to abjure his errors and was sentenced to imprisonment. It appears that St Bernard offered him an asylum at Clairvaux; but it is not known if he reached Clairvaux, nor do we know when or in what circumstances he resumed his activities. Towards 1139, however, Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, wrote a treatise called Epistola seu tractatus adversus Petrobrusianos (Migne, Patr. Lat. clxxxix.) against the disciples of Peter of Bruys and Henry of Lausanne, whom he calls Henry of Bruys, and whom, at the moment of writing, he accuses of preaching, in all the dioceses in the south of France, errors which he had inherited from Peter of Bruys. According to Peter the Venerable, Henry’s teaching is summed up as follows: rejection of the doctrinal and disciplinary authority of the church; recognition of the Gospel freely interpreted as the sole rule of faith; condemnation of the baptism of infants, of the eucharist, of the sacrifice of the mass, of the communion of saints, and of prayers for the dead; and refusal to recognize any form of worship or liturgy. The success of this teaching spread very rapidly in the south of France. Speaking of this region, St Bernard (Ep. 241) says: “The churches are without flocks, the flocks without priests, the priests without honour; in a word, nothing remains save Christians without Christ.” On several occasions St Bernard was begged to fight the innovator on the scene of his exploits, and in 1145, at the instance of the legate Alberic, cardinal bishop of Ostia, he set out, passing through the diocese of Angoulême and Limoges, sojourning for some time at Bordeaux, and finally reaching the heretical towns of Bergerac, Périgueux, Sarlat, Cahors and Toulouse. At Bernard’s approach Henry quitted Toulouse, leaving there many adherents, both of noble and humble birth, and especially among the weavers. But Bernard’s eloquence and miracles made many converts, and Toulouse and Albi were quickly restored to orthodoxy. After inviting Henry to a disputation, which he refused to attend, St Bernard returned to Clairvaux. Soon afterwards the heresiarch was arrested, brought before the bishop of Toulouse, and probably imprisoned for life. In a letter to the people of Toulouse, undoubtedly written at the end of 1146, St Bernard calls upon them to extirpate the last remnants of the heresy. In 1151, however, some Henricians still remained in Languedoc, for Matthew Paris relates (Chron. maj., at date 1151) that a young girl, who gave herself out to be miraculously inspired by the Virgin Mary, was reputed to have converted a great number of the disciples of Henry of Lausanne. It is impossible to designate definitely as Henricians one of the two sects discovered at Cologne and described by Everwin, provost of Steinfeld, in his letter to St Bernard (Migne, Patr. Lat., clxxxii. 676–680), or the heretics of Périgord mentioned by a certain monk Heribert (Martin Bouquet, Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France, xii. 550–551).
See “Les Origines de l’hérésie albigeoise,” by Vacandard in the Revue des questions historiques (Paris, 1894, pp. 67-83). (P. A.)
HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– ), American genre
painter, was born in Charleston, South Carolina, on the 12th of
January 1841. He was a pupil of the schools of the Pennsylvania
Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia, and of Gleyre and Courbet
in Paris, and in 1870 was elected to the National Academy of
Design, New York. As a painter of colonial and early American
themes and incidents of rural life, he displays a quaint humour
and a profound knowledge of human nature. Among his best-known
compositions are some of early railroad travel, incidents
of stage coach and canal boat journeys, rendered with much
detail on a minute scale.
HENRY, JAMES (1798–1876), Irish classical scholar, was born
in Dublin on the 13th of December 1798. He was educated at
Trinity College, and until 1845 practised as a physician in the
city. In spite of his unconventionally and unorthodox views
on religion and his own profession, he was very successful. His
accession to a large fortune enabled him to devote himself
entirely to the absorbing occupation of his life—the study of
Virgil. Accompanied by his wife and daughter, he visited all
those parts of Europe where he was likely to find rare editions
or MSS. of the poet. He died near Dublin on the 14th of July
1876. As a commentator on Virgil Henry will always deserve
to be remembered, notwithstanding the occasional eccentricity
of his notes and remarks. The first fruits of his researches were
published at Dresden in 1853 under the quaint title Notes of a
Twelve Years’ Voyage of Discovery in the first six Books of the
Eneis. These were embodied, with alterations and additions,
in the Aeneidea, or Critical, Exegetical and Aesthetical Remarks
on the Aeneis (1873–1892), of which only the notes on the first
book were published during the author’s lifetime. As a textual
critic Henry was exceedingly conservative. His notes, written
in a racy and interesting style, are especially valuable for their
wealth of illustration and references to the less-known classical
authors. Henry was also the author of several poems, some of
them descriptive accounts of his travels, and of various pamphlets
of a satirical nature.
See obituary notice by J. P. Mahaffy in the Academy of the 12th of August 1876, where a list of his works, nearly all of which were privately printed, is given.
HENRY, JOSEPH (1797–1878), American physicist, was born
in Albany, N.Y., on the 17th of December 1797. He received
his education at an ordinary school, and afterwards at the
Albany Academy, which enjoyed considerable reputation for
the thoroughness of its classical and mathematical courses.
On finishing his academic studies he contemplated adopting the
medical profession, and prosecuted his studies in chemistry,
anatomy and physiology with that view. He occasionally
contributed papers to the Albany Institute, in the years 1824
and 1825, on chemical and mechanical subjects; and in the
latter year, having been unexpectedly appointed assistant
engineer on the survey of a route for a state road from the Hudson
river to Lake Erie, a distance somewhat over 300 m., he at once
embarked with zeal and success in the new enterprise. This
diversion from his original bent gave him an inclination to the
career of civil and mechanical engineering; and in the spring
of 1826 he was elected by the trustees of the Albany Academy
to the chair of mathematics and natural philosophy in that
institution. In the latter part of 1827 he read before the Albany
Institute his first important contribution, “On Some Modifications
of the Electro-Magnetic Apparatus.” Struck with the great
improvements then recently introduced into such apparatus
by William Sturgeon of Woolwich, he had still further
extended their efficiency, with considerable reduction of battery-power,
by adopting in all the experimental circuits (where
applicable) the principle of J. S. C. Schweigger’s “multiplier,”
that is, by substituting for single wire circuits, voluminous coils
(Trans. Albany Institute, 1827, 1, p. 22). In June 1828 and in
March 1829 he exhibited before the institute small electro-magnets
closely and repeatedly wound with silk-covered wire,
which had a far greater lifting power than any then known.
Henry appears to have been the first to adopt insulated or silk-covered
wire for the magnetic coil; and also the first to employ
what may be called the “spool” winding for the limbs of the
magnet. He was also the first to demonstrate experimentally
the difference of action between what he called a “quantity”
magnet excited by a “quantity” battery of a single pair, and an
“intensity” magnet with long fine wire coil excited by an
“intensity” battery of many elements, having their resistances
suitably proportioned. He pointed out that the latter form alone
was applicable to telegraphic purposes. A detailed account
of these experiments and exhibitions was not, however, published
till 1831 (Sill. Journ., 19, p. 400). Henry’s “quantity” magnets
acquired considerable celebrity at the time, from their unprecedented
attractive power—one (August 1830) lifting 750 ℔,
another (March 1831) 2300, and a third (1834) 3500.
Early in 1831 he arranged a small office-bell to be tapped by the polarized armature of an “intensity” magnet, whose coil was in continuation of a mile of insulated copper wire, suspended about one of the rooms of his academy. This was the first instance of magnetizing iron at a distance, or of a suitable combination of magnet and battery being so arranged as to be capable of such action. It was, therefore, the earliest example of a true “magnetic” telegraph, all preceding experiments to
