde.[26] Port Rotterdam woni ko ɓuri heewde yimɓe e nder Yuroopu.[27] Schiphol woni laamorgo ɓurngo heewde yimɓe e nder Holannda, kadi ko laamorgo nayaɓo ɓurngo heewde yimɓe e nder Yuroopu. Ko leydi ƴellitiindi, Holannda woni tergal sosngal Dental Yuroopu, Zone Euro, G10, OTAN, OCDE, e OMC, kam e jeyeede e nokkuuji Schengen e Dental Benelux tatiwal. Ina jaɓɓoo pelle hakkunde laamuuji e ñaawirɗe winndereeje, ko heewi e majji ko to La Haye.[28]

Joografi

Holannda Yuroopu ina jogii wertallo 41 543 km2 (16 040 miil2), tawi ina heen ɓulli ndiyam, e wertallo leydi ko 33 481 km2 (12 927 miil2). Holannda Kariibi ina jogii wertallo 328 km2 (127 km2)[115] Ina woni hakkunde 50° e 54° N, e njuuteendi 3° e 8° E.

Holannda ina famɗi no feewi to bannge Maayo, ina hiisee wonde leydi ɓuuɓndi, fotde 26% e wertallo mum[15] e 21% e yimɓe mum[116] ina ngondi e les Maayo. Feccere Yuroopu leydi ndii ko ɓuri heewde ko ɓuuɓnde, so wonaa koɗorɗe to bannge worgo-fuɗnaange, haa tooweeki mum ɓuraani 322 m (1 056 ft) to Vaalserberg, e won e ŋore ŋore to bannge caka . Ko ɓuri heewde e nokkuuji les njiimaandi Maayo ɗii, ko ƴettugol petroŋ walla ko heɓetee e ƴellitgol leydi. Gila e darorɗe teeminannde 16ɓiire, nokkuuji polder mawɗi ina ndesndaa e nder laabi ɓuuɓɗi, tawi ina jeyaa heen diƴƴe, kanaaluuji e nokkuuji pompiyee.

Ko ɓuri heewde e leydi ndii, fuɗɗii ko e daande maayooji Yuroopu tati mawɗi : Rhin (Rijn), Meuse (Maas) e Scheldt (Schelde), kam e maayooji mum en. Feccere fuɗnaange-rewo leydi Holannda ko ɓuuɓol maayo e nder ɗeen maayooji, woni ɓuuɓol Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt.[117]

Holannda Yuroopu feccii ko e pecce worgo e fuɗnaange, ko Reen, Waal, calɗi mum mawɗi, e Meuse. Ɗee maayooji ina kuutoree no feewi hakkunde laamuuji, ɗum noon e nder daartol, ina mbaɗi feccere pinal, hono no feeñiri e won e sifaaji fonetik ɗi nganndu-ɗaa ko banngeeji ɗiɗi ɗii fof ko Holanndee en mbiyata “Maayooji mawɗi” (de Grote Rivieren). Cakkital goɗngal maantinngal e maayo Rhine, woni maayo IJssel, ina yalta e maayo IJssel, woni Zuiderzee (‘Maayo fuɗnaange’). Hono no adannde ndee nii, ndee maayo ina waɗi feccere ɗemɗe : yimɓe wonɓe to fuɗnaange-rewo ndee maayo ina kaala ɗemɗe Holanndee en (so wonaa e nder diiwaan Friesland, jogiiɗo ɗemngal mum).[118]

Jeeyoloji

Holannda ɓuri heewde ko e ɓulli deltaaji, coñce e aeolian ummoriiɗi e yontaaji ɓuuɓɗi e hakkunde ɓuuɓɗi Pleistocene.[118]

Fotde hirnaange Holannda fof ina waɗi daande maayo Rhin-Meuse. To fuɗnaange leydi Holannda, ina tawee heddiiɓe e yontaaji ɓuuɓɗi cakkitiiɗi ɗii, ɗi timmi ko ina wona duuɓi ujunnaaje sappo jooni. Nde ɓuuɓol duunde ndee ummii e fuɗnaange, ngol ɓuuɓni moraine yeeso. Maayo oo dartiima nde o suddii feccere fuɗnaange Holannda. Caggal nde yontaaji ɓuuɓɗi ɗii njoofi, moraande ndee heddii ko e mbaadi ŋoral juutngal. Wurooji Arnhem e Nijmegen ina mahaa e dow ɗeen tule.[119]

Ilam

E nder teeminanɗe, daande maayo Holanndee wayliima no feewi sabu musibbaaji tawaaɗi e naatgol aadee.

Ñalnde 14 lewru Duujal hitaande 1287, ilam St. Lucia yani e Holannda e Almaañ, wari heen ko ina ɓura 50 000 neɗɗo e nder ilam gooto e ilamji ɓurɗi bonde e daartol winndaangol.[120] Ilam St. Elizabeth e hitaande 1421 e njuɓɓudi bonndi caggal mum, yani e polder keso, lomtiniri ɗum ko 72 km2 (28 mi2) ilam Biesbosch. Ilam mawɗam to maayo worgo lewru feebariyee 1953 addani diƴƴe keewɗe yani e fuɗnaange-rewo Holannda ; ko ina ɓura 1 800 neɗɗo maayi heen. Laamu leydi Hollande caggal ɗuum sosi eɓɓaande mawnde, wiyeteende "Delta Works", ngam reende leydi ndii e ilamji garooji, tawi ko e nder duuɓi ko ina ɓura duuɓi 40.[121]

Batte musibbaaji ɗii, haa wonti, ɓeydiima e golle aadee. Leydi ɓuuɓndi toowndi ina ɓuuɓnaa ngam huutoraade ɗum no ndema nii. Drainage oo addani petroŋ ɓuuɓɗo oo ɓuuɓde, toɓɓe leydi ndii ustoo ; toɓɓe ndiyam les ɗam ustaama ngam ustude, ɗum addani ɓuuɓri les ndii ɓeydaade ɓuuɓde. Yanti heen, haa e teeminannde 19ɓiire, petroŋ ina ƴettee, ina yoora, ina huutoree ngam waɗde petroŋ, ɗum ɓeydii saɗtinde caɗeele ɗee. Hay e nokkuuji ɗi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, ƴettugol petroŋ ina jokki e ɓuuɓnude turf.[122]

Ngam reenaade ilam, ko mbaydiiji keewɗi ngam haɗde ndiyam ɗam. E ujunere hitaande adannde caggal Iisaa, gure e galleeji ndema ina mahaa e dow tule biyeteeɗe terps. Caggal ɗuum, ɗeen terpe njokkondiri ko e diƴƴe. E teeminannde 12ɓiire, juɓɓule laamu nokkuuje biyeteeɗe "waterschappen" ("golle ndiyam") walla "hoogheemraadschappen" ("diisooji toowɗi") puɗɗii feeñde, tawi golle mum en ko jogaade tolno ndiyam e reende diiwaan e ilam ; ɗeen juɓɓule ina njokki woodde. Nde leydi ndii ustii, diƴƴe ɗee e dow haajuuji mawni, kawri e nder njuɓɓudi kuuɓtodinndi. E teeminannde 13ɓiire, jolɗe henndu puɗɗiima huutoreede ngam pompirde ndiyam. Caggal ɗuum, jolɗe henndu ɗee kuutortenoo ko ngam ɓuuɓnude maayooji, nyaamde polderuuji lolluɗi ɗii.[123] E hitaande 1932 Afsluitdijk ("Dike Udditgol") gasi, haɗi Zuiderzee (Maayo Fuɗnaange) ɓooyɗo ummoraade e maayo Fuɗnaange, ɗum noon sosi IJsselmeer (Maayo IJssel). Nde wonti e nder golle Zuiderzee ɓurɗe mawnude ɗo polderuuji nay fotde 2 500 kiloomeeteer kaaree (965 mi kaaree) ƴettaa e maayo.[124][125]

Holannda ina jeyaa e leyɗe ɓurɗe waawde tampinde mbayliigaaji weeyo. Wonaa tan maayo ummotoongo ngo woni caɗeele, kono kadi mbayliigaaji weeyo ina mbaawi addande maayooji ɗii ɓuuɓde.[126][127][128]

Golle Delta

Caggal musiiba 1953, Delta Works mahii, ko ɗum woni golle siwil kuuɓtodinɗe e nder Maayo Holannda fof. Eɓɓaande ndee fuɗɗii ko e hitaande 1958, nde ɓuri joofde ko e hitaande 1997 e joofnirde Maeslantkering. Gila ndeen, eɓɓaaɗe kese ina puɗɗii sahaa e sahaa fof ngam moƴƴinde e hesɗitinde Golle Delta. Faandaare mawnde eɓɓaande Delta ndee ko ustude baasal e nder Hollande worgo e Selannde. Ɗum heɓaa ko e ƴellitde 3 000 km (1 900 mi) diƴƴe Maayo yaajɗe e 10 000 km (6 200 mi) diƴƴe nder, kanaal, e maayo, e uddude ŋore Maayo Zeeland. Ƴeewte kese riis ina kollita sahaa e sahaa fof caɗeele ɗe njiɗi ɓeydude semmbeeji diƴƴe eɓɓaande Delta. Eɓɓoore Delta ndee ina hiisee e nder fedde Ameriknaare toppitiinde ko fayti e kaawniiɗe jeeɗiɗi e nder winndere hannde ndee.[129]

Ina ɗaminaa wonde ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo ina addana Maayo ɓeydaade. Holannda ina hebli no feewi ngam ƴellitde Maayo. Komiseer Delta mo alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa politik, ƴettii peeje ngam haɓaade ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo fotde 1,10 m (4 ft) e ustaare tooweeki leydi e sahaa gooto fotde 10 cm (4 in). Feere ndee ina hawra e semmbinde defte gonɗe e daande maayo ko wayi no diƴƴe e duuɗe e 1,30 m (4,3 ft) ɓeydaare ndeenka ilam. Waylo-waylo weeyo wonaa tan hulɓinirde Holannda gila e daande maayo, kono ina waawi kadi waylude ngonka toɓooli e ɓuuɓri maayo. Ngam hisnude leydi ndi e ilamji, eɓɓaande woɗnde ina jokki. Feere Room for the River ina rokka maayooji nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde, ina reena nokkuuji ɓurɗi heewde yimɓe, ina addana kadi nokkuuji ɗi ndewaaka ɗii ɓuuɓde sahaa e sahaa fof. Hoɗɓe seeɗa hoɗɓe e ɗeen nokkuuje biyeteeɗe "overflow areas" njippinaama e nokkuuji toowɗi, won heen e oon leydi ina ƴettaa ko ɓuri toɓɓere ilam ina ɗaminaa.[130]

Lesdi

Holannda ina jogii 21 park ngenndiijo[138] e teemedde nokkuuji goɗɗi. Ko ɓuri heewde e ɗeen jeyi ko Staatsbosbeheer, departemaa ngenndiijo toppitiiɗo ko fayti e laddeeji e ndeenka tago e Natuurmonumenten, fedde nde wonaa laamuyankoore, soodnde, reennde e ƴellitde nokkuuji tago.[139] Maayo Wadden to bannge worgo, e nokkuuji mum ɓuuɓɗi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi, ina heewi geɗe nguurndam, ina jeyaa e ko UNESCO winndi e tagoore winndereere.[140] Fuɗnaange Scheldt, wonnoo ko daande worgo-fuɗnaange maayo Scheldt, toɗɗaa ko park ngenndiijo e hitaande 2002, ɗum noon ko park ngenndiijo ɓurɗo mawnude e nder Holannda, tawi ko 370 km2 (140 km2).

To bannge fito-geografi, Holannda Yuroopu ina renndini hakkunde diiwanuuji Yuroopu Atlantik e Yuroopu hakkundeejo e nder diiwaan Circumboreal nder Laamu Boreal. E wiyde Fedde Adunaare ngam Tagngo, leydi Yuroopu ndi Holannda jeyaa ko e ekore-region laddeeji jillondirɗi e Atlantik.[141] E hitaande 1871, leɗɗe asliije ɓooyɗe cakkitiiɗe ɗee taƴaa.[142] Ɗeeɗoo leɗɗe ina njuutee e dow ŋoral antropogenic e dow ŋoral ceene (ɓuuɓri ɓurndi heewde) (Veluwe). Holannda ina joginoo limre 0.6/10 e nder hitaande 2019, ko ɗum woni 169ɓo e nder winndere ndee e nder 172 leydi.[143]

Pollugol azot ko caɗeele.[133] Limre ɓowɗi diwooji e nder leydi Holannda ustiima fotde 75% gila e kitaale 1990.[144]

Duunde Kariibi

E nder duuɗe Antilles tokoose ɗe Kariibi, nokkuuji Curaçao, Aruba e Sint Maarten ina njogii darnde leydi e nder Laamu Holannda ɓurngu yaajde. Terɗe tati goɗɗe ɗe mbaɗata ko Holannda Kariibi, toɗɗaama ko municipaalitee keeriiɗo. Holannda Kariibi ina jogii keeri maayo e Angalteer, Kurasao, Farayse (Saint Barthelemy), Saint Kits e Nevis, Sint Marten, Duunde Amerik e Venezuela.[145] Duundeere Kariibi Holannda ina jogii weeyo ngo nguleeki mum tolnii e hitaande kala.[146]

E nder ndee fedde duunde:

Bonaire jeyaa ko e duuɗe ABC nder duuɗe Antilles Leeward to bannge worgo Venesuela. Antilles Leeward ina njogii iwdi ɓuuɓndi e koraay.
Saba e Sint Eustatius ina njeyaa e duuɗe SSS. Ɓe ngoni ko e fuɗnaange Porto Riko e duuɗe Virgin. Hay so tawii e ɗemngal Engele ina njeyaa e duuɗe Leeward, Farayse, Españool, Holanndee e Engele kaaleteeɗe e nokku hee ina njeyaa e duuɗe Windward. Duundeeji Windward ɗii fof ko ɗi iwdi vulkanik, ɗi ngoni ko e ŋoral, ɗi ngaddata ko leydi seeɗa potndi ndema. Toɓɓere ɓurnde toowde ndee ko tufnde Seneer, 887 m (2 910 m), to Saba. Ko ɗoon woni nokku ɓurɗo toowde e nder leydi ndii e nder Laamu Holannda fof.

Laamu e dawrugol

Holannda ko laamu doosgal gila 1815, ko demokaraasi parlemaa gila 1848. Holannda ina siforee dowla denndaaɗo. Politik e laamu leydi Hollande ina teskaa e darnde ngam heɓde nanondiral jaajngal e geɗe teeŋtuɗe. Holannda woni leydi 17ɓiri ɓurndi moƴƴude e demokaraasi e nder winndere nde to bannge demokaraasi V-Dem e hitaande 2023[147] e leydi 9ɓiire ɓurndi demokaraasi e nder winndere nde to bannge demokaraasi (The Economist) e hitaande 2022.[148]

Laamɗo oo woni hooreejo leydi, hannde ko laamɗo Willem-Alexander mo Holannda. To bannge doosɗe leydi, darnde ndee ina jogii baawɗe keewɗe sabu golle jaagorɗe.

Laamu kuuɓtodinngu nguu ko laamu nguu tawi ina jeyaa heen laamɗo oo e Diiso Jaagorɗe, woni fedde diisnondiral kabine Holannda. Kabinee oo ina heewi wonde jaagorɗe 13 haa 16 e limoore binnditagol dowlaaji ceertuɗi. Jaagorgal gooto haa tati ko jaagorɗe ɗe ngalaa portfolio. Ardii diiso jaagorɗe ko gardiiɗo jaagorɗe leydi Holannda, mo heewi wonde gardiiɗo lannda ɓurɗo mawnude e kawtal ngal. Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe ko primus inter pares, alaa baawɗe laaɓtuɗe ɓurɗe jaagorɗe keddiiɗe ɗee. Dick Schoof woni gardiiɗo jaagorɗe gila lewru sulyee 2024, o lomtii gardiiɗo jaagorɗe ɓurɗo juutde golle, hono Mark Rutte.

Kabinee oo ina jogii parlemaa gonɗo e cuuɗi ɗiɗi ɗii, hono Dowlaaji Dentuɗi, kañum ne ina jogii mbaawkaaji sariya. Terɗe 150 suudu sarɗiiji, suudu sarɗiiji, cuɓetee ko e wooteeji toowɗi, tawa ina tuugnii e doggol lanndaaji ɗii. Ɗee ina mbaɗee duuɓi nay kala, walla ko ɓuri yaawde so tawii kabine oo yanii. Asaambeleeji diiwaanuuji ɗii, woni Dowlaaji Dentuɗi ɗii, ina cuɓee no feewi duuɓi nay kala kadi. Terɗe fedde provincial assembly ina suɓa terɗe 75 Senaa, suudu sarɗiiji, jogiindu mbaawka salaade sariyaaji, kono waylataa ɗi.[149]

Pinal politik

Senndikaaji e juɓɓule gollotooɓe fof ina njiyloo peeje ngam ƴellitde politik to bannge kaalis, faggudu e renndo. Ɓe kawra e laamu nguu e nder Diiso renndo-faggudu.

Holannda ina jogii aadaaji muñal renndo.[150] E darorɗe teeminannde 19ɓiire ndee aada Holanndee en muñal diine wayliima wonti njuɓɓudi pillarisation, ɗo pelle diineeji ngonnoo ko ceertuɗe, ina njokkondiri tan e toɓɓere laamu.[151] Reende LGBT e hakkeeji ruttaade ina winndaa e nder politik ballal caggal leydi leydi Holannda.[152]

Alaa lannda gooto joginoo ko ɓuri heewde e parlemaa gila e teeminannde 19ɓiire, ɗum noon, ko maa kabineeji kawgel soseede. Gila suɓngooji ɗii mbaɗti winndere ndee kala e hitaande 1917, njuɓɓudi politik Holanndee ina joginoo galleeji tati lanndaaji politik : Demokaraat en Kerecee en (CDA hannde), Demokaraat en Sosiyetee en (PvdA hannde), e Liberal en (VVD hannde). E lewru noowammbar 2023, lannda Geert Wilders, gonɗo e bannge ñaamo, heɓiino woote gardagol leydi, heɓi 37 e nder 150 jooɗorde.[153] Kabinee udditaama e lewru sulyee 2024, Dick Schoof lomtii Mark Rutte e gardagol jaagorɗe leydi ndii.[154]

Feccere njuɓɓudi

Holannda ina feccii e diiwanuuji sappo e ɗiɗi, heen diiwaan fof ina woni e les njiimaandi Komiseer Laamɗo. Diiwanuuji ɗii fof peccii ko e kominaaji (gemeenten), tawi heen 342 ko (2023).[155]

Leydi ndii feccii ko e diiwanuuji 21 ndiyam, tawi ko juɓɓule ndiyam (waterschap walla hoogheemraadschap), heen gooto fof ina jogii mbaawka e geɗe jowitiiɗe e njuɓɓudi ndiyam.[156][157] Sosde alluuje ndiyam ina adii sosde leñol ngol e hoore mum, ngol fuɗɗii feeñde ko e hitaande 1196. Laylayti ndiyam Holanndee en ina njeyaa e juɓɓule demokaraasi ɓurɗe ɓooyde e winndere ndee, tawi ina woodi haa jooni. Wooteeji toowɗi e juɓɓule ndiyam ina mbaɗa duuɓi nay kala.

E nder wuro Baarle-Nassau, ko 22 eksklaaf Belsik[158] e nder ɗeen ko 8 eksklaaf Holanndee.

Tuugnorgal

Leydi e Yuroopu