Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skulaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *skel- (“to be obligated, owe, be guilty”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈsku.lɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skulaną

1. (transitive) to owe
2. (auxiliary) to be obliged to, have to
3. (auxiliary) shall, will, to be going to, must

Inflection

Conjugation of *skulaną (preterite-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skal	*skulį̄	—	—	—
2nd singular	*skalt	*skulīz	—	—	—
3rd singular	*skal	*skulī	—	—	—
1st dual	*skulū	*skulīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skuludiz	*skulīdiz	—	—	—
1st plural	*skulum	*skulīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*skulud	*skulīd	—	—	—
3rd plural	*skulun	*skulīn	—	—	—
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skuldǭ	*skuldēdį̄
2nd singular	*skuldēz	*skuldēdīz
3rd singular	*skuldē	*skuldēdī
1st dual	*skuldēdū	*skuldēdīw
2nd dual	*skuldēdudiz	*skuldēdīdiz
1st plural	*skuldēdum	*skuldēdīm
2nd plural	*skuldēdud	*skuldēdīd
3rd plural	*skuldēdun	*skuldēdīn
	present	past
participles	*skulandz	*skuldaz

Related terms

• *skuldaz
• *skuldiz
• *skulô

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *skulan
  • Old English: sċulan, sċeolan
    • Middle English: schulen
      • English: shall, should
      • Scots: sall, suld (modern shall, should are influenced by English)
      • Yola: shell, shall, shul
  • Old Frisian: skela, skila
    • Saterland Frisian: skälle
    • West Frisian: sille
  • Old Saxon: skulan
    • Middle Low German: schȫlen, schöllen, schullen, sȫlen, scölen
      • Low German: schölen, sölen, schüllen, schöllen

        German Low German: schölen, sölen, sallen

  • Old Dutch: sulan
    • Middle Dutch: sullen
      • Dutch: zullen
        • Afrikaans: sal
        • Jersey Dutch: zal
        • Negerhollands: sa, sal
        • Skepi Creole Dutch: sa
      • Limburgish: zölle, zólle
  • Old High German: skulan, sulan, scolan
    • Middle High German: süln, suln, scholen, schulen, sollen, saln, soln
      • Alemannic German: solle
      • Bavarian: soin, solln
      • Central Franconian: solle
        • Hunsrik: solle
        • Luxembourgish: sollen
      • German: sollen
      • Rhine Franconian:

        Pennsylvania German: solle

      • Yiddish: זאָלן (zoln)
• Old Norse: skulu, skolu
  • Icelandic: skulu
  • Faroese: skula
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: skulla, skulle
  • Old Swedish: skula, skola, skulu
    • Swedish: skola
  • Danish: skulle
    • Norwegian Bokmål: skulle
• Gothic: 𐍃𐌺𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌽 (skulan)