連用形

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Japanese

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Kanji in this term
連 用 形
れん
Grade: 4 		よう
Grade: 2 		けい
Grade: 2
on'yomi kan'on

Etymology

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Compound of 連用 (ren'yō, “attaching to an inflecting word”, where 用 (yō) is short for 用言 (yōgen, “inflecting word”)) +‎ 形 (kei, “form”).[1][2]

Pronunciation

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Noun

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連(れん)用(よう)形(けい) • (ren'yōkei) 

  1. (grammar) an inflectional category: the continuative or stem form for verbs, the adverbial form for adjectives
    This is the base form after which various conjugational endings are added, such as て (te) or ます (masu). See Appendix:Japanese verbs for more details.

Usage notes

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  • As a term describing an inherently Japanese grammatical form, 連用形 is sometimes simply transliterated. When rendered into English, the term has been translated different ways by different authors. Alternative glosses include:
  • In regards to -i adjectives:
    • The initial k sound of the -ku ending can be elided, in a process called ウ音便. This is often seen in Heian-era language. In modern standard Japanese, this is usually found in fossilized phrases that are often (but not always) archaic. It also remains as a dialectal feature.
      ありがたく→ありがたう→ありがとう
      arigataku→arigatau→arigatō
      being difficult to exist → thank you
      苦(くる)しくない→苦(くる)しうない→苦(くる)しゅうない
      kurushikunai→kurushiunai→kurushūnai
      it is not agonizing → there is no problem
    • In modern Kansai dialect, an innovation has taken place where the -ku ending of the 連用形 can be dropped, as:[5]
      凄(すご)くない？→凄(すご)ない？
      Sugokunai?→Sugonai?
      Isn't it incredible?
      高(たか)くなる→高(たか)なる
      takakunaru→takanaru
      to become higher
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References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN
  4. ^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  5. ^ https://www.akenotsuki.com/kyookotoba/shin.html
  • Sandness, Karen (1999) The Evolution of the Japanese Past and Perfective suffixes, Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, →ISBN, pages 3, 12, 42, others
  • Henderson, Harold Gould (1948) Handbook of Japanese Grammar, Houghton Mifflin Co., page 12
  • Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Volume 6, University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies, 1932, page 643
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