merdeka
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See also: Merdeka
Indonesian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Malay merdeka, from Classical Malay مرديكا (mĕrdeka), from Sanskrit महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”). Cognate of Javanese ꦩꦂꦢꦶꦏ (mardika), Buginese ᨆᨑᨙᨉᨀ (maradeka), Tagalog maharlika. Doublet of mahardika.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Standard Indonesian) IPA(key): /mərˈdeka/ [mərˈde.ka]
- Rhymes: -eka
- Syllabification: mer‧de‧ka
Adjective
[edit]mêrdéka
- free from oppression (e.g. slavery)
- (politics) free from colonialism, annexation, military occupation, etc.; liberated; independent
- Indonesia sudah dinyatakan merdeka sejak 17 Agustus 1945. ― Indonesia has been declared to be independent since 17 August 1945.
- (rare) free from an obligation, especially a prison sentence
- (rare) self-sufficient; independent; not dependent on others
Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “merdeka” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.
Malay
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Elision of merdeheka from Sanskrit महर्द्धिक (maharddhika, “prosperous”), first attested in the Kota Kapur inscription, 686 CE, as Old Malay [script needed] (maharddhika), Cognate of Buginese ᨆᨑᨙᨉᨀ, Tagalog maharlika.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Baku) IPA(key): [mə(r).de.ka]
- (Johor-Riau) IPA(key): [mə(r).de.kə]
- Note: This "Johor-Riau" pronunciation does not occur in the modern Malaysian variety of Johor-Riau Malay anymore probably due to the influence of Tunku Abdul Rahman's historic "merdeka" chant with his Kedah Malay accent which did not go through the historical "final-[a] > [ə]" change that occurred in Johor-Riau Malay.
- Rhymes: -kə, -ə
- Hyphenation: mer‧de‧ka
Adjective
[edit]merdeka (Jawi spelling مرديک)
- Not imprisoned or enslaved; free.
- 2005, A. Samad Said, A. Samad Said: Sebuah antologi puisi yang menghimpunkan karya-karya selama setengah abad [A. Samad Said: An anthology of poems assembled from works spanning half a century], Utusan Publications, Langsir Merdeka (Poem No. 119), page 394:
- Setiap fajar begitu dihayati ufuk merdeka; kebahagiaan yang wajib kita membinanya.
- Every hue of dawn is much appreciated by the horizon of freedom; happiness that is compulsory for all of us to build.
- Independent:
- (of a polity) Not ruled by others.
- 1957 August 31, Tunku Abdul Rahman, Pemasyhuran Kemerdekaan Tanah Melayu [Malayan Declaration of Independence]:
- بهاواسڽ كران تله تيباله ماسڽ باڬي اومت ڤرسكوتوان تانه ملايو اين منچاڤأي تارف سواتو بڠسا يڠ مرديك لاڬي بردولت سام ستيمڤل كدودوكنڽ دڠن سڬالا بڠسا سلوروه دنيا
- (Bahawasanya kerana telah tibalah masanya bagi umat Persekutuan Tanah Melayu ini mencapai taraf suatu bangsa yang merdeka lagi berdaulat sama setimpal kedudukannya dengan segala bangsa seluruh dunia.)
- Whereas the time has now arrived when the people of the Persekutuan Tanah Melayu will assume the status of a free independent and sovereign nation among nations of the World.
- 2018 February 16, Normazlina M.D, “Simbol negara merdeka [Symbol of an independent nation]”, in Media Permata[1], archived from the original on 18 August 2019:
- Bendera negara bukan hanya sekadar sehelai kain yang mempunyai warna atau motif tertentu bahkan ia adalah simbol identiti sesebuah negara yang merdeka lagi berdaulat.
- The national flag is not just a piece of cloth that has a certain color or motif. In fact, it is a symbol of the identity of a nation that is independent and sovereign.
- Not dependent on other people; self-reliant.
- (of a polity) Not ruled by others.
Derived terms
[edit]Affixed terms and other derivations
Regular affixed derivations:
- kemerdekaan (“the state of independence; freedom”) [resemblance / passive] (ke-an)
- pemerdeka (“liberator”) [passive / name of profession] (pe-)
- pemerdekaan [passive / name of profession + resultative / locative / collective / variety / verbal noun / fruit] (pe- + -an)
- memerdekakan (“to grant independence”) [agent focus + causative benefactive] (meN- + -kan)
Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:
- akhbar merdeka (“news that is not affiliated with any political party”)
- hari merdeka (“independence day”)
- merdeka ayam (“free to do anything as desired; absolute freedom”)
Descendants
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “merdeka” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
References
[edit]- Edi Sedyawati, Ellya Iswati, Kusparyati Boedhijono, Dyah Widjajanti D. (1994) Kosakata Bahasa Sanskerta dalam Bahasa Melayu Masa Kini, Jakarta, Indonesia: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa. Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia, →ISBN, page 251
- Wilkinson, Richard James (1932) “mĕrdĕheka”, in A Malay-English dictionary (romanised), volume II, Mytilene, Greece: Salavopoulos & Kinderlis, page 134
Further reading
[edit]- “merdeka” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.
- "merdeka" in Kamus Dewan, Fourth Edition, Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, →ISBN, 2005.
Categories:
- Indonesian terms inherited from Malay
- Indonesian terms derived from Malay
- Indonesian terms inherited from Classical Malay
- Indonesian terms derived from Classical Malay
- Indonesian terms derived from Sanskrit
- Indonesian doublets
- Indonesian 3-syllable words
- Indonesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Indonesian/eka
- Rhymes:Indonesian/eka/3 syllables
- Indonesian lemmas
- Indonesian adjectives
- id:Politics
- Indonesian terms with usage examples
- Indonesian terms with rare senses
- Malay terms derived from Sanskrit
- Malay 3-syllable words
- Malay terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Malay/ka
- Rhymes:Malay/a
- Rhymes:Malay/a/3 syllables
- Rhymes:Malay/kə
- Rhymes:Malay/ə
- Rhymes:Malay/ə/3 syllables
- Malay lemmas
- Malay adjectives
- Malay terms with quotations
- ms:Government