View source for by

{{also|Appendix:Variations of "by"}}
{{minitoc}}
==English==
{{wikipedia}}

===Alternative forms===
* {{l|en|bye}} (''archaic'' for preposition and adverb, not used for abbreviation, preferred for noun and interjection)

===Etymology===
From {{inh|en|enm|by}}, {{m|enm|bi}}, from {{inh|en|ang|bī||by; near; around}}, from {{inh|en|gmw-pro|*bī}}, from {{inh|en|gem-pro|*bi||near; by; around; about}}, from  {{der|en|ine-pro|*h₁epi}}.

Cognate with {{cog|fy|by||by; near}}, {{cog|af|by||at; by; near}}, {{cog|stq|bie||near; by}}, {{cog|nl|bij||near; by}}, {{cog|nds-de|bi||by; near; at}}, {{cog|de|bei||by; near; at}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{enPR|bī|a=UK,US,CA}}, {{IPA|en|/baɪ/}}
* {{audio|en|en-us-by.ogg|a=US}}
* {{rhymes|en|aɪ|s=1}}
* {{homophones|en|bi|bye|buy}}

===Preposition===
{{en-prep}}

# [[near|Near]] or [[next]] to.
#: {{ux|en|The mailbox is '''by''' the bus stop.}}
# From one side of something to the other, passing close by; [[past]].
#: {{ux|en|The stream runs '''by''' our back door.}}
#: {{ux|en|He ran straight '''by''' me.}}
# Not later than (the given time); not later than the end of (the given time interval).
#: {{ux|en|Be back '''by''' ten o'clock!.}}
#: {{ux|en|We'll find someone '''by''' the end of March.}}
#: {{ux|en|We will send it '''by''' the first week of July.}}
# {{senseid|en|cause}} {{non-gloss|Indicates the person or thing that does or causes something}}: Through the action or presence of.
## {{n-g|Following a passive verb.}}
##: {{ux|en|The matter was decided '''by''' the chairman.}}
##: {{ux|en|The boat was swamped '''by''' the water.}}
##: {{ux|en|He was protected '''by''' his body armour.}}
##* {{quote-journal|en|date=September 28, 2011|author=Jon Smith|work=BBC Sport
|title=[http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/14998331.stm Valencia 1-1 Chelsea]
|passage=Valencia threatened sporadically in the first half with Miguel having a decent effort deflected wide by Ashley Cole, while Jordi Alba's near-post cross was flicked into the sidenetting '''by''' Pablo Hernandez.}}
## {{n-g|Following a noun.}}
##: ''There was a call '''by''' the unions for a 30% pay rise.''
## {{lb|en|not in common modern use}} {{non-gloss|Following an adjective.}}
##: ''I was aghast '''by''' what I saw.''
##* '''1874''', {{w|Thomas Hardy}}, ''{{w|Far from the Madding Crowd}}'', 2005 Barnes & Noble Classics publication of 1912 Wessex edition, p.109:
##*: In other directions the fields and sky were so much of one colour '''by''' the snow that it was difficult in a hasty glance to tell whereabouts the horizon occurred{{nb...}}.
# {{non-gloss|Indicates the creator of a work}}: Existing through the authorship etc. of.
#: {{ux|en|There are many well-known plays '''by''' William Shakespeare}}
# {{non-gloss|Indicates a [[means]] of achieving something}}: Involving/using the means of.
#: {{ux|en|I avoided the guards '''by''' moving only when they weren't looking.}}
#: {{ux|en|'''By''' Pythagoras' theorem, we can calculate the length of the hypotenuse.}}
#: {{ux|en|We went '''by''' bus.}}
#: {{ux|en|I discovered it '''by''' chance.}}
#: {{ux|en|'''By''' 'maybe' she means 'no'.}}
#: {{ux|en|The electricity was cut off, so we had to read '''by''' candlelight.}}
#* {{RQ:Marshall Squire's Daughter|II
|passage="I don't want to spoil any comparison you are going to make," said Jim, "but I was at Winchester and New College." ¶ "That will do," said Mackenzie. "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers '''by'''—except steal.{{nb...}}"}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1945|author=Neva L. Boyd|title=Handbook of Recreational Games|pageurl=http://books.google.com/books?id=12qZwZpIwCIC&pg=PA16&dq=candlelight|page=16|publisher=[[w:Dover Publications|Dover]]|year_published=1975|isbn=0486232042
|passage=Players: Can we get there '''by''' candlelight? ¶ Gatekeepers: Yes and back again.}}
#* {{quote-text|en|year=1960|author=w:Dr. Seuss|title=w:One Fish Two Fish Red Fish Blue Fish
|passage='''By''' the light of the moon,&nbsp;/ '''by''' the light of a star&nbsp;/ they walked all night}}
# {{senseid|en|authority}}{{non-gloss|Indicates an authority according to which something is done.}}
#: {{ux|en|'''By''' the power vested in me, I now pronounce you man and wife.}}
## {{non-gloss|Invokes an authority in an [[oath]].}}
##: {{ux|en|'''By''' Jove! I think she's got it!}}
##: {{ux|en|'''By''' all that is holy, I'll put an end to this.}}
##* {{RQ:Shakespeare Merchant of Venice|V|i|text='''By''' [[yonder]] moon I swear you do me wrong}}
##* {{quote-book|en|year=1863|author=Sheridan Le Fanu|title=w:The House by the Churchyard|passage=''''By''' my soul! I believe something bad has happened me,' he muttered, and popped up his window, and looked out, half dreaming over the church-yard on the park beyond {{...}}}}
# {{non-gloss|Indicates a means of classification or organisation.}}
#: {{ux|en|I sorted the items '''by''' category.}}
#: {{ux|en|Table 1 shows details of our employees broken down '''by''' sex and age.}}
# {{non-gloss|Indicates the amount of change, difference or discrepancy}}
#: {{ux|en|Our stock is up '''by''' ten percent.}}
#: {{ux|en|His date of birth was wrong '''by''' ten years.}}
# {{non-gloss|In the formulae ''X by X'' and ''by Xs'', indicates a steady progression, one ''X'' after another.}}
#: {{ux|en|We went through the book page '''by''' page.}}
#: {{ux|en|We crawled forward '''by''' inches.}}
# {{lb|en|with|the}} Acted on in [[unit]]s of the specified size or measure. {{ng|(Sometimes hyperbolically)}}
#: ''sold '''by''' the yard''; ''cheaper if bought '''by''' the gross''
#: {{ux|en|He drinks brandy '''by''' the bucketful!}}
# [[per]]; with or in [[proportion]] to each.
#: {{ux|en|His health was deteriorating '''by''' the day.}}
#: {{ux|en|The pickers are paid '''by''' the bushel.}}
# {{non-gloss|Indicates a referenced source}}: According to.
#: {{ux|en|He cheated '''by''' his own admission.}}
#: {{ux|en|'''By''' my reckoning, we should be nearly there.}}
#* {{quote-book|en|year=1722 |author= William Wollaston |page=81|title=w:The Religion of Nature Delineated|url= https://books.google.co.nz/books?id=svJeAAAAcAAJ|chapter=Sect. V. Truths relating to the Deity. Of his exiſtence, perfection, providence, &c.|passage=Ignorant and ſuperſtitious wretches meaſure the actions of ''letterd'' and ''philoſophical'' men by the tattle of their nurſes or illiterate parents and companions, or by the faſhion of the country : and people of differing religions judge and condemn each other '''by''' their own tenents ; when ''both'' of them cannot be in the right, and it is well if ''either'' of them are.}}
# {{non-gloss|Used to separate dimensions when describing the size of something.}}
#: {{ux|en|It is easy to invert a 2-'''by'''-2 matrix.}}
#: {{ux|en|The room was about 4 foot '''by''' 6 foot.}}
#: {{ux|en|The bricks used to build the wall measured 10 '''by''' 20 '''by''' {{nowrap|30 cm.}}}}
# {{lb|en|horse breeding}} {{non-gloss|Designates a horse's male parent ([[sire]]); cf. ''[[out of]]''.}}
#: {{ux|en|She's a lovely little filly, '''by''' Big Lad, out of Damsel in Distress.}}

====Derived terms====
{{col4|en
|bit by bit
|by and by
|by day
|by degrees
|by dint of
|by means of
|by night
|by one's lonesome
|by oneself
|[[by right]], [[by rights]]
|by the book
|by the by
|by the bye
|by the way
|by your leave
|by way of
|do good by
|do right by
|hard by
|off-by-one
|secure by design
|side by side
}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|cmn|sc=Hani|by|sc2=Hani|BY|bor=1}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|near, or next to}}
{{multitrans|data=
* Afrikaans: {{t-needed|af}}
* Albanian: {{t-needed|sq}}
* Arabic: {{tt+|ar|بِجَانِب|tr=bi-jānib}}
*: Egyptian Arabic: {{tt|arz|جنب|tr=ganb|sc=Arab}}
*: Hijazi Arabic: {{tt|acw|جنب|tr=janb|sc=Arab}}
* Armenian: {{tt+|hy|մոտ|sc=Armn}}, {{tt|hy|կողքին|sc=Armn}}
* Bashkir: {{tt|ba|янында}}
* Bavarian: {{tt|bar|ba}}
* Breton: {{t-needed|br}}
* Bulgarian: {{tt+|bg|до}}, {{tt+|bg|край}}
* Catalan: {{t|ca|al costat}}, {{t+|ca|proïsme}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{tt+|cmn|旁|alt=在……旁|tr=zāi … pang}}
* Czech: {{tt+|cs|u}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|ved}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|bij}}
* Esperanto: {{tt+|eo|apud}}
* Finnish: {{tt+|fi|vieressä}}
* French: {{tt+|fr|côté|alt=à côté de}}, {{tt+|fr|au bord de}}, {{tt+|fr|près de}}
* Galician: {{tt+|gl|cabo}}, {{tt+|gl|so}}
* German: {{tt+|de|bei}}, {{tt+|de|neben}}
* Hawaiian: {{tt|haw|kokoke}}, {{tt|haw|hiʻialo}}
* Hebrew: {{tt+|he|עד}}
* Hindi: {{tt+|hi|जानिब}}
* Hungarian: {{tt|hu|[[-nál]]/[[-nél]]}} ([[allative case]])
* Icelandic: {{tt+|is|við}}
* Ido: {{tt+|io|apud}}
* Indonesian: {{tt+|id|sebelah|alt=di sebelah ...}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|vicino}}, {{tt+|it|accanto}}, {{tt+|it|ravvicinato}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|側|alt=…の側に|tr=のそばに, no sobani|sc=Jpan}}, {{tt+|ja|側|alt=…の側で|tr=のそばで, no sobade|sc=Jpan}}
* Javanese: {{t-needed|jv}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|...king lele naning...}}, {{tt|pam|...king siping naning...}}, {{tt|pam|kalele naning...}}, {{tt|pam|kasiping naning...}}, {{tt|pam|pangalele naning...}}, {{tt|pam|pangasiping naning...}}
* Kashmiri: {{t-needed|ks}}
* Kazakh: {{t-needed|kk}}
* Korean: {{tt|ko|[[옆]]에}}, {{tt|ko|[[곁]]에}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt+|kmr|li}}, {{tt+|kmr|li rex}}, {{tt|kmr|li nêzî}}, {{tt|kmr|li [[kêlek]]a}}, {{tt|kmr|[[li tenişt]]a}}
* Latin: {{tt+|la|apud}}, {{tt|la|aput}}
* Lithuanian: {{t|lt|prie}}
* Macedonian: {{tt|mk|до}}, {{tt|mk|кај}}
* Malay: {{tt|ms|di sebelah}}
* Maore Comorian: {{tt|swb|wangoni mwa}}
* Maori: {{tt|mi|i te taha o}}, {{tt+|mi|i}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|ved}}
* Old English: {{tt|ang|be}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|przy}}, {{tt+|pl|obok}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|perto}}, {{tt+|pt|próximo|m}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|lângă}}
* Russian: {{tt+|ru|о́коло}}, {{tt|ru|[[ря́дом]] [[с]]}}, {{tt+|ru|у}}
* Slovak: {{tt|sk|pri}}
* Slovene: {{tt+|sl|pri}}
* Sorbian:
*: Lower Sorbian: {{tt|dsb|pla}}, {{tt|dsb|pśi}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}, [[cerca]] [[de]]
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|vid}}, {{tt+|sv|intill}} {{qualifier|close to}}
* Thai: {{tt+|th|เคียง|tr=kiang}}, {{tt|th|ติดกับ|tr=dtìt gàp}}, {{tt+|th|ข้าง}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|bên cạnh}}, {{tt+|vi|gần}}, {{tt+|vi|cạnh}}, {{tt+|vi|kề}}, {{tt+|vi|bên}}
* Welsh: {{tt|cy|wrth}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|not later than}}
* Afrikaans: {{t-needed|af}}
* Arabic: {{tt+|ar|عِنْدَ}}, {{tt+|ar|فِي}}
*: Egyptian Arabic: {{tt|arz|حوالي|tr=ḥawālī|sc=Arab}}
* Bulgarian: {{tt+|bg|до}}
* Catalan: {{tt+|ca|per a}}
* Chinese:
*: Cantonese: {{tt|yue|之前|tr=...zi1 cin4|alt=……之前}}
*: Mandarin: {{tt+|cmn|之前|alt=……之前|tr=...zhīqián}}
* Czech: {{tt+|cs|do}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|inden}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|tegen}}
* Esperanto: {{tt+|eo|antaŭ}}
* Finnish: {{tt+|fi|mennessä}}
* French: {{tt+|fr|avant}}
* German: {{tt+|de|bis}}
* Hebrew: {{tt+|he|עד}}
* Hindi: {{tt+|hi|तक|sc=Deva}}
* Hungarian: {{tt|hu|[[-ra]]/[[-re]]}} ([[sublative case]]), [[-ig]] ([[terminative case]])
* Icelandic: {{tt+|is|fyrir}}
* Indonesian: {{t-needed|id}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|entro}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|まで|alt=…までに|tr=…madeni|sc=Jpan}}
* Javanese: {{t-needed|jv}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|angga}}, {{tt|pam|anggang}}, {{tt|pam|angga king...}}
* Korean: {{tt+|ko|까지|alt=...까지}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt+|kmr|ta}}, {{tt+|kmr|heta}}
* Macedonian: {{tt|mk|до}}
* Malay: {{tt|ms|menjelang}}
* Maltese: {{tt+|mt|bi}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|innen}}
* Old English: {{tt|ang|be}}
* Persian: {{tt+|fa|تا|tr=tâ}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|do}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|até}}
* Romanian: [[înainte]] [[de]]
* Russian: {{tt+|ru|к}}, {{tt+|ru|до}}
* Slovak: {{tt+|sk|do}}
* Slovene: {{tt+|sl|do}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|para}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|innan}}
* Ukrainian: {{tt+|uk|до}}
* Urdu: {{tt|ur|تک|tr=tak|sc=ur-Arab}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|vào}} {{qualifier|in conjunction with đã}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|indicates the agent of a passive verb}}
* Arabic: {{tt|ar|مِن قِبَل}}, {{tt|ar|بِوَاسِطَّة|tr=bi-wāsiṭa}}
*: Egyptian Arabic: {{tt|arz|بـ|tr=be-|sc=Arab}}, {{tt|arz|من|tr=min|sc=Arab}}
* Armenian: {{qualifier|use the instrumental case of the noun}}
* Azerbaijani: {{tt|az|tərəfindən}}
* Bashkir: {{tt|ba|тарафынан}} {{qualifier|used in postposition}}
* Bulgarian: {{tt+|bg|от}}
* Catalan: {{tt+|ca|per}}
* Chinese:
*: Mandarin: {{tt+|cmn|被|tr=bèi}}, {{tt+|cmn|由|tr=yóu}}, {{tt+|cmn|讓|tr=ràng}}, {{tt+|cmn|給|tr=gěi}}, {{tt+|cmn|叫|tr=jiào}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|af}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|door}}
* Egyptian: {{t-egy|jn|h=i-n}}
* Esperanto: {{tt+|eo|de}}
* Finnish: {{qualifier|not used}}
* French: {{tt+|fr|par}}
* Galician: {{tt+|gl|por}}
* German: {{tt+|de|von}}, {{t+|de|durch}}
* Gothic: {{tt|got|𐌸𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌷}} {{q|+ accusative}}
* Greek:
*: Ancient: {{tt|grc|ῠ̔πό}} {{q|+ genitive|animate agent}}, {{tt|grc|ἐν}} {{q|+ dative|inanimate instrument}}
* Hebrew: {{tt|he|על ידי|tr='al yadei}}, {{tt|he|באמצעות|tr=be'emtza'ut}}
* Hindi: {{tt+|hi|से|alt=...से}}
* Hungarian: {{tt+|hu|által}}
* Indonesian: {{tt+|id|oleh}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|da}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|に|alt=…に|tr=…ni|sc=Jpan}}, {{tt|ja|により|alt=…により|tr=…niyori|sc=Jpan}}, {{tt+|ja|によって|alt=…によって|tr=…niyotte|sc=Jpan}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|uling king...}}, {{tt|pam|uli naning...}}, {{tt|pam|pauli ning...}}, {{tt|pam|agpang}}, {{tt|pam|ngayu}}, {{tt|pam|ngara}}, {{tt|pam|ngana}}, {{tt|pam|bilang}}
* Korean: {{tt+|ko|에|alt=…에}}, {{tt+|ko|로|alt=...로}}, {{tt+|ko|로써|alt=...로써}}, {{tt+|ko|로서|alt=...로서}}, {{tt+|ko|의하다|alt=...에 의해}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt|kmr|ji alî}}, {{tt|kmr|[[ji aliyê]] ... [[ve]]}}
* Latin: {{tt+|la|ab}}, {{tt+|la|a}}
* Macedonian: {{tt|mk|од}}
* Malay: {{tt|ms|oleh}}
* Ngazidja Comorian: {{tt|zdj|ni}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|av}}
* Old English: {{tt|ang|fram}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|przez}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|por}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|de}}, {{tt|ro|de către}}
* Russian: {{qualifier|use the instrumental case of the noun}}
* Slovene: {{tt+|sl|od}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}
* Swahili: {{tt|sw|na}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|av}}
* Thai: {{tt+|th|โดย|tr=doy}}
* Turkish: {{tt+|tr|tarafından}}, {{tt|tr|tamanından}}
* Turkmen: {{tt|tk|tarapyndan}}
* Urdu: {{tt|ur|سے|alt=...سے|tr=...se}}
* Uzbek: {{tt+|uz|tomonidan}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|bởi}}
* Welsh: {{tt|cy|gan}}
* West Frisian: {{tt|fy|troch}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|indicates creator of a work}}
* Arabic: {{tt|ar|بِوَاسِطَّة|tr=bi-wāsiṭa}}, {{tt+|ar|لِـ}}
* Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: {{tt|aii|ܒܝܲܕ|tr=byād}}
* Bulgarian: {{tt+|bg|от}}
* Catalan: {{tt+|ca|per}}
* Czech: {{tt+|cs|od}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|af}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|door}}, {{tt+|nl|vanwege}}
* Esperanto: {{tt+|eo|de}}, {{tt+|eo|far}}
* Finnish: ''genitive of the name of author''
* French: {{tt+|fr|de}}, {{tt+|fr|par}}
* German: {{tt+|de|von}}
* Hebrew: {{tt+|he|מאת|tr=me'et}}
* Hindi: {{t-needed|hi}}
* Hungarian: {{tt|hu|[[-tól]]/[[-től]]}} ([[ablative case]])
* Icelandic: {{tt+|is|eftir}}
* Ido: {{tt+|io|da}}
* Interlingua: {{tt+|ia|a}}, {{tt+|ia|ab}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|da}}, {{tt+|it|di}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|作|alt=作…}}, {{tt+|ja|作|alt=…作}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|nang...}}, {{tt|pam|ning...}}, {{tt|pam|...a}}, {{tt|pam|gaua nang...}},  {{tt|pam|gaua dareng...}}
* Korean: {{tt+|ko|의|alt=...의}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt|kmr|bi destê}}, {{tt|kmr|ji [[alî]]}}
* Latin: {{tt+|la|ab}}, {{tt+|la|a}}
* Macedonian: {{tt|mk|од}}
* Malay: {{tt|ms|oleh}}
* Maltese: {{tt+|mt|bi}}
* Maori: {{tt|mi|nā}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|av}}, {{tt+|no|ved}}
* Old English: {{tt|ang|of}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|przez}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|por}}, {{tt+|pt|de}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|de}}
* Russian: {{qualifier|use the instrumental case of the noun}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{tt|gd|le}}
* Slovak: {{tt|sk|od}}
* Slovene: {{tt+|sl|od}} (rarely used)
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|av}}
* Thai: {{tt+|th|โดย|tr=doy}}
* Turkish: {{tt|tr|tarafindan}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|của}}
* Welsh: {{tt|cy|gan}}
* West Frisian: {{tt|fy|troch}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|indicates a means}}
* Afrikaans: {{t-needed|af}}
* Arabic: {{tt+|ar|بِـ}}
* Azerbaijani: {{tt|az|vasitəsilə}}
* Chinese:
*: Cantonese: {{t-needed|yue}}
*: Mandarin: {{tt+|cmn|用|alt=用…|tr=yòng}}, {{tt+|cmn|由|alt=由…|tr=yóu}}
* Czech: {{tt+|cs|pomocí}}, {{tt+|cs|prostřednictvím}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|ved}}, {{tt|da|ved at}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|door}}, {{tt+|nl|op}}, {{tt+|nl|per}}
* Esperanto: {{tt+|eo|per}}
* Estonian: {{t-needed|et}}
* Finnish: ''adessive of the means''
* French: {{tt+|fr|par}}, {{tt+|fr|en}} (+ present participle), au {{tt+|fr|moyen}} de
* German: {{tt+|de|mit}}, {{tt+|de|mittels}}, {{tt+|de|durch}}, {{tt+|de|indem}}
* Greek: {{tt+|el|διά}}, {{tt+|el|από}}
* Hebrew: {{tt|he|על ידי|tr=al yedey}}
* Hindi: {{t-needed|hi}}
* Hungarian: {{tt|hu|[[-val]]/[[-vel]]}}, {{tt+|hu|által}}, {{tt+|hu|útján}}, {{tt+|hu|révén}}
* Ido: {{tt+|io|per}}
* Indonesian: {{tt+|id|kena}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|con}}, {{t|it|per mezzo di}}, {{t|it|(any verb in gerund)}}, {{t+|it|mediante}}, {{t+|it|tramite}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|で|alt=…で|sc=Jpan}}, {{tt|ja|により|alt=…により|sc=Jpan}}, {{tt+|ja|によって|alt=…によって|tr=…niyotte|sc=Jpan}}
* Javanese: {{t-needed|jv}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|gamit ing}}, {{tt|pam|gamit naning...}}, {{tt|pam|gamit ning...}}, {{tt|pam|ibat king...}}, {{tt|pam|...ken}}, {{tt|pam|bilang}}
* Korean: {{tt+|ko|로써|alt=...로써}}, {{tt+|ko|로|alt=...로}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt+|kmr|bi}}
* Latin: {{tt+|la|per}}, {{tt+|la|ab}}
* Latvian: {{tt+|lv|pa}}
* Lithuanian: {{t-needed|lt}}
* Malay: {{tt+|ms|dengan}}
* Maltese: {{tt+|mt|bi}}
* Maori: {{tt|mi|nā}}, {{tt|mi|ki}} {{qualifier|shows an instrument or tool}}
* Ngazidja Comorian: {{tt|zdj|ha}} (+ infinitive)
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|med}}
* Old English: {{tt|ang|þurh}}
* Polish: {{qualifier|uses [[instrumental case]]}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|por}}, {{tt+|pt|a}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|cu}}
* Russian: {{q|use the instrumental case or {{tt+|ru|с по́мощью}}}}
* Slovak: {{q|use the instrumental case or {{tt+|sk|s}}, {{tt|sk|so}}, {{tt|sk|pomocou}}}}
* Slovene: {{tt+|sl|s}}, {{tt+|sl|z}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}
* Swedish: {{tt|sv|genom att}} (+ infinitive)
* Thai: {{tt+|th|โดย|tr=doy}}
* Turkish: {{tt+|tr|vasıtasıyla}}
* Ukrainian: {{tt|uk|за допомогою}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt|vi|bằng cách}}, {{tt|vi|theo cách}}
* Welsh: {{tt|cy|â}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|with the authority of}}
* Arabic: {{tt+|ar|بِـ}}
* Bavarian: {{tt|bar|ba}}
* Esperanto: {{tt+|eo|de}}
* Finnish: {{tt+|fi|kautta}}
* French: {{tt+|fr|par}}
* German: {{tt+|de|bei}}
* Greek: {{tt+|el|μα}}
*: Ancient Greek: {{tt|grc|νή}} (+ acc.)
* Hungarian: {{tt+|hu|szerint}}, {{tt+|hu|alapján}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|per}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|著|alt=著…|sc=Jpan}}, {{tt+|ja|著|alt=…著|sc=Jpan}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|papunta king...}}, {{tt|pam|gamit ing}}, {{tt|hu|[[mig-]]/[[meg-]]}}
* Maori: {{tt|mi|nā}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|ved}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|na}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|por}}
* Russian: {{tt|ru|[[от]] [[имя|и́мени]]}}, {{tt|ru|[[во]] [[и́мя]]}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|vid}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|trước}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|''(indicates an oath)'' with the authority of}}
* Hungarian: {{tt|hu|[[-ra]]/[[-re]]}}
* Old English: {{tt|ang|þurh}}
* Romanian: {{t+|ro|pe}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|indicating means of classification or organisation}}
* Czech: {{tt+|cs|podle}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|efter}}
* Esperanto: {{tt+|eo|laŭ}}
* Finnish: {{tt+|fi|mukaisesti}}, {{tt+|fi|mukaan}}
* German: {{tt+|de|nach}}
* Hebrew: {{tt+|he|לפי|tr=lefy}}
* Hungarian: {{tt+|hu|szerint}} {{qualifier|according to}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|per}}, {{tt+|it|dal}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|従う|alt=…に従って|sc=Jpan}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|agpang king}}, {{tt|pam|agpang naning}}, {{tt|pam|agpang kang}}
* Korean: {{tt+|ko|따르다|alt=...에 따라}}, {{tt+|ko|로|alt=...로}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt|kmr|li [[gor]]}}, {{tt|kmr|li [[dû]]}}
* Latin: {{tt|la|cata}}
* Malay: {{tt|ms|mengikut}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|etter}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|według}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|por}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|după}}
* Russian: {{tt+|ru|по}}
* Scots: {{tt|sco|bi}}
* Slovak: {{tt|sk|podľa}}
* Slovene: {{tt+|sl|po}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|efter}}
* Ukrainian: {{tt+|uk|по}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|theo}}, {{tt+|vi|theo như}}, {{tt+|vi|tuân theo}}
* Yiddish: {{tt|yi|לויט}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|indicating amount of change, difference or discrepancy}}
* Czech: {{tt+|cs|o}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|med}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|met}}
* Finnish: {{tt+|fi|-lla}}, {{tt+|fi|-llä}} {{qualifier|adessive case}}
* German: {{tt+|de|um}}
* Hebrew: {{tt+|he|ב־|tr=be-}} {{qualifier|prefix}}
* Hungarian: {{tt|hu|[[-val]]/[[-vel]]}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|del}}, {{tt+|it|di}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|に|alt=…に|tr=ni|sc=Jpan}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|king}}, {{tt|pam|ketang}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt+|kmr|bi}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|med}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|o}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|em}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|cu}}
* Russian: {{tt+|ru|на}}
* Slovak: {{tt+|sk|o}}
* Slovene: {{tt+|sl|za}}
* Sorbian:
*: Lower Sorbian: {{tt|dsb|wó}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|med}}
* Ukrainian: {{tt+|uk|на}}
* Vietnamese: {{qualifier|not translated}}
* Volapük: {{t+|vo|a}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|indicates steady progression}}
* Armenian: {{tt+|hy|առ}}
* Czech: {{tt+|cs|za}}, {{tt+|cs|po}}
* Danish: {{tt+|da|efter}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|per}}
* Finnish: ''nominative + ablative'' (e.g. ''talo talo'''lta''''' "house by house")
* French: {{tt+|fr|par}}
* German: {{tt+|de|um}}
* Hungarian: {{tt+|hu|-nként}}
* Italian: {{tt+|it|per}}, {{tt+|it|di}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|king}}, {{tt|pam|keng}}, {{tt|pam|balang}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt+|kmr|bi}}
* Malay: {{tt|ms|demi}}, {{tt|ms|per}}
* Norwegian: {{tt+|no|etter}}, {{tt+|no|for}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|po}}, {{tt+|pl|za}}
* Portuguese: {{tt+|pt|por}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|cu}}
* Russian: {{tt+|ru|за}}
* Slovak: {{tt|sk|po}}, {{tt+|sk|za}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|efter}}
* Ukrainian: {{tt+|uk|за}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|từng}} {{qualifier|optionally: + unit + một}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{trans-top|used to separate dimensions}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|bij}}
* French: {{t+|fr|par}}
* German: {{tt+|de|auf}}, {{tt+|de|mal}}
* Hungarian: {{tt|hu|[[-szor]]/[[-szer]]/[[-ször]]}}
* Kapampangan: {{tt|pam|bang}}, {{tt|pam|bakanitang...}}
* Polish: {{tt+|pl|na}}
* Romanian: {{tt+|ro|pe}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}
* Turkish: {{tt+|tr|-e}} {{q|quantity of the first dimension in the [[dative]]}}
}}
{{trans-bottom}}

{{checktrans-top}}
* Indonesian: {{t+check|id|oleh}}
* Lao: {{t-check|lo|ນຳ}}
* Vietnamese: {{t+check|vi|bằng}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Adverb===
{{en-adv|-}}

# Along a path which runs past the speaker.
#: {{ux|en|I watched as it passed '''by'''.}}
# In the [[vicinity]], [[near]].
#: {{ux|en|There was a shepherd close '''by'''.}}
#* {{RQ:Conrad Heart of Darkness|part=II|passage=[The helmsman] steered with no end of a swagger while you were '''by'''; but if he lost sight of you, he became instantly the prey of an abject funk {{...}}}}
# To or at a place, as a residence or place of business.
#: {{ux|en|I'll stop '''by''' on my way home from work.}}
#: {{ux|en|We're right near the lifeguard station. Come '''by''' before you leave.}}
# {{lb|en|uncommon}} [[aside]], [[away]]
#: {{ux|en|The women spent much time after harvest putting jams '''by''' for winter and spring.}}

====Derived terms====
{{col3|en|title=terms derived from by (adverb)
|by the by|drop by|full and by|nearby|passerby|put by|right by|stand by|stop by|bypass|betime|beway|by foot|bycause|bygone|byline|bypoll|byrlady|bystanding|Bywater|closeby|flyby|forthby|hang-by|hereby|hushaby|loteby|outbye|passer-by|play-by-play||sail-by|sail-by salute|sailby|swingby|thereby|whereby}}

====Translations====
{{trans-top|along a path}}
{{multitrans|data=
* Danish: {{tt+|da|forbi}}
* Dutch: {{tt+|nl|langs}}
* Finnish: {{tt+|fi|ohi}}
* German: {{tt+|de|längs}}
* Japanese: {{tt+|ja|沿う|alt=道に沿って|tr=みちにそって, michi ni sotte}}
* Kurdish:
*: Northern Kurdish: {{tt+|kmr|tê re}}, {{tt+|kmr|di ber re}}
* Malay: {{tt|ms|di sepanjang}}
* Portuguese: {{tt|pt|[[por]] [[mim]]|s}}, {{tt|pt|[[por]] [[nós]]|p}}
* Scottish Gaelic: {{tt|gd|seachad}}
* Slovak: {{tt|sk|okolo}}
* Spanish: {{tt+|es|por}}
* Swedish: {{tt+|sv|längs}}, {{tt+|sv|längs med}}
* Ukrainian: {{tt|uk|повз}}
* Vietnamese: {{tt+|vi|qua}}
}}
{{trans-bottom}}

===Adjective===
{{en-adj|-}}

# Out of the way, off to one side.
#: {{co|en|a '''by''' path; a '''by''' room}}
# [[subsidiary|Subsidiary]], [[incidental]].
#: {{co|en|'''by''' catch; a '''by''' issue}}

====Usage notes====
More usually in compounds, either hyphenated (e.g. ''by-product'') or closed (e.g. ''byproduct''); see also ''[[by-]]''.

====Antonyms====
* {{l|en|main}}, {{l|en|principal}}

====Derived terms====
* See [[:Category:English terms prefixed with by-|English terms prefixed with ''by-'']]

===Noun===
{{en-noun|s}}

# {{alt form|en|bye}}.

===Interjection===
{{en-interj}}

# {{dated form of|en|bye||goodbye}}

===Anagrams===
* {{anagrams|en|a=by|YB|Yb|yb}}

{{cln|en|two-letter words}}

==Afrikaans==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|af|/bəi/|[bə̟i̯]}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|af|nl|bij}}, from {{inh|af|dum|bi}}, from {{inh|af|odt|bī}}.

====Preposition====
{{head|af|preposition}}

# {{l|en|at}}
# [[to]]
# {{l|en|by}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col4|af|byna|byrie|hierby|daarby}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{inh|af|nl|bij}}, from {{inh|af|dum|bie}}, from {{inh|af|odt|*bīa}}.

====Noun====
{{af-noun|e}}

# [[bee]]

=====Derived terms=====
* {{l|af|heuningby}}
* {{l|af|hommelby}}

{{C|af|Insects}}

==Chinese==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alt|zh|BY}}

===Etymology===
Semantic shift from {{bor|zh|en|by}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{zh-pron
|m=bāi
|cat=prep
}}

===Preposition===
{{head|zh|preposition}}

# {{lb|zh|Taiwan|informal}} [[according to]]
#: {{zh-x|by{āi} 某 現任 立委 本人 所 說|tr='''bāi''' mǒu xiànrèn lìwěi běnrén suǒ shuō}}

==Czech==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|cs|zlw-ocs|by}}, from {{inh|cs|sla-pro|*by}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{cs-IPA}}
* {{audio|cs|Cs-by.ogg}}

===Particle===
{{head|cs|particle}}

# {{inflection of|cs|být||3|s|cond|subj}}; [[would]]
#: {{ux|cs|Vstával '''by''' dřív, ale to '''by''' si napřed musel koupit budík.|translation=He would be getting up earlier, but then he would have to buy an alarm clock first.}}
# {{lb|cs|clipping|informal}}; [[would]]
#: {{ux|cs|Byl '''by''' tam šel, kdyby mě byli pozvali. |translation=I would have gone there if they had invited me.}}
#: {{ux|cs|My '''by''' tam šli, kdyby nás byli pozvali. |translation=We would have gone there if they had invited us.}}

====Usage notes====
* In formal language, it is used for the [[third person]] of the infinitive {{m|cs|být}}, both [[singular]] and [[plural]] and with the [[second person]] of the verb {{l|cs|být}}.
*: {{uxi|cs|Zahrál '''by''' [[sis]] jednu hru?|translation=Would you [like to] play one game?}}
* In colloquial Czech, ''by'' is commonly used in place of other conditional forms of ''být'' in both singular and plural if the subject is deducible from context (from the conjugated form of the verb). That is, ''by'' is a shared shorthand for {{m|cs|bych}}, {{m|cs|bys}}, {{m|cs|bychom}} and {{m|cs|byste}}.

====Related terms====
{{col-auto|cs|aby|bych|bychom|bys|byste|kdyby}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:cs:PSJC}}
* {{R:cs:SSJC}}

==Danish==

===Etymology===
From {{der|da|non|bǿr|býr, bœr|tr=settlement}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|da|[ˈb̥yˀ]}}

===Noun===
{{da-noun|en|er}}

# [[town]], [[city]]

====Declension====
{{da-decl|en|er}}

====Related terms====
{{col4|da
|bydel<g:c>
|bymidte<g:c>
|bymæssig<pos:a>
|byområde<g:n>
|byorkester<g:n>
|byplanlægning<g:c>
|byret<g:c>
|byråd<g:n>
|byvåben<g:n>
|byzone<g:c>
|landsby<g:c>
|stad<g:c>}}

====Further reading====
* {{pedia|lang=da}}

==Japanese==

===Etymology===
{{bor+|ja|en|by}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{ja-pron|バイ}}

===Particle===
{{ja-pos|particle|バイ}}

# {{lb|ja|informal}} {{n-g|Used to sign off a message/attribute a text.}}
#* '''2002''', [https://tcrf.net/Super_Monkey_Ball_2#Test_Level_Messages]
#*: {{quote|ja|{{lang|ja|ココにはバッファから生成したMAPのTEXTURE希望　by JAMAD}}|"I want the texture of the MAP generated from the buffer here" — JAMAD}}
#* '''2007''', {{lw|ja|さよなら絶望先生|pref=『|suf=』}} {{lang|ja|第5話}}<sup>[http://mackenzie.up.n.seesaa.net/mackenzie/image/zetubo5-3.jpg]</sup>
#*: {{quote|ja|{{lang|ja|己を知らされば、戦う毎に必ず殆し。by 孫子}}|"If one is ignorant of oneself, one is bound to be in danger with every battle" — Sun Tzu}}
#* '''2009''', {{lw|ja|けいおん!|けいおん！|pref=『|suf=』}} {{lang|ja|第4話}}<sup>[https://twitter.com/keion_tv/status/666692287246819329]</sup>
#*: {{quote|ja|{{lang|ja|めざせ武道館！！　by 軽音部！}}|"Aim for the Budokan!" — Light Music Club}}

{{cln|ja|terms with quotations}}

==Lower Sorbian==

===Etymology===
From {{der|dsb|sla-pro|*by|pos=third-person singular aorist of {{m|sla-pro|*byti}}}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|dsb|[bɨ]}}

===Verb===
{{head|dsb|verb|defective||invariable|cat2=defective verbs}}

# [[would]] {{qualifier|used with the past active participle to form a conditional}}
#: {{ux|dsb|Njecynimy to, dokulaž '''by''' jim škóźeło.|We don’t do that because it would hurt them.}}

====Usage notes====
This verb may be omitted before the past active participles of {{m|dsb|móc||be able to}}, {{m|dsb|kśěś||want to}}, and {{m|dsb|dejaś||ought to}}.

====Derived terms====
{{col-auto|dsb
|aby<t:that...would>
|gaby<t:if...would>
|gdyby<t:if...would>
|njeby<t:would not>
}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:dsb:Muka}}
* {{R:dsb:Starosta}}

==Manx==

===Alternative forms===
* {{l|gv|b'}}
* {{l|gv|b-}}

===Particle===
{{head|gv|particle}} {{qualifier|triggers lenition}}

# {{inflection of|gv|s'||past//cond}}
#: {{ux|gv|{{m|gv|by vie lesh|'''By''' vie lhiam}} goll {{m|gv|myrgeddin}}.|I want to go as well.}}
#: {{ux|gv|{{m|gv|b'laik lesh|'''B''''laik lhiam}} briaght jiu c'red '''{{m|gv|bare}}''' lhiu jannoo jiu.|I'd like to ask you what you'd prefer to do today.}}
# {{lb|gv|dated}} {{non-gloss|Past and conditional form of {{m|gv|s'}}}} {{qualifier|used to introduce the comparative and superlative form of adjectives}}
#: {{ux|gv|yn dooinney '''by''' hroshey|the man who was the strongest|inline=1}}

==Middle English==

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|enm|ang|bī}}, from {{inh|enm|gmw-pro|*bī}}, from {{inh|enm|gem-pro|*bi}}, from {{inh|enm|ine-pro|*h₁epi}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alter|enm|be|bi}}

====Pronunciation====
* {{IPA|enm|/biː/|q2=unstressed|/bi/}}

====Preposition====
{{head|enm|preposition}}

# {{l|en|by}}
#* {{quote-text|enm|year=1407|title=w:The Testimony of William Thorpe|pages=40–41
|passage=And I seide, “Ser, in his tyme maister Ioon Wiclef was holden of ful many men the grettis clerk that thei knewen lyuynge vpon erthe. And therwith he was named, as I gesse worthili, a passing reuli man and an innocent in al his lyuynge. And herfore grete men of kunnynge and other also drowen myche to him, and comownede ofte with him. And thei sauouriden so his loore that thei wroten it bisili and enforsiden hem to rulen hem theraftir… Maister Ion Aston taughte and wroot acordingli and ful bisili, where and whanne and to whom he myghte, and he vsid it himsilf, I gesse, right perfyghtli vnto his lyues eende. Also Filip of Repintoun whilis he was a chanoun of Leycetre, Nycol Herforde, dane Geffrey of Pikeringe, monke of Biland and a maistir dyuynyte, and Ioon Purueye, and manye other whiche weren holden rightwise men and prudent, taughten and wroten bisili this forseide lore of Wiclef, and conformeden hem therto. And with alle these men I was ofte homli and I comownede with hem long tyme and fele, and so bifore alle othir men I chees wilfulli to be enformed '''bi''' hem and of hem, and speciali of Wiclef himsilf, as of the moost vertuous and goodlich wise man that I herde of owhere either knew. And herfore of Wicleef speciali and of these men I toke the lore whiche I haue taughte and purpose to lyue aftir, if God wole, to my lyues ende.”}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|enm|bi-}}
* {{l|enm|by-}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desctree|en|by}}
* {{desc|sco|by|alts=1}}
* {{desc|yol|bee|alts=1}}

=====References=====
* {{R:MED Online|entry=bī|pos=prep|id=MED4323}}

===Etymology 2===

====Verb====
{{head|enm|verb}}

# {{alt form|enm|been|t=to be}}

{{cln|enm|terms with quotations}}

==Norwegian Bokmål==
{{wikipedia|lang=no}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nb|/byː/|[byː]}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{der|nb|non|býr||place (to camp or settle), land, property, lot; ''and later'' settlement}}.

====Noun====
{{nb-noun-m1}}

# [[town]], [[city]] (regardless of population size or land area)

=====Derived terms=====
{{col5|nb
|bydel
|byfornyelse
|byfornying
|bygdeby
|bykart
|bymessig
|byplanlegging
|bysentrum
|bystat
|bystatus
|bystrøk
|drabantby
|ferieby
|festningsby
|gamleby
|garnisonsby
|gruveby
|havneby
|hjemby
|industriby
|innlandsby
|kystby
|landsby
|Mexico by
|naboby
|oldtidsby
|provinsby
|spøkelsesby
|stasjonsby
|storby
|vennskapsby
|vertsby
}}

===Etymology 2===
{{root|nb|ine-pro|*bʰewdʰ-}}
From {{m|nb|byde}}, from {{der|nb|non|bjóða}}, from {{der|nb|gem-pro|*beudaną||to offer}}, from {{der|nb|ine-pro|*bʰewdʰ-||to wake, rise up}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|nb|byde}}

====Verb====
{{head|nb|verb|imperative|by|present tense|byr|simple past|bød|or|bøy|or|bydde|past participle|budt|or|bydd}}

# to [[bid]]; [[offer]]
# to [[ask]]; [[invite]]
# to [[command]]; [[order]]

===References===
* {{R:The Bokmål Dictionary}}

==Norwegian Nynorsk==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|nn|/byː/}}

===Etymology 1===
{{root|nn|ine-pro|*bʰuH-}}
From {{inh|nn|non|býr|g=m}}, from {{inh|nn|gem-pro|*būwiz}}. {{doublet|nn|bø}}.

====Noun====
{{nn-noun-m1}}

# [[town]], [[city]] (regardless of population size or land area)

=====Derived terms=====
{{col5|nn
|austlandsby
|badeby
|brakkeby
|byantikvar
|bybarn
|bybefolkning
|bybilde|bybilete
|bybod
|bybuar
|bydame
|bydel
|byfant
|byfjord
|byfolk
|byfornying
|byfut
|bygard
|bygartnar
|bygate
|bygdeby
|bygut
|byhistorie
|byingeniør
|byjente
|bykart
|bykjerne
|bykommune
|bykultur
|bykvinne
|byliv
|bymann
|bymark
|bymenneske
|bymessig
|bymiljø
|bymur
|bymus
|bymusé|bymuseum
|bymål
|bynamn
|bynær
|byoriginal
|bypark
|byplan
|byplanlegging
|byport
|byrett
|byråd
|bysamfunn
|bysbarn
|bysenter
|bysentrum
|bystat
|bystatus
|bystrøk
|bystyre
|bysykkel
|byting
|bytrafikk
|byvandring
|byvis
|byvåpen
|drabantby
|ferieby
|festningsby
|fødeby
|gamleby
|garnisonsby
|granneby
|grenseby
|gruveby
|hageby
|hamneby
|hansaby
|heimby
|hytteby
|industriby
|innlandsby
|kystby
|landsby
|Mexico by
|millionby
|mjøsby
|naboby
|oldtidsby
|open by
|provinsby
|reinby
|residensby
|ruinby
|sjøfartsby
|småby
|soveby
|spøkelsesby
|spøkjelsesby
|stasjonsby
|storby
|studentby
|vennskapsby
|venskapsby
|verdsby
|vertsby
|vestlandsby
|villa by
}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|nn|bu}}

===Etymology 2===
{{root|nn|ine-pro|*bʰewdʰ-}}
From {{inh|nn|non|bjóða}}, from {{inh|nn|gem-pro|*beudaną||to offer}}, from {{der|nn|ine-pro|*bʰewdʰ-||to wake, rise up}}. Akin to {{cog|en|bid}}.

====Alternative forms====
* {{alt|nn|bjoda|bjode|byda|byde}}

====Verb====
{{head|nn|verb|cat2=strong verbs|cat3=class 2 strong verbs|cat4=strong verbs|present tense|byr|past tense|baud|or|bydde|supine|bode|or|bydd|or|bydt|past participle|boden|or|bydd|present participle|bydande|imperative|by}}

# to [[command]], [[order]]
#: {{ux|nn|Eg '''byd''' deg å stoppe.|I '''command''' you to stop.}}
# to [[bid]], [[offer]]
#: {{ux|nn|Eg '''byd''' deg 100 kroner.|I '''offer''' you a 100 NOK.}}
# to [[offer]]
#: {{ux|nn|Bestemor '''baud''' på småkaker.|Granny '''offered''' us cookies.}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col5|nn
|by av
|bydande
|bydeform
|bydesetning
|by fram
|by imot
|by inn
|by over
|by på
|by på seg sjølv
|by til
|by under
|by ut
|påby
|falby
|forby
|innby
|misby
|motbydeleg
|skamby
|takk som byr
|tilby
}}

=====Related terms=====
* {{l|nn|bod|g=n}}

===References===
* {{R:ND}}
* {{R:Ordnett}}

==Old Czech==

===Etymology===
{{inh+|zlw-ocs|sla-pro|*by}}.

===Conjunction===
{{head|zlw-ocs|conjunction}}

# {{inflection of|zlw-ocs|býti||2//3|s|aor}}
#: {{syn|zlw-ocs|bě}}
# {{ng|Introduces a clause two which the speaker has reservations or uncertainty.}}
# {{ng|Especially with a negated verb; expresses concern.}}
# {{ng|Introduces a clause of intention}}; [[in order to]]; [[would that]]
# {{ng|Especially after a negated verb; expresses that the viewer sees something as unrealistic.}}
# {{ng|Forms a conditional}}; [[would]]
# {{ng|Admissive}}; [[albeit]], [[although]]

====Descendants====
* {{desc|cs|by}}

===References===
* {{R:zlw-ocs:Gebauer|+}}

==Old Polish==

===Pronunciation===
* {{zlw-opl-IPA}}

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|zlw-opl|sla-pro|*by}}. {{etydate|14th century}}.

====Conjunction====
{{head|zlw-opl|conjunction}}

# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Lesser Poland|Greater Poland}} {{ng|introduces a clause of aim}}; [[to]], [[so that]], [[in order to]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Fl|9, 31|Grzeszni... godzi, '''bi''' vlapil vbogego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)|Grzeszny... godzi, '''by''' ułapił ubogiego (insidiatur, ut rapiat pauperem)|-}}
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Leksz|II|1773|1395|Orandowal i[e]szm do gich domv, '''by''' penødze brali|Orędował j[e]śm do jich domu, '''by''' pieniądze brali|-}}
# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Lesser Poland}} {{ng|introduces a command}}; [[to]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Dek|III|2|Pamyantay, tobe vyele, '''by''' czczil suato y nyedzela|Pamiętaj, tobie wielę, '''by''' czcił święto i niedzielę|-}}
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:BiblWarsz|1861|III|34|1398|Micolay prosil prze bok, '''by''' mu othpustil przisi[an]gą|Mikołaj prosił prze Bog, '''by''' mu otpuścił przysi[ę]gę|-}}
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Reg|721|1484|Nye chczemy, '''by''' tho zgromadzenye navyedzal... kthory lagyk (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)|Nie chcemy, '''by''' to zgromadzenie nawiedzał... ktory lajik (nolumus tamen congregationem huiusmodi a laico visitari)|-}}
# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Greater Poland}} {{ng|introduces a clarifying clause}}; [[to]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Błażej|320|Swyøty Blaszey gemu rzekl: Wylo, mnymasz, '''by''' *twey møky mogly odyøcz miloscz bozø|Święty Błażej jemu rzekł: Wiło, mnimasz, '''by''' twe[j] męki mogły odjąć miłość bożą|-}}
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Piek VI|272|1405|Roman Ianoui ne slubowal, '''bi''' mu szø gwalth ne sstal w gego domu|Roman Janowi nie ślubował, '''by''' mu się gwałt nie sstał w jego domu|-}}
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:HubeZb|109|1401|Sczepan zalowal, '''bi''' Przibkowa dzewka mu pancz grziwen wcradla|Szczepan żałował, '''by''' Przybkowa dziewka mu pięć grzywien ukradła|-}}
# {{ng|introduces clauses of emotions}}; [[to]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:R|XXII|235|Middle of the fifteenth century|Boymisch syą, '''bichom''' pichą krolewstwa nyebyeskyego ny straczily|Bojmyż się, '''bychom''' pychą krolewstwa niebieskiego ni stracili|-}}
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Rozm|610|Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali; a kiedy przyszedł a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom, '''by''' jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić|Byli krzywi, bo im był przykazał, aby nie spali. A kiedy przyszedł, a oni śpią, pochwacili sie ze snu..., bo im było żal i srom, '''by''' jego pośledniej kaźni nie mogli popełnić|-}}
# {{ng|introduces a subjective clause}}; [[in order to]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Dek|II|1|Tocz yest volą bogą naszego, '''bychom''' pelnyly przykaząnye *yago|Toć jest wola Boga naszego, '''bychom''' pełnili przykazanie jego|-}}
# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Greater Poland}} {{ng|introduces an attributive clause}}; [[in order to]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Leksz|II|1376|1399|Micol[ay] s Wawrzincem ne vmawal nigednei vmo[wi], '''bi''' meli pusczicz na przyaczele|Mikoł[aj] z Wawrzyńcem nie umawiał nijednej umo[wy], '''by''' mieli puścić na przyjaciele|-}}
# {{ng|introduces a clausal clause}}; [[in order to]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Rozm|790|Nie jesteśmy tako źli, '''bychmy''' to uczynili|Nie jestesmy tako źli, '''bychmy''' to uczynili|-}}
# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Lesser Poland}} {{ng|introduces an unreal conditional clause}}; [[if]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Fl|93, 17|Bo '''by''' bog ne podpomogl me, przes mala przebiwalabi bila w pekle dusza moia (nisi quia dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)|Bo '''by''' Bog nie podpomogł mie, przez mała przebywałaby była w piekle dusza moja (nisi quia Dominus adiuvit me, paulo minus habitasset in inferno anima mea)|-}}
# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Masovia}} {{ng|admissive}}; [[albeit]], [[although]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Sul|63|(Pothkomorze wszącz ma)... dwa rydla a nye wyączey, '''by''' tesz dwye alybo trzy dzedzyny myedzy dwyema granyczyl (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)|(Podkomorze wziąć ma)... dwa rydla, a nie więcej, '''by''' też dwie alibo trzy dziedziny miedzy dwiema graniczył (etiamsi duas aut tres hereditates inter duos limitaret)|-}}

====Particle====
{{head|zlw-opl|particle}}

# {{lb|zlw-opl|attested in|Lesser Poland}} {{ng|expresses [[optative]] meaning}}; [[if only]], [[had better]], [[let]]
#* {{RQ:zlw-opl:Fl|27, 1|Bosze moy, ne milczy ote mne, '''bi''' negdi ne milczal ote mne (deus meus, ne sileas a me, ne quando taceas a me)|Boże moj, nie milczy ote mnie, '''by''' niegdy nie milczał ote mnie (Deus meus, ne sileas a me, ne quando taceas a me)|-}}

=====Descendants=====
* {{desc|pl|by}}
* {{desc|szl|by}}

===Etymology 2===
{{nonlemma}}

====Verb====
{{head|zlw-opl|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|zlw-opl|być||3|s|aor}}
# {{inflection of|zlw-opl|być||2|s|aor}}

===References===
* {{R:pl:Boryś}}
* {{R:pl:Sławski}}
* {{R:pl:Bańkowski}}
* {{R:zlw-opl:SPJSP}}

==Polish==

===Etymology===
{{dercat|pl|sla-pro|inh=1}}
{{inh+|pl|zlw-opl|by}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{pl-pr|a=Pl-by.ogg|mp=#}}

===Particle===
{{head|pl|particle}}

# {{ng|forms the conditional mood}}; [[would]], [[would've]]
#: {{uxi|pl|On '''by''' tam nie poszedł./On nie poszedł'''by''' tam.|He would not go there.}}

===Conjunction===
{{head|pl|conjunction}}

# {{ng|creates a subordinate clause expressing desire or wish}}; [[to]], [[so that]], [[for that]], [[in order to]] {{+obj|pl|past-cl}}
#: {{syn|pl|aby|ażeby|żeby}}
# {{ng|creates an [[optative]] clause}}; [[if only]], [[had better]], [[let]] {{+obj|pl|past-cl}}
#: {{par|pl|bodaj|bodajby|byle|byleby|niech|niechaj|niechajże|niechby|niechże|oby}}
# {{ng|creates a subordinate clause expressing aim or purpose, one's goal}}; [[to]], [[so that]], [[for that]], [[in order to]] {{+obj|pl|inf}}
#: {{syn|pl|aby|ażeby|żeby}}
# {{ng|creates a subordinate clause in which one states the possibility of something depends on something else}}; [[to]], [[so that]], [[for that]], [[in order to]] {{+obj|pl|inf}}
#: {{syn|pl|aby|ażeby|żeby}}
# {{ng|introduces a subordinate clause relating a following event with a previous one that is not caused by the first event}}; [[just to]], [[only to]] {{+obj|pl|inf}}
#: {{syn|pl|aby|ażeby}}
# {{ng|introduces a subordinate clause expression doubt}}; [[if]]
#: {{syn|pl|ażeby|żeby}}

====Declension====
{{pl-decl-combined-forms}}

===Trivia===
{{pl-freq 1990|20|5|64|88|172|349|144|39|1}}

===References===
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:pl:WSJP}}
* {{R:pl:PWN}}
* {{R:pl:SXVI|+|45261}}
* {{R:pl:SXVII|BY|7424|date=19.09.2022}}
* {{R:pl:SJP1807}}
* {{R:pl:SJP1861}}
* {{R:pl:SJP1900||242|1}}

==Scots==

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|sco|bye|bi'|be|b'}}

===Etymology===
From {{inh|sco|enm|by}}, from {{inh|sco|ang|bi}}, from {{inh|sco|gmw-pro|*bī}}. Cognates include {{cog|en|by}} and {{cog|yol|bee}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|sco|[ˈbɪ]|[ˈbə]}}<ref name=DSL>{{R:DSL|by|prep., adv., conj.|url=https://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/by}}</ref>
* {{q|emphatic}} {{IPA|sco|[ˈbɑɪ̯]}}<ref name=DSL />

===Preposition===
{{head|sco|preposition}}

# [[#English|by]]
# {{q|in comparisons}} [[than]]
#* {{quote-book|sco|year=1894|title=A Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant|author=Robert Hunter|text=Archie was auld '''by''' me.|t=Archie was older '''than''' me.|lit=Archie was old '''by''' me.}}

===Adverb===
{{head|sco|adverb}}

# [[#English|by]], [[nearby]]

===Conjunction===
{{head|sco|conjunction}}

# [[#English|by]] (the time that)

===References===
<references/>

==Silesian==

===Etymology===
{{dercat|szl|sla-pro|inh=1}}
{{inh+|szl|zlw-opl|by}}.

===Pronunciation===
{{szl-pr}}

===Particle===
{{head|szl|particle}}

# {{ng|forms the conditional mood}}; [[would]], [[would've]]

===Conjunction===
{{head|szl|conjunction}}

# [[in order to]], [[so that]]
#: {{syn|szl|aby|ażby|coby|iżeby|żeby}}

====Declension====
{{szl-decl-combined-forms}}

====Related terms====
{{col-auto|szl|title=suffix|-by}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:szl:silling}}

==Slovak==

===Pronunciation===
* {{sk-IPA}}

===Etymology 1===
{{inh+|sk|sla-pro|*by}}.

====Particle====
{{head|sk|pcl}}

# {{ng|Used to form the conditional mood:}} [[would]].
#: {{uxi|sk|Išiel '''by''' som tam, keby som mohol.|I '''would''' go there, if I could.}}
# {{ng|Used as an independent part of some conjunctions, often expressing comparison or concession.}}
#: {{coi|sk|čo '''by''' aj|even if}}
#: {{uxi|sk|Vstal ako '''by''' nič.|He woke up as if it were nothing.}}
#: {{uxi|sk|Bodaj '''by''' nešiel.|I wish he wouldn't go.}}

=====Related terms=====
{{col-auto|sk|aby|keby|žeby|akoby}}

===Etymology 2===
Reduction of {{m|sk|aby}}, {{inh+|sk|sla-pro|*aby|nocap=1}}.

====Conjunction====
{{head|sk|conjunction}}

# {{lb|sk|subordinating|literary}} {{alternative form of|sk|aby||so that; in order to}}.

===Further reading===
* {{R:sk:SDK}}

==Swedish==
{{wikipedia|lang=sv}}

===Pronunciation===
* {{audio|sv|Sv-by.ogg}}

===Etymology 1===
From {{inh|sv|gmq-osw|bȳr}}, {{m|gmq-osw|bȳ||village, farm, town}}, from {{inh|sv|non|býr}}. Cognate with {{cog|da|by}} (“town, city”, whence also {{cog|fo|býur}} with the same meaning), {{cog|nb|by||town, city}} and {{cog|nn|by||town, city}}.

====Noun====
{{sv-noun|c}}

# [[hamlet]]
# [[village]]
# {{lb|sv|obsolete}} [[farm]]
# {{lb|sv|obsolete}} [[town]], [[city]]
# {{lb|sv|slang|in the definite "byn"}} [[Rinkeby]]

=====Declension=====
{{sv-noun-irreg-c|2=byn|3=byar}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col5|sv
|byalag
|byallmänning
|byamål
|bybo
|bydåre
|byfåne
|bygata
|byhåla
|byoriginal
|bypolitik
|bypolitiker
|byracka
|bysamfällighet
|byskola
|byskvaller
|byslagsmål
|bysnille
|bystämma
|bytänkande
|byväg
|hemby
|kyrkby
}}

===Etymology 2===
From {{der|sv|nl|bui}} or {{der|sv|nds|bö}}, {{m|nds|böe}}, {{m|nds|böje}}. Cognate with {{cog|da|byge}}, {{cog|nb|byge}}, {{m|nb|bøye}} and {{cog|nn|bye}}, {{m|nn|bøye}}.

====Noun====
{{sv-noun|c}}

# [[gust]], rush of wind

=====Declension=====
{{sv-noun-irreg-c|2=byn|3=byar}}

=====Derived terms=====
{{col5|sv
|byig
|bymoln
|hagelby
|kastby
|orkanby
|regnby
|snöby
|stormby
|vindby
|åskby
}}

===References===
* {{R:svenska.se|so}}
* {{R:svenska.se|saol}}
* {{R:svenska.se|saob}}
* {{R:runeberg.org|svetym|0161.html by}}
* {{R:NE}}

==Upper Sorbian==

===Pronunciation===
* {{hsb-IPA}}
* {{rhymes|hsb|ɨ|s=1}}
* {{hyph|caption=Syllabification|hsb|by}}

===Verb===
{{head|hsb|verb form}}

# {{inflection of|hsb|być||2//3|s|cond}}

==West Frisian==

===Pronunciation===
* {{IPA|fy|/bɛi̯/|a=Clay}}
* {{IPA|fy|/bi/|a=Wood}}

===Preposition===
{{head|fy|preposition}}

# [[near]] to
# [[in relation to]]
#: {{ux|fy|'''By''' âlds|t=In the olden days}}

====Further reading====
* {{R:WFT|7607}}

==Yola==

===Preposition===
{{head|yol|preposition}}

# {{alt form|yol|bee||by}}
#* {{quote-book|yol|year=1867|page=84|chapter=A YOLA ZONG|number=3|title=SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY|passage=At '''by''' mizluck was ee-pit t'drive in.|translation=Who '''by''' misluck was placed to drive in.}}
#* {{quote-book|yol|year=1867|chapter=A YOLA ZONG|number=6|page=86|title=SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY|passage=Many a bra draught '''by''' Tommeen was ee-maate;|translation=Many a brave stroke '''by''' Tommy was made;}}

===References===
* {{R:Poole 1867}}