er

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English

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Mimetic (sound of hesitation)

Interjection

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er

  1. Said when hesitating in speech.
    • 2012, Linda Miller, Desire and Destiny:
      If he—er—disappears—well, it seems to me that we'd both benefit.
    • 2019 December 10, Yacht Club Games, "Story" (Mona), in Shovel Knight Showdown (version 4.1), Nintendo Switch:
      Liquid Samurai: 'FORMLESS AND INFINITE ARE WE, THE LIQUID SAMURAI. I SERVE MY QUEEN, AS WE HAVE FOR COUNTLESS--' / Mona: 'HEY, I DON'T MEAN TO INTERRUPT, BUT YOU SEEM LIKE YOU'RE MADE OF POWERFUL STUFF. CAN I, ER, STUDY YOU?'

Verb

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er (third-person singular simple present ers, present participle erring, simple past and past participle erred)

  1. (informal) To utter the word "er" when hesitating in speech, found in the phrase um and er.
    He ummed and erred his way through the presentation.

See also

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Etymology 2

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Noun

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er (plural ers)

  1. The name of the Cyrillic script letter Р / р.

Anagrams

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Afrikaans

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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er (plural erre or ers, diminutive erretjie)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Alemannic German

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Etymology

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From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

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er m

  1. (personal) he; it

Declension

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Bavarian

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Alternative forms

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  • ea (phonetic spelling)
  • a (unstressed form)

Etymology

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From Middle High German er, from Old High German er (he). Cognate with German er.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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er

  1. he

See also

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Breton

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Contraction

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er

  1. Contraction of e ur (in a(n)).
  2. Contraction of e ar (in the).

Cimbrian

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (he, it), from Proto-Germanic *iz (he, she, it, they). Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

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er

  1. (Luserna) he, it

Inflection

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Personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person i biar
2nd person du iar
3rd person er, si, 'z se

References

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Cornish

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Etymology 1

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Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (in front). See Welsh er.

Pronunciation

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Preposition

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er

  1. for, by, on account of
Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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From Old Cornish er, from Proto-Celtic *eriros (eagle) (compare Breton erer, Welsh eryr, Old Irish *irar), from Proto-Indo-European *h₃érō (large bird).

er (an eagle)

Pronunciation

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Noun

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er m (plural eryon or eres)

  1. eagle
Alternative forms
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Etymology 3

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From Middle Cornish er, borrowed from Middle English eir, from Anglo-Norman heir, from Latin hērēs.

Noun

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er m (plural erys)

  1. heir

Etymology 4

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “related to arlais? not in GM”)

Noun

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er m (dual dewer, plural eryow)

  1. (anatomy) temple

Etymology 5

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From Proto-Celtic *sagro-. Cognate with Welsh haer.

Noun

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er m

  1. challenge, defiance, stubbornness, insistence, heresy

Etymology 6

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

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er

  1. Soft mutation of ger.

Crimean Tatar

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Adjective

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er

  1. every

Czech

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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er n (indeclinable)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Further reading

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  • er”, in Příruční slovník jazyka českého (in Czech), 1935–1957
  • er”, in Slovník spisovného jazyka českého (in Czech), 1960–1971, 1989

Danish

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Etymology

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From Old Danish ær, Proto-Germanic *izum, *izud, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁es- (to be). The infinitive of the verb (være) is from a different PIE root; the present tense is suppletive.

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ɛr/, [ɛɐ̯], [ɛɒ̯̽], but often elided in spontaneous speech.

Verb

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er

  1. present of være

Dutch

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /ɛr/, /ər/, /dər/

Etymology 1

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Weak form of der, the unstressed form of daar ("there")

Adverb

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er

  1. there (unspecific to distance)
  2. (with a preposition) it; him, her, them
    Ik heb ermee gewerkt.
    I have worked with it/them.
    Je kunt er de bergen boven zien.
    You can see the mountains above it/them.
Usage notes
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Descendants
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  • Petjo: d'r

Etymology 2

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From Old Dutch iro, genitive of the personal pronoun (3rd person plural).

Adverb

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er

  1. (partitive pronoun) of them, of those (often not translated in English)
    Mijn broer heeft drie kinderen en ik heb er twee.
    My brother has three children and I have two. (literally: two of those)
    Ik zie er geen meer.
    I don't see any more (of them).
Synonyms
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Derived terms
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See Category:Dutch pronominal adverbs

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See also
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Anagrams

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Faroese

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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er

  1. third-person singular indicative present of vera
    Hann er skipari.
    He is a captain/skipper.
    Hon er úr Føroyum.
    She is from the Faroe Islands.
    Tað er í ordan.
    It's all right.

Gagauz

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Etymology

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Ultimately from Proto-Turkic *yẹr. Compare Turkish yer.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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er

  1. place, location
  2. the ground
  3. earth

German

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Etymology

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From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ, from Proto-Germanic *iz. In northern Middle High German and Old High German there also existed forms with initial h-, namely Middle High German her, Old High German her, from Proto-Germanic *hiz, whence Central Franconian and (from the accusative) Luxembourgish hien. Compare English he. The unusual spelling ih- in the forms ihm, ihn is not related to this. It was introduced in early modern German to distinguish these forms from im, in (when *iem, *ien could have been read as *jem, *jen).

Pronunciation

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  • (standard) IPA(key): /eːr/, [ʔeːɐ̯], [ʔɛɐ̯]
  • (colloquially in unstressed position) IPA(key): /ɐ/

Pronoun

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er

  1. (personal) he.
    Wo ist Klaus? Wo ist er? Where is Klaus? Where is he?
    Dies ist mein Hund. Er heißt Waldi. This is my dog. His name is Waldi.
  2. (personal) it (when the grammatical gender of the object/article/thing/animal etc., being referred to, is masculine (der)).
    Dort steht ein Baum. Er ist über hundert Jahre alt. There stands a tree. It is more than 100 years old.
  3. (personal) she (when the grammatical gender of the noun being referred to and designating a female person, is masculine (der)).
    Im Frauengefängnis versuchte ein Häftling zu flüchten, aber er kam nicht weit. In the women’s prison, an inmate tried to escape, but she didn’t get very far.
  4. (personal, archaic) Alternative spelling of Er (you (polite))
    • (Can we date this quote?), Clemens Brentano, Geschichte vom braven Kasperl und dem schönen Annerl (edited). In: 1835, F. W. Gubitz (editor), Jahrbuch des Nützlichen und Unterhaltenden für 1835, p. 171:
      Da fuhr die Alte überraſcht auf und ſprach: Lieber Herr, gehe er doch nach Haus und bete er fein und lege er ſich ſchlafen.
      Then the old woman sprang up, surprised, and said: Dear gentleman, do go home and say your prayers and go to bed.
    • 1837, Brothers Grimm, “Der junge Riese”, in Kinder- und Haus-Märchen, Band 2[1], page 27:
      Da sprach er „Vater, ich sehe wohl, bei ihm werd ich nicht satt, will er mir einen Stab von Eisen verschaffen, der stark ist, und den ich vor meinen Knien nicht zerbrechen kann, so will ich wieder fort gehen.“ Da war der Bauer froh, und spannte seine zwei Pferde vor den Wagen, fuhr zum Schmied, und holte einen Stab so groß und dick, als ihn die zwei Pferde nur fahren konnten.
      Then he said: "Father, I can see that I shall not be able to eat my fill here. If you bring me a strong rod of iron that I cannot break, I shall go away again." Then the farmer was glad, and he harnessed his horses to the wagon, drove to the smithy, and fetched a rod so long and thick that his two horses could barely pull it.

Declension

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  • In contemporary German, the genitive forms of personal pronouns are restricted to formal style and are infrequent even then. They may be used:
    • for the genitive object still found in a handful of verbs: Ich erbarmte mich seiner. – "I had mercy on him". (Colloquially one would either use the dative case, or a prepositional object, or replace the verb with another.)
    • with certain adjectives or prepositions that govern the genitive, such as statt ("instead of, in place of"): Ich kam statt seiner in die Mannschaft. – I joined the team in his place. (This sounds antiquated, for which reason an seiner Statt or an seiner Stelle is preferable.)
  • Older forms/spellings include:
    • jm (dative; 16th century), jn (accusative; 16th century) – distinguished from im (in the, into the) and in (in, into)
    • ihme (dative)

Derived terms

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Further reading

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Hunsrik

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Alternative forms

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  • ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)

Etymology

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From Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz. Displaced the northern Old High German forms with h-, e.g. , her (see he).

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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er

  1. he

Inflection

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Further reading

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Icelandic

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Pronunciation

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This entry needs an audio pronunciation. If you are a native speaker with a microphone, please record this word. The recorded pronunciation will appear here when it's ready.

Etymology 1

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Old Norse er (is, 3rd person singular), analogical leveling of earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *isti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Use with the 1st person singular is also by analogy with other forms in er-; the Old Norse 1st person singular form was em.

Verb

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er

  1. first-person singular indicative present of vera
    Ég er skemmtilegur.
    I am fun (masculine)
    Hver er ég?
    Who am I?
  2. third-person singular indicative present of vera
    Hver er hann?
    Who is he?

Etymology 2

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Old Norse er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (he), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (he, that).

Pronoun

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er

  1. (relative) which
    Maður er , er Jón heitir.
    There is a man who is named John.
    Konan, er hann vartala við.
    The woman to whom he was talking.
    Þetta er borgin, er hann kom frá.
    This is the city from which he originated.
    Bærinn, er hún ætlar til.
    The town to which she's heading.
  2. (archaic) in relations with a demonstrative pronoun (this, that, these) or personal pronoun (I, we, they), which represents the genitive of a relative pronoun.
    Það er bók, er menn þekkja eigi höfund hennar.
    There is a book whose author people don't know.

Conjunction

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er

  1. (with an "indexical"; ábendingarorð) of a place, of a time
    • Judges 2:19
      En er dómarinn andaðist, breyttu þeir að nýju verr en feður þeirra, með því að elta aðra guði til þess að þjóna þeim og falla fram fyrir þeim. Þeir létu eigi af gjörðum sínum né þrjóskubreytni sinni.
      But when the judge died, the people returned to ways even more corrupt than those of their ancestors, following other gods and serving and worshiping them. They refused to give up their evil practices and stubborn ways.
    Þar er ég kom.
    There whence I came.
    Þá er myndin var búin.
    When the movie was finished.
Derived terms
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References

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  • "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Indonesian

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Etymology

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From Dutch er.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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èr

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

Synonyms

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  • ar (Standard Malay)

See also

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Further reading

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Italian

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Alternative forms

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  • 'r (after vowels)

Article

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er m sg

  1. (Roman) Dialectal form of el, whence modern il

Jamtish

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Verb

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er

  1. present indicative of vara

Japanese

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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From English -er, forming novel pseudo-Anglicisms.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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er(アー) (

  1. (slang) Suffix used for people, especially fans.

Derived terms

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Further reading

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  • 難波功士 [Koji Nanba] (2006) “〈研究ノート〉“-er”の系譜:サブカルチュラル・アイデンティティの現在 [The History of Neology Using the Suffix ‘-er’ in Japanese: In terms of sub-cultural identities of youths]”, in 関西学院大学社会学部紀要[2], number 100, pages 181–189

Kembra

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Noun

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er

  1. water

Latin

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-Italic *hēr, from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰḗr (hedgehog) (whence also Ancient Greek χήρ (khḗr, hedgehog)), a root noun from *ǵʰer- (to be excited, be bristly), whence also Ancient Greek χοῖρος (khoîros, young pig) and Albanian derr (pig) from *ǵʰór-yos.[1]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ēr m (genitive ēris); third declension

  1. hedgehog
Usage notes
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There is some uncertainty as to the exact forms of this word, especially regarding whether the lemma form of this was ēr or ēris, as the forms attested in literature could point to either option. Another form, irim (acc. sing.; found in Plautus, Capt. 184), seems to be a spelling variant.

Declension
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Third-declension noun.

Case Singular Plural
Nominative ēr ērēs
Genitive ēris ērum
Dative ērī ēribus
Accusative ērem ērēs
Ablative ēre ēribus
Vocative ēr ērēs
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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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er f (indeclinable)

  1. The name of the letter R.
Usage notes
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  • Multiple Latin names for the letter R, r have been suggested. The most common is er or a syllabic r, although there is some evidence which also supports, as names for the letter, , rrr, ər, , and even (in the fourth- or fifth-century first Antinoë papyrus, which gives Greek transliterations of the Latin names of the Roman alphabet’s letters) ιρρε (irrhe).
Coordinate terms
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References

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  • "ēr", in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
  • ēr in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
  • Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), especially pages 30–31, 42–44, and 63
  1. ^ De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ēr”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 193

Latvian

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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er m (invariable)

  1. The Latvian name of the Latin script letter R/r.

See also

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Low German

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Pronoun

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er

  1. Alternative spelling of ehr

Lower Sorbian

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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er m inan

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter r/R.

See also

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Malay

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Etymology

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Possibly borrowed from English er or is a pronunciation spelling of a in non-rhotic Malay accents.

Pronunciation

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Interjection

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er

  1. Used to express hesitation; er, uh.
    Synonym: a
    Er, kita tengah ke mana ni?
    Er, where are we going?

Mambae

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Noun

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er

  1. water

References

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  • Mambai Language Manual: Ainaro Dialect (2001)

Mandarin

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Romanization

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er

  1. Nonstandard spelling of ēr.
  2. Nonstandard spelling of ér.
  3. Nonstandard spelling of ěr.
  4. Nonstandard spelling of èr.

Usage notes

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  • Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Manx

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Etymology

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From a conflation of three Old Irish prepositions:

  1. ar, air (for) (triggering lenition), from Proto-Celtic *ɸare (in front of), from Proto-Indo-European *pr̥h₂i. Cognates include Ancient Greek παρά (pará, beside) and English fore.
  2. for (on) (triggering no mutation), from Proto-Celtic *uɸor (over, on) (compare Welsh ar, Breton war), from Proto-Indo-European *upér (compare Latin super, Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér), Old English ofer).
  3. íar (after) (triggering eclipsis), from Proto-Celtic *eɸirom (after, behind), from Proto-Indo-European *h₁epi.

Cognates include Irish ar and Scottish Gaelic air.

Preposition

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er

  1. on
  2. onto
  3. during
  4. for

Inflection

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Singular Plural
Person 1st 2nd 3rd m. 3rd f. 1st 2nd 3rd
Normal orrym ort er urree orrin erriu orroo
Emphatic orryms orts ersyn urreeish orrinyn erriuish orroosyn

Pronoun

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er

  1. third-person singular of er
    on him/it

Derived terms

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Middle Dutch

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Adverb

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er

  1. unstressed form of dāer

Middle English

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Etymology 1

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From Old English ǣr, from Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airi.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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er

  1. early
  2. earlier
  3. formerly
  4. rather
Derived terms
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Descendants
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References
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Etymology 2

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Determiner

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er

  1. Alternative form of hire (her, genitive)

Pronoun

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er

  1. Alternative form of hire (hers)

Etymology 3

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Pronoun

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er

  1. Alternative form of hire (her, object)

Etymology 4

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Noun

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er

  1. Alternative form of eere (ear of grain)

Etymology 5

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Determiner

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er

  1. Alternative form of here (their)

Middle High German

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Etymology

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Inherited from Old High German er, from Proto-Germanic *iz (he).

Pronoun

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ër

  1. (personal) he

Inflection

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Middle High German personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative
Singular First ich mīn mir mich
Second du, dīn dir dich
Third Masculine ër
CG hë(r)
sīn im(e) in
Feminine siu ir(e) ir(e) sie
Neuter ëȥ
CG , it
es im(e) ëȥ
CG , it
Plural First wir unser uns uns, unsich
Second ir iuwer iu, iuch iuch
Third Masculine sie ir(e) in sie
Feminine
Neuter siu siu
The distinction of the forms siu and sie as shown above is typical of earlier Upper German texts, but was never general. The forms and si existed additionally and all four were increasingly used without differentiation.

Descendants

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  • Alemannic German:
    Low Alemannic:
    Alsatian: ar, er, ër
    Badisch: er
    High Alemannic: er, är
    Bernese: är
    Lucerne: aer
    Northeastern: ar
    Walser: är
  • Swabian: er, ear
    Swabian Jura: ear
  • Bavarian: er
  • Central Franconian:
    Moselle Franconian: er
    • Hunsrik: er, ëyer (Wiesemann spelling system)
  • East Central German:
    High Prussian: er
    Silesian East Central German:
    Lower Silesian East Central German: a
    Upper Silesian East Central German: a
    North Moravian: ar
    Thuringian: er
    Central Thuringian: er
    West Thuringian: aa
    Upper Saxon German: är
    Meißnisch: är
    Osterländisch: är
    Erzgebirgisch: aorr
    Lusatian: ar
  • German: er
    Berlinerisch: er/ea
  • East Franconian: er, ea
    Unterfränkisch: ar
    Hohenlohisch: er
  • Rhine Franconian:
    Upper Hessian: er
    Lorraine Franconian: ér, éa
    Palatine German: er
    • Pennsylvania German: er
  • Yiddish: ער (er)

References

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  • Benecke, Georg Friedrich, Müller, Wilhelm, Zarncke, Friedrich (1863) “ër”, in Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch: mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Benecke, Stuttgart: S. Hirzel

Mòcheno

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Etymology

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From Middle High German ër, from Old High German er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ (he, it), from Proto-Germanic *iz (he, she, it, they). Cognate with German er.

Pronoun

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er

  1. he, it

Inflection

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Personal pronouns
singular plural
1st person i biar
2nd person du ir
3rd person er, si, s sei

References

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Norwegian Bokmål

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Pronunciation

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Verb

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er

  1. present of være (=to be)
    Han er ikke hjem.He is not home.

Norwegian Nynorsk

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Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): /æː(r)/, /eː(r)/

Verb

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er

  1. is, are, am (present of to be) present of vera
    Eg er framand.I am a stranger.
  2. (auxiliary) be
    Boka er skriven.The book is written
    Bøkene er skrivne.The books are written.

References

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  • “vera” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
  • er på engelsk”, in DinOrdbok, Nynorsk-engelsk oversettelse, 2018 October 15 (last accessed)

Old Dutch

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Etymology

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From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz.

Preposition

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ēr

  1. before, earlier than

Descendants

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Further reading

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  • ēr (II)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Conjunction

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ēr

  1. ere, afore

Descendants

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Further reading

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  • ēr (III)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Adverb

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ēr

  1. previously, in an earlier period, in a bygone time
  2. earlier, before a certain time or period

Descendants

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Further reading

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  • ēr (I)”, in Oudnederlands Woordenboek, 2012

Old Frisian

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Etymology 1

[edit]

From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz. Cognates include Old English ǣr, Old Saxon ēr and Old Dutch ēr.

Pronunciation

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Adverb

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ēr

  1. earlier, previously

Preposition

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ēr (+ dative)

  1. before (of time)

Descendants

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  • Saterland Frisian: eer
  • West Frisian: ear't

Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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ēr f

  1. Alternative form of ēre

References

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  • Bremmer, Rolf H. (2009) An Introduction to Old Frisian: History, Grammar, Reader, Glossary, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, →ISBN

Old High German

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-West Germanic *airi, from Proto-Germanic *airiz, whence also Old English ær.

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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ēr

  1. early

Adverb

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ēr

  1. ere, before
  2. formerly

Conjunction

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ēr

  1. before, until

Preposition

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ēr (+ dative)

  1. before

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Germanic *aiz, akin to Old English ār, Old Norse eir.

Pronunciation

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Noun

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ēr n

  1. ore
  2. brass
Descendants
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  • Middle High German: er
    • Alemannic German: Eer
      • Alemannic German: eerig
  • Old High German: ērīn

Etymology 3

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From Proto-Germanic *iz (he), akin to Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is, he), Latin is (he).

Alternative forms

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Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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er

  1. he
    • c. 825, Tatian, Diatessaron, translation, Chapter 13, verse 20.
      [] Bist thu wīzago? inti her antlingota nein []
      [] Are you prophet? and he responded no []
Inflection
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Old High German personal pronouns
Number Person Gender Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative
Singular First ih
(ihha, ihcha)
mīn mir mih
Second dīn dir dih
Third Masculine er (her) (sīn) imu, imo inan, in
Feminine siu; , si ira (iru, iro) iru, iro sia
Neuter iz es, is imu, imo iz
Plural First wir unsēr uns unsih
Second ir iuwēr iu iuwih
Third Masculine sie iro im, in sie
Feminine sio iro im, in sio
Neuter siu iro im, in siu
Polite form Second   ir iuwēr iu iuwih
Descendants
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  • Middle High German: ër (see there for further descendants)

References

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  • Joseph Wright, An Old High German Primer

Old Norse

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Alternative forms

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Etymology 1

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From earlier es, from Proto-Germanic *iz (he; 3rd person personal pronoun). Cognate with Gothic 𐌹𐍃 (is), Old High German ēr (German er).

Pronoun

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er

  1. who, which, that
    • verse 76 of the Hávamál (1996 translation by Carolyne Larrington)
      en orðstírr / deyr aldregi / hveim er sér góðan getr
      but the glory of reputation never dies, / for the man who can get himself a good one

Conjunction

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er

  1. where
  2. when
    En er hann dó, grét ǫll verǫldin
    and when he died, the whole world cried.
Descendants
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  • Icelandic: er
  • Faroese: er
  • Old Swedish: ær

Usage notes

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  • The oldest Icelandic manuscripts from the 12th century still have the older form es, and many poems metrically require the contracted form -s (which is also sporadically present in later manuscripts like the late 13th century Codex Regius). In spite of this, most editors chose never to restore er to es, Finnur Jónsson and the editors of the Skaldic Poetry of the Scandinavian Middle Ages series being important exceptions.

Etymology 2

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From earlier es, from Proto-Norse ᛁᛊᛏ (ist), from Proto-Germanic *isti, first/third-person singular indicative present of *wesaną. The final -s was replaced by -r due to analogy to the plural forms of the verb.

Verb

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er

  1. third-person singular indicative present of vera
Usage notes
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  • See above; the same rules apply.
Descendants
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  • Icelandic: er
  • Faroese: er
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: er
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: er
  • Jamtish: er
  • Elfdalian: ir
  • Old Swedish: ær
  • Danish: er
  • Old Gutnish: ier

References

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  • "er", in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Old Prussian

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Etymology

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From Proto-Indo-European *h₂er-/*h₂r̥-. Cognate with Lithuanian ar̃ (also, if), Latvian ar (also), Ancient Greek ἄρ (ár, hence, as well as).

Preposition

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er + (optionally another preposition)

  1. until, to, up to

Derived terms

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Particle

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er

  1. as well as

See also

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References

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  • Mažiulis, Vytautas (1988) “er”, in Prūsų kalbos etimologijos žodynas [Etymological dictionary of Old Prussian]‎[3] (in Lithuanian), volume 1, Vilnius: Mokslas, pages 282-283

Old Saxon

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Proto-West Germanic *airi, whence also Old English ær.

Adjective

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ēr

  1. early
Declension
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Adverb

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ēr

  1. before, ere
  2. formerly

Conjunction

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ēr

  1. before

Preposition

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ēr (+ dative)

  1. before

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Germanic *aiz, whence also Old English ār.

Noun

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ēr ?

  1. copper, bronze
  2. ore
Descendants
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  • Middle Low German: ēr

Etymology 3

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From Proto-Germanic *airuz. Cognate with Old English ār, Old Norse árr, Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌿𐍃 (airus).

Noun

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ēr m

  1. messenger, herald

Old Tupi

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Etymology

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Back-formation from era (name).[1]

Pronunciation

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Adjective

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er (IIa class pluriform, R1 rer, R2 ser, noun form era)

  1. named; having a name

Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ Eduardo de Almeida Navarro (2013) “era”, in Dicionário de tupi antigo: a língua indígena clássica do Brasil [Dictionary of Old Tupi: The Classical Indigenous Language of Brazil] (overall work in Portuguese), São Paulo: Global, →ISBN, page 109, column 1

Palauan

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Preposition

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er

  1. Used to indicate a specific object noun phrase.
    el mo er a medadin the future.
    er a elecha el tutauthis morning.
    rakket er a tenistennis racket.

References

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  • er in Palauan Language Online: Palauan-English Dictionary, at tekinged.com.
  • er in Palauan-English Dictionary, at trussel2.com.
  • er in Lewis S. Josephs, Edwin G. McManus, Masa-aki Emesiochel (1977) Palauan-English Dictionary, University Press of Hawaii, →ISBN, page 88.

Pennsylvania German

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Etymology

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Compare German er.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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er

  1. he

Declension

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Polabian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Middle Low German ereerenhere.

Noun

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er m ?

  1. master, gentleman

Adverb

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er

  1. Alternative form of ar

References

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  • The template Template:R:pox:SejDp does not use the parameter(s):
    3=2
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.
    Polański, Kazimierz (1971) “er”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka Drzewian połabskich [Etymological Dictionary of the Polabian Drevani Language] (in Polish), number 2 (ďüzd – ľotü), Wrocław, Warszawa etc.: Ossolineum, page 145
  • Polański, Kazimierz, James Allen Sehnert (1967) “er”, in Polabian-English Dictionary, The Hague, Paris: Mouton & Co, page 60
  • Olesch, Reinhold (1962) “Herr”, in Thesaurus Linguae Dravaenopolabicae [Thesaurus of the Drevani language] (in German), volumes 1: A – O, Cologne, Vienna: Böhlau Verlag, →ISBN, page 237

Polish

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Pronunciation

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Noun

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er f

  1. genitive plural of era

Salar

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Etymology 1

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From Old Turkic erür.

Noun

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er

  1. is, are

Etymology 2

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From Proto-Turkic *ēr. Cognate to Azerbaijani ər, Turkish er, Turkmen är.

Noun

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er

  1. man

Etymology 3

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From Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r. Cognate to Turkish er, Turkmen īr.

Adjective

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er

  1. (Dialectal, Mengda, Ejia) early

Adverb

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er

  1. morning
  2. long time ago
Derived terms
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References

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  • Tenishev, Edhem (1976) “eř, er”, in Stroj salárskovo jazyká [Grammar of Salar], Moscow, page 326
  • 马伟 [Ma Wei], 朝克 [Chao Ke] (2014) “er”, in 撒拉语366条会话读本 [Salar 366 Conversation Reader]‎[4], 1st edition, 社会科学文献出版社 [Social Science Literature Press], →ISBN, page 105
  • 马伟 (Ma Wei), 朝克 (Chao Ke) (2016) “er, erğine”, in 濒危语言——撒拉语研究 [Endangered Languages ​​- Salar Language Studies], 青海 (Qinghai): 国家社会科学基金项目 (National Social Science Foundation Project), pages 108, 262
  • 林莲云 [Lin Lianyun] (1985) “er”, in 撒拉语简志 [A Brief History of Salar]‎[5], Beijing: 民族出版社: 琴書店, →OCLC, pages 33, 134
  • Ma, Chengjun, Han, Lianye, Ma, Weisheng (December 2010) “er”, in 米娜瓦尔 艾比布拉 (Minavar Abibra), editor, 撒维汉词典 (Sāwéihàncídiǎn) [Salar-Uyghur-Chinese dictionary] (in Chinese), 1st edition, Beijing, →ISBN, page 103

Saterland Frisian

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Etymology

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From Old Frisian -er, from Proto-West Germanic *iʀ. Cognates include West Frisian er and German er.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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er

  1. unstressed form of hie (he)

See also

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References

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  • Marron C. Fort (2015) “er”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Scots

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Etymology 1

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Verb

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er

  1. (Southern Scots) Second-person simple present form of ti be
  2. (Southern Scots) Plural simple present form of ti be
  3. (Southern Scots) First-person singular simple present form of an obscure form of ti be
    A'm er so!
    (please add an English translation of this usage example)
Usage notes
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Used emphatically. See ir.

Etymology 2

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Noun

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er (plural ers)

  1. Shetland form of air (beach)

References

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Swedish

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Etymology

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Contraction of earlier eder, from Old Swedish iþer, idher, from Old Norse iðʀ, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz, dative/accusative of *jūz, from Proto-Indo-European *yū́.

Pronunciation

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Pronoun

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er c (neuter possessive only ert, plural era)

  1. you (plural, object)
    Synonym: (formal, archaic) eder
  2. (possessive) your, yours; (speaking to more than one person, about one object)
    Synonyms: (informal) eran, (formal, archaic) eder
  3. (reflexive pronoun) reflexive of ni; compare yourselves
    Skulle ni vilja lära er jonglera?
    Would you guys like to learn how to juggle?

Usage notes

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  • See ni for a note on its use as a courteous 2nd person singular.
  • Even though er (2) and its archaic form eder is the possessive pronoun, it does have a genitive form ers and eders, which is only used in expressions like Ers Majestät (Your Majesty) and Ers Höghet (Your Highness).

Declension

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Anagrams

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Turkish

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ایر, ار, from Proto-Turkic *ẹ̄r (early). Related to Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

Adverb

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er

  1. (dialectal) early
    Synonym: erken
Usage notes
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  • Also found in widespread non-dialectal use in phrases such as er ya da geç ("sooner or later")

Etymology 2

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Inherited from Ottoman Turkish ار, from Proto-Turkic *ēr (man). Related to noun-forming suffix -er and Old Turkic 𐰼 (er).

Noun

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er (definite accusative eri, plural erler)

  1. brave
  2. man, male
  3. noble
  4. conscript, private (soldier of the lowest rank of the army)
  5. tribesman
  6. warrior
Declension
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Inflection
Nominative er
Definite accusative eri
Singular Plural
Nominative er erler
Definite accusative eri erleri
Dative ere erlere
Locative erde erlerde
Ablative erden erlerden
Genitive erin erlerin
Possessive forms
Nominative
Singular Plural
1st singular erim erlerim
2nd singular erin erlerin
3rd singular eri erleri
1st plural erimiz erlerimiz
2nd plural eriniz erleriniz
3rd plural erleri erleri
Definite accusative
Singular Plural
1st singular erimi erlerimi
2nd singular erini erlerini
3rd singular erini erlerini
1st plural erimizi erlerimizi
2nd plural erinizi erlerinizi
3rd plural erlerini erlerini
Dative
Singular Plural
1st singular erime erlerime
2nd singular erine erlerine
3rd singular erine erlerine
1st plural erimize erlerimize
2nd plural erinize erlerinize
3rd plural erlerine erlerine
Locative
Singular Plural
1st singular erimde erlerimde
2nd singular erinde erlerinde
3rd singular erinde erlerinde
1st plural erimizde erlerimizde
2nd plural erinizde erlerinizde
3rd plural erlerinde erlerinde
Ablative
Singular Plural
1st singular erimden erlerimden
2nd singular erinden erlerinden
3rd singular erinden erlerinden
1st plural erimizden erlerimizden
2nd plural erinizden erlerinizden
3rd plural erlerinden erlerinden
Genitive
Singular Plural
1st singular erimin erlerimin
2nd singular erinin erlerinin
3rd singular erinin erlerinin
1st plural erimizin erlerimizin
2nd plural erinizin erlerinizin
3rd plural erlerinin erlerinin
Predicative forms
Singular Plural
1st singular erim erlerim
2nd singular ersin erlersin
3rd singular er
erdir
erler
erlerdir
1st plural eriz erleriz
2nd plural ersiniz erlersiniz
3rd plural erler erlerdir
Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Verb

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er

  1. second-person singular imperative of ermek

Uzbek

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Other scripts
Yangi Imlo
Cyrillic эр
Latin
Perso-Arabic
(Afghanistan)

Etymology

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Inherited from Proto-Turkic *ēr.

Noun

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er (plural erlar)

  1. man
    Synonym: erkak
  2. husband
    Synonym: zavj
    Antonym: xotin

Derived terms

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Welsh

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Pronunciation

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Etymology 1

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From Middle Welsh yr, from Proto-Brythonic *er, from Proto-Celtic *ɸeri, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *per- (in front). Compare Cornish er (for, by), Ancient Greek περί (perí, about, peri-), Latin per (through).[1]

Conjunction

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er

  1. although
    • 2018 September 28, “Cymraeg y Wladfa a Chymraeg Cymru - beth yw'r gwahaniaethau?”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
      Nid y Sbaeneg (er y byddai hynny'n syniad da hefyd) ond Cymraeg arbennig y Wladfa.
      Not Spanish (although that would also be a good idea) but the particular Welsh of Y Wladfa.
    • 2019 June 13, Llinos Lee, “Y Barri: Mwy na dim ond 'Gavin & Stacey'”, in BBC Cymru Fyw:
      Ges i fy magu yn Y Barri, ac er mod i wedi symud i ffwrdd i'r brifysgol, …
      I was brought up in Barry, and although I moved away for university, …

Preposition

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er (triggers soft mutation)

  1. (literary) since
    Synonym: ers
  2. (archaic) in spite of, despite
    Synonym: er gwaethaf
  3. (archaic) in order to
    Synonyms: er mwyn, i
  4. (archaic) for the sake of
    Synonym: er mwyn
  5. (obsolete) because of
    Synonyms: achos, o achos, oherwydd, oblegid
  6. (obsolete) for, in exchange for
    Synonym: am
  7. (obsolete) resulting in
  8. (obsolete) through
    Synonyms: trwy, drwy

Usage notes

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  • In very formal or literary language, er is used when a specific start time is mentioned.
Saif y castell yma er 1284.
The castle has stood here since 1284.
Y mae’r castell yn adfail er pan fu farw’r brenin olaf.
The castle has been a ruin since the last king died.
Ers is used when the beginning of the time period is not mentioned.
Mae’r castell yma ers canrifoedd.
The castle has been here for centuries.
In less formal registers, ers is used in all instances.

Derived terms

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Inflection

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Etymology 2

[edit]

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Noun

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er f (plural eriau)

  1. The name of the Latin-script letter R/r.

See also

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Mutation

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Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal h-prothesis
er unchanged unchanged her
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References

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  1. ^ R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “er”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies

West Frisian

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Pronoun

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er

  1. clitic form of hy used before the object or after the verb.