View source for 士

{{also|土|±}}
{{character info}}
{{character info|⼠}}
==Translingual==
{{stroke order|type=animate}}

===Han character===
{{Han char|rn=33|rad=士|as=00|sn=3|four=40100|canj=JM|ids=⿱十一}}

# {{mul-kangxi radical-def}}
# {{mul-shuowen radical-def|9}}

====Derived characters====
* [[Appendix:Chinese radical/士]]
* {{l|mul|[[仕]], [[𫸑]], [[𢩿]], [[𬚯]], [[𥾘]], [[𧺑]], [[𬐂]], [[𪐢]], [[𫣸]], [[𤴶]], [[㐊]], [[吉]], [[志]], [[毐]], [[𰧭]], [[𥑟]], [[悫]], [[槖]], [[賣]], [[𧶠]], [[蠧]], [[𡆮]], [[𣪊]], [[𥒃]]}}

====References====
{{Han ref|kx=0242.380|dkj=05638|dj=0482.380|hdz=10416.010|uh=58EB}}

==Chinese==

===Glyph origin===
{{Han etym}}
{{liushu|p}} – a war axe. Later, it took the meaning of "soldier" and eventually "officer, intellectual". Partly related to [[王]] since in at least two characters it should represent a ritual axe, perhaps made of jade: in fact, it is related to [[圭]] and [[金]] despite their appearence.

===Etymology 1===
{{zh-forms|alt=土}}
;"bachelor, man, male"
:*Reminiscent of [[Austroasiatic]] synonyms like {{cog|okz|si||male}} or MK words for "man, male" like *''ʔŋsiil'', *''ensir'', *''kəsəy'' on the Malay Peninsula; {{zh-ref|Schuessler (2007)}} noted that foreign *''-r'' sometimes left traces in OC initial complex. These relations, if, valid, would keep 士<sub>1</sub> "bachelor, man, male" distinct from 士<sub>2</sub> "servant, retainer, officer, scholar".

;"take or give an office, serve", "servant", "retainer", "officer", "scholar"
:*{{zh-ref|Schuessler (2007)}} noted that one could naturally assume the semantic development "male > man > servant > to serve" in order to posit that 士<sub>1</sub> "bachelor, man, male" is the same word as 士<sub>2</sub> "servant, retainer, officer, scholar". Yet, the exopassive derivation {{och-l|事}} "assignment, affair, thing" and Tibeto-Burman counterparts demonstrated no association with "man, maleness"; & "male" hardly derives from "to serve".
:*Therefore, Schuessler derived these forms from {{och-l|理}} "envoy, jail official, matchmaker" & proposed ultimate {{der|zh|aav}} origins. In terms of phonology, MC *''dʐ-'' normally does not occur with *''l-'' and *''ʂ'' in an ST word-family, apparently confirming a non-ST provenance; however, MC *''dʐ-'' here could go back to OC *''s-r-'' (unlike MC *''ʂ-'', which is from OC *''sr'')
:*Subsequenly, Schuessler posited either relation to Austroasiatic or OC loan into Tibeto-Burman as {{cog|tbq-pro|*ʔ-dzəj||send on an errant}} ({{zh-ref|Matisoff, 2003}}), whence {{cog|my|စာ|t=thing}} & {{cog|bo|རྫས||thing, matter, object}} ({{zh-ref|Gong, 1999}}). Even so, Tibeto-Burman cognates of this etymon and {{zh-l|所}} are difficult to distinguish.

====Pronunciation====
{{zh-pron
|m=shì
|m-s=si4
|dg=
|c=si6
|c-t=lhu5
|g=si5
|h=pfs=sṳ;gd=si4
|j=si3
|mb=sū
|md=sê̤ṳ
|mn=xm,zz,tw:sū/qz:sǐr/ph:sǐ
|mn-t=se6
|w=sh:6zy
|x=sr4
|mc=y
|oc=y
|cat=n,v,pn
}}

====Definitions====
{{head|zh|hanzi}}

# {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[unmarried]] [[male]]; [[bachelor]]
#* {{zh-x|求 我 庶 士、迨 其 吉 兮。|For those many '''bachelors''' who seek me, now is favorably timely.|CL|ref=Shijing}}
# {{lb|zh|obsolete}} {{lb|zh|honorific}} [[man]]
#* {{zh-x|女 曰：「雞鳴。」士 曰：「昧旦。」|I the wife say: "It is the cock-crow." '''Ye the husband''' say: "It is grey-dawn."|ref=Shijing}}
#* {{zh-x|士 為 知己-者 死，女 為 悅-己-者 容。|A '''man''' will die for one who understands him, a lady will adorn herself for one who loves her.|CL|ref=Zhanguoce}}
# {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[general]]; [[high]]-[[rank]]ing [[military]] [[officer]]
# {{lb|zh|obsolete}} [[soldier]]; [[noncommissioned officer]]
#: {{zh-x|士兵|soldier}}
# {{lb|zh|historical}} {{w|scholar-official}} {{gloss|civil servant appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day governance}}
# {{lb|zh|historical}} {{n-g|self-appellation used by scholar-officials in ancient China, when addressing the emperor:}} [[I]]; [[subject]]
# {{lb|zh|historical}} a [[social]] [[stratum]] in ancient China
#* {{zh-x|無 恆產 而 有 恆心 者，惟 士 為{wéi} 能。若 民，則 無 恆產，因 無 恆心。|They are only '''men of education''' (i.e., the ''shi''), who, without a certain livelihood, are able to maintain a fixed heart. As to the people (i.e. lower commoners), if they have not a certain livelihood, it follows that they will not have a fixed heart.|ref=Mencius-L}}
#* {{zh-x|士 貴 耳，王者 不 貴。|It is the '''''shi''''' that is noble, not the king.|ref=Zhanguoce}}
#* {{zh-x|民 之 愚，不 學 而已；士 之 愚，則 學 非 所 學 而 益 愚。|The uneducated commoners are ignorant simply because they do not study. The '''''shi''''' studies what is not worth studying, thus he becomes even more stupid.|CL|ref=1903. [[w:Zou Rong|Zou Rong]], ''The Revolutionary Army''}}
# [[scholar]]; [[academic]]; [[intellectual]]; [[intelligentsia]]
#: {{zh-x|博士|doctor; doctoral degree}}
#: {{zh-x|院士|academician}}
#: {{zh-x|居士|lay Buddhist or retired scholar}}
# {{lb|zh|honorific|obsolete}} {{n-g|suffix for a [[virtuous]], [[knowledgeable]] or [[skilled]] person:}} [[commendable]] [[person]]
#: {{zh-x|女士|Lady}}
#: {{zh-x|護士|nurse}}
#: {{zh-x|人士|public figure}}
#: {{zh-x|助產士|midwife}}
# {{lb|zh|Chinese chess}} [[adviser]]; [[guard]]; [[minister]]: [[🩨]] (usually only on the black side, in some sets on both red and black sides)
# {{lb|zh|obsolete}} {{alt form|zh|仕|t=to be an [[official]]}}
# {{surname|zh}}

=====Usage notes=====
* {{lang|zh|士}} is commonly used to render the {{IPAchar|/s/}} sound (not followed by a vowel) in foreign names, e.g. {{zh-l|威士忌|[[whiskey|whi'''s'''key]]}}, {{zh-l|巴士|[[bus|bu'''s''']]}}, which is from Cantonese usage.

=====Coordinate terms=====
* {{list:Chinese chess pieces/zh}}

====Compounds====
{{col3|zh|戰士|爵士|修士|武士|將士|名士|居士|騎士|勇士|士大夫畫|恭士|士兵|女博士|女士|佳士|士庶|五經博士|凡士林|善士|勁士|北門學士|名士風流|中士|士子|壯士斷腕|博士弟子|居士屩|士伍|廉士|俊士|大學士|吉士|上士|哈士蟆|休士頓市|士飽馬騰|忠臣烈士|名士派|名人達士|士氣|士紳|傳教士|寒士|俗士|忠臣義士|地方人士|列士|善心人士|博士|博士買驢|國士無雙|充員戰士|國士|下士|弓矛之士|多士|便士|慶士|卿士|愛才好士|愛人好士|土博士|志士|取士|恆士|志能之士|志士仁人|劍士|大士|德士|徵士|博士學位|彥士|學士服|幕士|巴士海峽|巴士|傲賢慢士|巖穴之士|士林|夜士|力士|壯士|吏士|公士|將士用命|仁人志士|富士山|大流士|國家博士|士君子|學士|代議士|信士|士女|威士忌|女學士|士巴拿|好賢禮士|女修士|奇人異士|士族|士官|大馬士革|士敏土|士卒|壯士解腕|士類|士農工商|士民|士夫|士大夫|士人|助產士|士戶|圓桌武士|任士|愨士|反共義士|太常博士|兵士|俠士|各界人士|四進士|司士|屈身下士|不櫛進士|大力士|募士|八百壯士|六一居士|令士|元士|圓通大士|儒士|丟士|弼士|介士|人士|文士|方外之士|普魯士藍|狂士|拂士|武進士|東坡居士|江湖術士|知人下士|敬賢禮士|推賢下士|爵士舞|有志之士|欽賢好士|昆士蘭|技士|泰晤士報|武士道|普魯士|熊羆之士|求賢下士|百金之士|法家拂士|折節待士|烈士|清士|泰晤士河|禮士親賢|窮巷士|秋士|教士|禮賢接士|有識之士|扛鼎士|沙士|熊虎之士|才士|折節禮士|折節下士|空中巴士|波士尼亞|秀士|禮賢下士|求賢用士|浮士德|異士奇人|湖海之士|爪士|猛士|文房四士|敢死士|皮相士|的士|斯芬克士|斗酒學士|碩士|白衣秀士|白衣大士|白士|甲士|橫行介士|瑞士聯邦|方士|朝士|特別護士|瑞士|爵士樂|爪牙之士|濟濟多士|焦面大士|招賢納士|烈士徇名|推賢進士|新爵士樂|游士|浪士|死士|波士頓|曠士|男士|武士刀|星士|智士|椎牛饗士|禮賢好士|招賢下士|曲士|相士|斗方名士|文人雅士|火居道士|磨博士|開科取士|飽學之士|輕賢慢士|茶博士|紳士|細士|開士|都人士|進士出身|辯士|輕財好士|顯士|能士|謙謙下士|虛士|鐵甲武士|衒士|蘇伊士|達士|羽士|節士|雅士|護士節|馬士河|陰丹士林|耿介之士|紳士協定|麴道士|選士厲兵|自由鬥士|花博士|虎士|貧士|鬥牛士|超博士|魁士|茅山道士|鶴鳴之士|高人逸士|賢士|闡士|髦士|邦士|高士|高人勝士|騎士教育|蘇黎士|策士|香山居士|餒士|養賢納士|輕財重士|處士|護士長|高層人士|辟人之士|舌辯之士|說士|謙恭下士|術士|端人正士|進士及第|道士|解甲休士|陪士特|院士|輕財敬士|貞士|門下士|鍊氣士|銳士|誼士|謙以下士|野雞巴士|貢士|酒博士|衛道之士|青蓮居士|達士通人|進士|逢掖之士|造士|觀音大士|賓士|義士|輕車介士|軍士|鬥士|衛士|車士|躬先士卒|身先士卒|隱士|蓬戶士|起士|算博士|繩樞之士|雙層巴士|青雲之士|豪士|護士|謙遜下士|謀士|素士|虐士|身先士眾|華萊士|良士|選士|納士招賢|非母語人士|母語人士|巴士底日|士為知己者死|士可殺不可辱|乩士}}

====Descendants====
{{CJKV||し|사|sĩ}}

===Etymology 2===
{{zh-forms}}

====Pronunciation====
{{zh-pron
|c=si6
|dial=n
|cat=n
}}

====Definitions====
{{head|zh|hanzi}}

# {{lb|zh|music}} {{ng|[[Cantonese opera]] [[gongche]] [[notation]] for the [[note]] [[low la]] (6̣).}}
#: {{syn|zh|四<qq:Kunqu>}}

====Derived terms====
{{col3|zh|yue:仕<tr:si{{sup|6}}>}}

===Etymology 3===
{{zh-see|土}}

===References===
* {{R:yue:Hanzi}}
* {{R:twedu|A00831}}
* {{R:twedu|A00740-002}}

==Japanese==

===Kanji===
{{ja-kanji|grade=4|rs=士00}}

====Readings====
{{ja-readings
|goon=じ
|kanon=し
|kun=さむらい-, つかさ
|nanori=ひと
}}

====Compounds====
{{der-top|Compounds}}
* {{ja-r|会%計%士|かい%けい%し}}
* {{ja-r|騎%士|き%し}}: knight
* {{ja-r|士%卒|し%そつ}}: [[officers]] and [[soldiers]], [[soldiers]]
* {{ja-r|戦%士|せん%し}}: [[soldier]], [[warrior]]
* {{ja-r|博%士|はか%せ}}: doctor (degree)
* {{ja-r|武%士|ぶ%し}}
* {{ja-r|学%士|がく%し}}: a graduate (from a university)
{{der-bottom}}
{{ja-kanjitab|し|yomi=o}}

===Etymology 1===

====Pronunciation====
{{ja-pron|し|acc=1|acc_ref=DJR,NHK}}

====Noun====
{{ja-noun|し}}

# [[samurai]], [[warrior]]

====Suffix====
{{ja-pos|suffix|し}}

# person with a certain qualification.
#: {{ja-usex|弁護'''士'''|べんご'''し'''|a lawyer}}
#: {{ja-usex|会計'''士'''|かいけい'''し'''|an accountant}}

===Etymology 2===
{{ja-kanjitab|さむらい|yomi=k}}
{{ja-see|侍}}

===References===
<references/>

==Korean==

===Etymology===
From {{der|ko|ltc|-}} {{ltc-l|士}}.

{{collapse|
* {{hanja-dongguk|ᄊᆞᆼ〯|ssǒ}}
* {{hanja-hunmong|ᄉᆞ〮|só|人類#중01B}}
|Historical readings
|bg=#FFFFFF}}

===Pronunciation===
{{ko-hanja-pron|사|l=y}}

===Hanja===
{{ko-hanja-search}}
{{ko-hanja|선비|사}}

# {{hanja form of|사|[[scholar]]; [[gentleman]]; [[soldier]]}}

====Compounds====
{{der-top3|Compounds}}
* {{ko-l|석사|[[master's degree]]|碩士}}
* {{ko-l|박사|[[doctor]]|博士}}
* {{ko-l|군사|[[soldier]]|軍士}}
* {{ko-l|전사|[[warrior]]|戰士}}
* {{ko-l|조종사|[[pilot]]|操縱士}}
* {{ko-l|변호사|[[lawyer]]|辯護士}}
* {{ko-l|최면술사|[[hypnotist]]|催眠術士}}
{{der-bottom}}

===References===
* {{R:hanjadoc|2043}}

==Vietnamese==

===Han character===
{{vi-readings|reading=[[sĩ]], [[sỹ]]|rs=士00}}

# {{vi-Han form of|sĩ|[[scholar]]; [[soldier]]}}

====Compounds====
{{col3|vi
|{{vi-l|博士|bác sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|兵士|binh sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|歌士|ca sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|戰士|chiến sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|勇士|dũng sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|藥士|dược sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|道士|đạo sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|下士|hạ sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|俠士|hiệp sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|畫士|hoạ sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|騎士|kị sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|烈士|liệt sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|力士|lực sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|謀士|mưu sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|藝士|nghệ sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|議士|nghị sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|牙士|nha sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|樂士|nhạc sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|軍士|quân sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|士面|sĩ diện}}
|{{vi-l|士官|sĩ quan}}
|{{vi-l|士數|sĩ số}}
|{{vi-l|士子|sĩ tử}}
|{{vi-l|碩士|thạc sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|詩士|thi sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|上士|thượng sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|進士|tiến sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|壯士|tráng sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|中士|trung sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|修士|tu sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|將士|tướng sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|文士|văn sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|衛士|vệ sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|院士|viện sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|武士|võ sĩ}}
|{{vi-l|醫士|y sĩ}}
}}

====References====
* [http://nomfoundation.org/common/nom_details.php?codepoint=58eb Nom Foundation]

[[Category:CJKV radicals| ]]