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See also: and 𠮷
U+53E4, 古
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-53E4

[U+53E3]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+53E5]

Translingual

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Stroke order
5 strokes
Stroke order

Han character

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(Kangxi radical 30, +2, 5 strokes, cangjie input 十口 (JR), four-corner 40600, composition )

  1. Shuowen Jiezi radical №53

Derived characters

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References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 171, character 8
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 3233
  • Dae Jaweon: page 380, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 568, character 3
  • Unihan data for U+53E4

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𠖠
Cantonese "story"
Wikipedia has articles on:

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts

Ideogram (指事) : A shield (, contraction of 盾) and the radical of the mouth () that partly indicates pronunciation as well. Original form of (OC *kaːs). (Qiu Xigui, Ding Shan). Compare oracle bone forms with , .

Fang (1982) finds evidence for the 十 component originally being a depiction of a piece of food and the character originally being a depiction of someone spitting out a piece of food. Thus, Fang argues this character is the original form of ().

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *r-ga (old). Cognate with (OC *kaːs, “old things; former; dead”) and Tibetan རྒ (rga, to be old; aged).

Pronunciation 1

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Note: kū - in 古田 (Kŭ-chèng).
Note: kou3 - in 古田 (kou3 ceng2).

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (23)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () I
Fanqie
Baxter kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kuoX/
Pan
Wuyun
/kuoX/
Shao
Rongfen
/koX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kɔX/
Li
Rong
/koX/
Wang
Li
/kuX/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kuoX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gu2
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
Middle
Chinese
‹ kuX ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁaʔ/
English ancient

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 4219
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
0
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*kaːʔ/

Definitions

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  1. the past; ancient times
      ―  jīn  ―  ancient and modern times
  2. old; ancient
  3. classic; old-styled
  4. simple; unaffected; unsophisticated
  5. things in the past; antiquities; history
  6. (Cantonese, Hakka, Southern Min) story (Classifier: c)
    [Cantonese]  ―  gong2 gu2 [Jyutping]  ―  to tell a story
  7. Short for 古體詩古体诗 (gǔtǐshī, “ancient-style poem”).
  8. a surname
    [Cantonese]  ―  gu2 tin1 lok6 [Jyutping]  ―  Louis Koo Tin-lok (Hong Kong actor)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: () (ko)
  • Korean: 고(古) (go)
  • Vietnamese: cổ ()

Others:

  • Vietnamese:

Pronunciation 2

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Definitions

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  1. Alternative form of ()
  2. Alternative form of ()

Pronunciation 3

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Definitions

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  1. Only used in 古成.

References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Second grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
いにしえ
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of – see the following entry.
いにしえ
[noun] the past
[noun] ancient times
[noun] (archaic, obsolete) the deceased
Alternative spellings
, 古え, 昔え, 往にしへ, 去にしへ
(This term, , is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
ふる
Grade: 2
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings

Stem of adjective 古い (furui, old).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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(ふる) (furu

  1. used item, secondhand item, hand-me-down

Prefix

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(ふる) (furu-

  1. paleo-, old, used, previous

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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(eumhun (yet go))

  1. hanja form? of (old; ancient)

Compounds

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Việt readings: cổ ((công)(thổ)(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
: Nôm readings: cổ[1][2][4][5][6], cỗ[2][3][7][4][6], của[1][2], [1], cỏ[1], kẻ[3]

Compounds

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Adjective

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(cổ)

  1. chữ Hán form of cổ (ancient; old).

Noun

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(cổ, của)

  1. Nôm form of cổ (neck).
  2. Nôm form of của (property; belongings).

References

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