octogenus

Latin

**Latin numbers ^(edit)**
	800^{[a], [b]}
← 70	LXXX 80	90 →
	8
Cardinal: octōgintā, octāgintā, octiginta Ordinal: octōgēsimus Adverbial: octōgiēns, octōgiēs Proportional: octōgecuplus Distributive: octōgēnus

Etymology

Equivalent to octōgintā +‎ -nus.

Numeral

octōgēnus (feminine octōgēna, neuter octōgēnum); first/second-declension numeral

(in the plural) eighty each; eighty at a time

Usage notes

This is part of the Latin series of distributive numerals. These numerals are inflected as first/second-declension adjectives; in Classical Latin, they typically accompany plural nouns (with which they agree in case and gender) and have the following functions:

to express the sense “[numeral] [noun]s each/apiece”, as in hominis digiti ternos articulos habent, “a man’s fingers have three joints each” (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 11.244.3).

to express multiplication after a numeral adverb,^[1] as in Gallinaciis enim pullis bis deni dies opus sunt, pavoninis ter noveni "hens' [eggs] need twice ten days, peahens' thrice nine" (Marcus Terentius Varro, Res Rusticae 3.9.10)

to express the sense of cardinal numerals when used with pluralia tantum (plural-only nouns) such as castra "camp":^[1] for example, "twelve camps" is expressed by duodēna castra (Pliny the Elder, Natural History 7.105.5). Distributive forms are regularly used in this context for the number 2 and for all numbers greater than 4. For 1, plural-only nouns are used with plural inflected forms of the cardinal ūnus (“one”), as in ūnae scālae "one flight of stairs" (rather than with forms of the distributive numeral singulus). For 3 and 4, plural-only nouns are used with the plural inflected forms of trīnus^[2] and quadrīnus, as in trīna castra "three camps" (rather than with forms of ternus and quaternus, which tend to be used in distributive function^[3]).

These adjectives do not normally occur in the singular.^[4] Because of this, many grammars and dictionaries treat them as plural-only words and refer to them using the nominative masculine plural form in -ī, rather than the nominative masculine singular form in -us (which is often unattested in Classical Latin). However, some of these adjectives are attested in the singular in Classical Latin poetry^[1] (e.g. Sed neque Centauri fuerunt, nec tempore in ullo / esse queunt duplici natura et corpore bino..., Titus Lucretius Carus, De Rerum Natura 5.879, and Sic tu bis fueris consul, bis consul et ille, / inque domo binus conspicietur honor, Publius Ovidius Naso, Epistulae ex Ponto 4.9.64; "corpore bino" here seems to have the sense of "twofold body", and "binus ... honor" the sense of "double/dual/twofold honor"). Singular forms are also attested in postclassical Latin, where these adjectives sometimes have non-distributive meanings (taking an ordinal, cardinal, or collective sense instead). These alternative senses are sometimes continued by Romance descendants (e.g. Spanish noveno (“ninth”) from Latin novēnus).

The genitive plural of singulus is usually singulōrum/singulārum, but distributive numerals greater than one commonly use short genitive plural forms ending in -um rather than the longer forms ending in -ōrum and -ārum.^[4]^[2]

Declension

First/second-declension adjective (distributive, normally plural-only; short genitive plurals in -num preferred).

	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
	singular			plural
nominative	octōgēnus	octōgēna	octōgēnum	octōgēnī	octōgēnae	octōgēna
genitive	octōgēnī	octōgēnae	octōgēnī	octōgēnum octōgēnōrum	octōgēnum octōgēnārum	octōgēnum octōgēnōrum
dative	octōgēnō	octōgēnae	octōgēnō	octōgēnīs
accusative	octōgēnum	octōgēnam	octōgēnum	octōgēnōs	octōgēnās	octōgēna
ablative	octōgēnō	octōgēnā	octōgēnō	octōgēnīs
vocative	octōgēne	octōgēna	octōgēnum	octōgēnī	octōgēnae	octōgēna

Derived terms

octōgēnārius

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Henry John Roby (1876) A Grammar of the Latin Language from Plautus to Suetonius, volume 1, pages 443-444
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 J. P. Postgate (1907) “The so-called Distributives in Latin”, in The Classical Review, volume 21, number 7, page 201
^ S. E. Jackson (1909) “Indogermanic Numerals”, in The Classical Review, volume 23, number 7, page 164
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Karl Gottlob Zumpt (1853) Leonhard Schmitz, Charles Anthon, transl., A Grammar of the Latin Language, 3rd edition, page 101