beyond the letter B. In 1876 he was appointed director of the state archives in Bucharest and in 1878 professor of philology at the university of Bucharest. His works, which include one drama, Rasvan şi Vidra, bear the impress of great originality of thought, and the author is often carried away by his profound erudition and vast imagination. Hasdeu was a keen politician. After the death of his only child Julia in 1888 he became a mystic and a strong believer in spiritism. He died at Campina on the 7th of September 1907. (M. G.)
HASDRUBAL, the name of several Carthaginian generals,
among whom the following are the most important:—
1. The son-in-law of Hamilcar Barca (q.v.), who followed the latter in his campaign against the governing aristocracy at Carthage at the close of the First Punic War, and in his subsequent career of conquest in Spain. After Hamilcar’s death (228) Hasdrubal, who succeeded him in the command, extended the newly acquired empire by skilful diplomacy, and consolidated it by the foundation of New Carthage (Cartagena) as the capital of the new province, and by a treaty with Rome which fixed the Ebro as the boundary between the two powers. In 221 he was killed by an assassin.
Polybius ii. 1; Livy xxi. 1; Appian, Hispanica, 4-8.
2. The second son of Hamilcar Barca, and younger brother of Hannibal. Left in command of Spain when Hannibal departed to Italy (218), he fought for six years against the brothers Gnaeus and Publius Scipio. He had on the whole the worst of the conflict, and a defeat in 216 prevented him from joining Hannibal in Italy at a critical moment; but in 212 he completely routed his opponents, both the Scipios being killed. He was subsequently outgeneralled by Publius Scipio the Younger, who in 209 captured New Carthage and gained other advantages. In the same year he was summoned to join his brother in Italy. He eluded Scipio by crossing the Pyrenees at their western extremity, and, making his way thence through Gaul and the Alps in safety, penetrated far into Central Italy (207). He was ultimately checked by two Roman armies, and being forced to give battle was decisively defeated on the banks of the Metaurus. Hasdrubal himself fell in the fight; his head was cut off and thrown into Hannibal’s camp as a sign of his utter defeat.
Polybius x. 34-xi. 3; Livy xxvii. 1-51; Appian, Bellum Hannibalicum, ch. lii. sqq.; R. Oehler, Der letzte Feldzug des Barkiden Hasdrubals (Berlin, 1897); C. Lehmann, Die Angriffe der drei Barkiden auf Italien (Leipzig, 1905). See also Punic Wars.
HASE, CARL BENEDICT (1780–1864), French Hellenist, of
German extraction, was born at Sulza near Naumburg on the
11th of May 1780. Having studied at Jena and Helmstedt, in
1801 he made his way on foot to Paris, where he was commissioned
by the comte de Choiseul-Gouffier, late ambassador to
Constantinople, to edit the works of Johannes Lydus from a
MS. given to Choiseul by Prince Mourousi. Hase thereupon
decided to devote himself to Byzantine history and literature,
on which he became the acknowledged authority. In 1805 he
obtained an appointment in the MSS. department of the royal
library; in 1816 became professor of palaeography and modern
Greek at the École Royale, and in 1852 professor of comparative
grammar in the university. In 1812 he was selected to
superintend the studies of Louis Napoleon (afterwards Napoleon
III.) and his brother. He died on the 21st of March 1864. His
most important works are the editions of Leo Diaconus and
other Byzantine writers (1819), and of Johannes Lydus, De
ostentis (1823), a masterpiece of textual restoration, the difficulties
of which were aggravated by the fact that the MS. had
for a long time been stowed away in a wine-barrel in a monastery.
He also edited part of the Greek authors in the collection of the
Historians of the Crusades and contributed many additions
(from the fathers, medical and technical writers, scholiasts and
other sources) to the new edition of Stephanus’s Thesaurus.
See J. D. Guigniaut, Notice historique sur la vie et les travaux de Carl Benedict Hase (Paris, 1867); articles in Nouvelle Biographie générale and Allgemeine deutsche Biographie; and a collection of autobiographical letters, Briefe von der Wanderung und aus Paris, edited by O. Heine (1894), containing a vivid account of Hase’s journey, his enthusiastic impressions of Paris and the hardships of his early life.
HASE, KARL AUGUST VON (1800–1890), German Protestant
theologian and Church historian, was born at Steinbach in Saxony
on the 25th of August 1800. He studied at Leipzig and Erlangen,
and in 1829 was called to Jena as professor of theology. He
retired in 1883 and was made a baron. He died at Jena on the
3rd of January 1890. Hase’s aim was to reconcile modern culture
with historical Christianity in a scientific way. But though a
liberal theologian, he was no dry rationalist. Indeed, he vigorously
attacked rationalism, as distinguished from the rational
principle, charging it with being unscientific inasmuch as it
ignored the historical significance of Christianity, shut its eyes
to individuality and failed to give religious feeling its due. His
views are presented scientifically in his Evangelisch-protestantische
Dogmatik (1826; 6th ed., 1870), the value of which “lies
partly in the full and judiciously chosen historical materials
prefixed to each dogma, and partly in the skill, caution and tact
with which the permanent religious significance of various
dogmas is discussed” (Otto Pfleiderer). More popular in style is
his Gnosis oder prot.-evang. Glaubenslehre (3 vols., 1827–1829; 2nd
ed. in 2 vols., 1869–1870). But his reputation rests chiefly on his
treatment of Church history in his Kirchengeschichte, Lehrbuch
zunächst für akademische Vorlesungen (1834, 12th ed., 1900).
His biographical studies, Franz von Assisi (1856; 2nd ed., 1892), Katerina von Siena (1864; 2nd ed., 1892), Neue Propheten (Die Jungfrau von Orleans, Savonarola, Thomas Münzer) are judicious and sympathetic. Other works are: Hutterus redivivus oder Dogmatik der evang.-luth. Kirche (1827; 12th ed., 1883), in which he sought to present the teaching of the Protestant church in such a way as Hutter would have reconstructed it, had he still been alive; Leben Jesu (1829; 5th ed., 1865; Eng. trans., 1860); in an enlarged form, Geschichte Jesu (2nd ed., 1891); and Handbuch der prot. Polemik gegen die röm.-kath. Kirche (1862; 7th ed., 1900; Eng. trans., 1906).
For his life see his Ideale und Irrtümer (1872; 5th ed., 1894) and Annalen meines Lebens (1891); and cf. generally Otto Pfleiderer, Development of Theology (1890); F. Lichtenberger, Hist. of German Theology (1889).
HASHISH, or Hasheesh, the Arabic name, meaning literally
“dried herb,” for the various preparations of the Indian hemp
plant (Cannabis indica), used as a narcotic or intoxicant in the
East, and either smoked, chewed or drunk (see Hemp and Bhang).
From the Arabic hashīshīn, i.e. “hemp-eaters,” comes the English
“assassin” (see Assassin).
HASLEMERE, a market-town in the Guildford parliamentary
division of Surrey, England, 43 m. S.W. from London by the
London & South-Western railway. It is situated in an elevated
valley between the bold ridges of Hindhead (895 ft.) and Blackdown
(918 ft.). Their summits are open and covered with heath,
but their flanks and the lower ground are magnificently wooded.
The hills are deeply scored by steep and picturesque valleys, of
which the most remarkable is the Devil’s Punch Bowl, a hollow
of regular form on the west flank of Hindhead. The invigorating
air has combined with scenic attraction to make the district a
favourite place of residence. Professor Tyndall built a house on
the top of Hindhead, setting an example followed by many
others. On Blackdown, closely screened by plantations, is
Aldworth, built for Alfred, Lord Tennyson, who died here in
1892. George Eliot stayed for a considerable period at Shottermill,
a neighbouring village. Pop. of Haslemere (1901), 2614;
of Hindhead, 666.
HASLINGDEN, a market-town and municipal borough in the
Rossendale and Heywood parliamentary divisions of Lancashire,
England, 19 m. N. by W. from Manchester by the Lancashire &
Yorkshire railway. Pop. (1901), 18,543. It lies in a hilly district
on the borders of the forest of Rossendale, and is supposed by
some to derive its name from the hazel trees which formerly
abounded in its neighbourhood. The old town stood on the
slope of a hill, but the modern part has extended about its base.
The parish church of St James was rebuilt in 1780, with the
exception of the tower, which dates from the time of Henry VIII.
The woollen manufacture was formerly the staple. The
town, however, steadily increasing in importance, has cotton,
woollen and engineering works—coal-mining, quarrying and
brickmaking are carried on in the neighbourhood. The borough,
