بعر
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Arabic
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Etymology
[edit]From بَعِير (baʕīr, “camel”), or compare جَعْر (jaʕr, “dung”), جَعَرَ (jaʕara, “to void one’s dung”). The only parallel form in Semitic is Classical Syriac ܒܥܘܿܪܴܐ (bəʿōrā, “dried dung”), while the animal term is widely attested in Semitic, so unlikely the reverse happened that from the name of dung came the animal name – as Hommel suggested –, which is also comparatively a generally less likely direction.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]بَعَرَ • (baʕara) I, non-past يَبْعَرُ (yabʕaru)
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of
بَعَرَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun بَعْر)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر |
بَعْر baʕr | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل |
bāʕir | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول |
mabʕūr | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | baʕartu |
baʕarta |
بَعَرَ baʕara |
baʕartumā |
baʕarā |
baʕarnā |
baʕartum |
baʕarū | |||
f | baʕarti |
baʕarat |
baʕaratā |
baʕartunna |
baʕarna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔabʕaru |
tabʕaru |
yabʕaru |
tabʕarāni |
yabʕarāni |
nabʕaru |
tabʕarūna |
yabʕarūna | |||
f | tabʕarīna |
tabʕaru |
tabʕarāni |
tabʕarna |
yabʕarna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔabʕara |
tabʕara |
yabʕara |
tabʕarā |
yabʕarā |
nabʕara |
tabʕarū |
yabʕarū | |||
f | tabʕarī |
tabʕara |
tabʕarā |
tabʕarna |
yabʕarna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔabʕar |
tabʕar |
yabʕar |
tabʕarā |
yabʕarā |
nabʕar |
tabʕarū |
yabʕarū | |||
f | tabʕarī |
tabʕar |
tabʕarā |
tabʕarna |
yabʕarna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر |
m | ibʕar |
ibʕarā |
ibʕarū |
||||||||
f | ibʕarī |
ibʕarna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد |
dual الْمُثَنَّى |
plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب |
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم |
2nd person الْمُخَاطَب |
3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي |
m | buʕirtu |
buʕirta |
بُعِرَ buʕira |
buʕirtumā |
buʕirā |
buʕirnā |
buʕirtum |
buʕirū | |||
f | buʕirti |
buʕirat |
buʕiratā |
buʕirtunna |
buʕirna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع |
m | ʔubʕaru |
tubʕaru |
yubʕaru |
tubʕarāni |
yubʕarāni |
nubʕaru |
tubʕarūna |
yubʕarūna | |||
f | tubʕarīna |
tubʕaru |
tubʕarāni |
tubʕarna |
yubʕarna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب |
m | ʔubʕara |
tubʕara |
yubʕara |
tubʕarā |
yubʕarā |
nubʕara |
tubʕarū |
yubʕarū | |||
f | tubʕarī |
tubʕara |
tubʕarā |
tubʕarna |
yubʕarna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم |
m | ʔubʕar |
tubʕar |
yubʕar |
tubʕarā |
yubʕarā |
nubʕar |
tubʕarū |
yubʕarū | |||
f | tubʕarī |
tubʕar |
tubʕarā |
tubʕarna |
yubʕarna |
Noun
[edit]بَعْر • (baʕr) m (collective, singulative بَعْرَة f (baʕra), plural أَبْعَار (ʔabʕār))
- dung, ordure (of a cloven-hoofed beast)
- 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 1:38:
- نَهَانَا رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ نَتَمَسَّحَ بِعَظْمٍ أَوْ بَعْرٍ.
- nahānā rasūli l-lahi ṣallā llāhu ʕalayhi wasallama ʔan natamassaḥa biʕaẓmin ʔaw baʕrin.
- The Prophet (PBUH) forbade us to wipe ourselves with bone or dung.
- 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Buḵāriyy, 68:81:
- وَقَدْ كَانَتْ إِحْدَاكُنَّ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ تَرْمِي بِالْبَعَرَةِ عَلَى رَأْسِ الْحَوْلِ.
- waqad kānat ʔiḥdākunna fī l-jāhiliyyati tarmī bi-l-baʕarati ʕalā raʔsi l-ḥawli.
- In the pre-Islamic time one of your kind (a widow) used to cast a globe of dung when a year has elapsed.
- 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, -1:87:
- فَلَمَّا رَأَيْتُهُ كَانَتْ بَعْرَةٌ أَحَبَّ إِلَىَّ مِنْهُ
- falammā raʔaytuhu kānat baʕratun ʔaḥabba ʔilāāa minhu
- When I saw him a globe of dung would have been more preferred to me than him.
- 1951 August 20, Šākir Maḥmūd, “السرقين والسماد في الزراعة قديما”, in مجلة الرسالة:
- راجعنا مقالاتهم في أنواع السرقين والمفاضلة بين ذرق الحمام وأرواث الخيل والبغال والحمير، وأخثاء البقر والجواميس وأبعار الغنم والضأن والماعز، […]
- We have reviewed their articles on the types of manure and the differences between pigeon droppings, dung of horses and mules and asses, and sharn of cows and buffalos and sheep and goats, […]
Declension
[edit]Declension of noun بَعْر (baʕr)
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | بَعْر baʕr |
الْبَعْر al-baʕr |
بَعْر baʕr |
Nominative | بَعْرٌ baʕrun |
الْبَعْرُ al-baʕru |
بَعْرُ baʕru |
Accusative | بَعْرًا baʕran |
الْبَعْرَ al-baʕra |
بَعْرَ baʕra |
Genitive | بَعْرٍ baʕrin |
الْبَعْرِ al-baʕri |
بَعْرِ baʕri |
Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | بَعْرَة baʕra |
الْبَعْرَة al-baʕra |
بَعْرَة baʕrat |
Nominative | بَعْرَةٌ baʕratun |
الْبَعْرَةُ al-baʕratu |
بَعْرَةُ baʕratu |
Accusative | بَعْرَةً baʕratan |
الْبَعْرَةَ al-baʕrata |
بَعْرَةَ baʕrata |
Genitive | بَعْرَةٍ baʕratin |
الْبَعْرَةِ al-baʕrati |
بَعْرَةِ baʕrati |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | بَعْرَتَيْن baʕratayn |
الْبَعْرَتَيْن al-baʕratayn |
بَعْرَتَيْ baʕratay |
Nominative | بَعْرَتَانِ baʕratāni |
الْبَعْرَتَانِ al-baʕratāni |
بَعْرَتَا baʕratā |
Accusative | بَعْرَتَيْنِ baʕratayni |
الْبَعْرَتَيْنِ al-baʕratayni |
بَعْرَتَيْ baʕratay |
Genitive | بَعْرَتَيْنِ baʕratayni |
الْبَعْرَتَيْنِ al-baʕratayni |
بَعْرَتَيْ baʕratay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | بَعْرَات baʕrāt |
الْبَعْرَات al-baʕrāt |
بَعْرَات baʕrāt |
Nominative | بَعْرَاتٌ baʕrātun |
الْبَعْرَاتُ al-baʕrātu |
بَعْرَاتُ baʕrātu |
Accusative | بَعْرَاتٍ baʕrātin |
الْبَعْرَاتِ al-baʕrāti |
بَعْرَاتِ baʕrāti |
Genitive | بَعْرَاتٍ baʕrātin |
الْبَعْرَاتِ al-baʕrāti |
بَعْرَاتِ baʕrāti |
Plural of variety | basic broken plural triptote | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | أَبْعَار ʔabʕār |
الْأَبْعَار al-ʔabʕār |
أَبْعَار ʔabʕār |
Nominative | أَبْعَارٌ ʔabʕārun |
الْأَبْعَارُ al-ʔabʕāru |
أَبْعَارُ ʔabʕāru |
Accusative | أَبْعَارًا ʔabʕāran |
الْأَبْعَارَ al-ʔabʕāra |
أَبْعَارَ ʔabʕāra |
Genitive | أَبْعَارٍ ʔabʕārin |
الْأَبْعَارِ al-ʔabʕāri |
أَبْعَارِ ʔabʕāri |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- “bˁwr3”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- “bˁwrh”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Hommel, Fritz (1879) Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den südsemitischen Völkern als Beiträge zur arabischen und äthiopischen Lexicographie, zur semitischen Kulturforschung und Sprachvergleichung und zur Geschichte der Mittelmeerfauna. Mit steter Berücksichtigung auch der assyrischen und hebräischen Thiernamen und geographischen und literaturgeschichtlichen Excursen[1] (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, pages 143–144
- Militarev, Alexander, Kogan, Leonid (2000–2005) Semitic Etymological Dictionary, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pages 73–75
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