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List of kings of Dublin

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Amlaíb I Conung	853 - 871
Ímar I	857 - 873
Auisle	863 - 867
Oistin	873 - 875
Albann	875 - 877	Disputed king
Bárid	873 - 881
Sichfrith I	881 - 888
Sitric I	888 - 896
Sichfrith II Jarl	893 - ?	Disputed king
Glúniarann I	890s
Ímar II	? - 902
Sitric II Cáech	917 - 920
Gofraid I	921 - 934
Amlaíb II	934 - 941
Blácaire	941 - 948
Gofraid II	948 - 951
Amlaíb III Cuarán	952 - 980
Glúniarann II	980 - 989
Ímar III	989 - 993
Sitric III Silkbeard	993 - 1036

List of kings of Limerick

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Tomrair mac Ailchi þórir Helgason	922 - ?
Colla mac/ua Báirid Kolli	? - 932
Amlaíb Cenncairech Óláfr	932 - 937
Aralt mac Sitric Haraldr	937 - 940
Ivar of Limerick Ívarr	? - 977

List of kings of York

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Hálfdan I	876–877
Guðroðr I	883–895	A slave before becoming king
Sigfrøðr	895 - c. 900	Known only from numismatic evidence. See Downham p. 79-80 for dates
Knútr	c. 900 - c. 905	Known only from numismatic evidence. See Downham p. 79-80 for dates; Æthelwold ætheling may have been a rival for control of Northumbria during this period
Harðaknútr	c. 900	Known only from numismatic evidence.
Ásl	c. 905 - c. 910	Co-king. Likely of the Uí Ímair. Died at the Battle of Tettenhall
Hálfdan II	c. 905 - c. 910	Co-king. Likely of the Uí Ímair. Died at the Battle of Tettenhall
Ívarr	c. 905 - c. 910	Co-king. Likely of the Uí Ímair. Died at the Battle of Tettenhall
Røgnvaldr I	918 - 921	Of the Uí Ímair
Sigtryggr I	921 - 927	Of the Uí Ímair
Guðroðr II	927	Of the Uí Ímair. Driven out of York by Aethelstan
Óláfr I	939-941	Of the Uí Ímair
Sigtryggr II	c. 942	Known only from numismatic evidence.
Óláfr II	941-944	Co-ruler. Of the Uí Ímair. Driven out of York by Edmund I of England
Røgnvaldr II	941-944	Co-ruler. Of the Uí Ímair. Killed by Edmund I of England
Eiríkr	947-948	Previously King of Norway. Deposed in 948
Óláfr II	949-952	Of the Uí Ímair. Took advantage of Eiríkr's deposition to return. Deposed in 952
Eiríkr	952-954	Previously King of Norway. York incorporated into England in 954

List of Kings of the Isles

Ruler	Reign	Notes
Gofraid	? - 873
Ímar mac Gofraid	873
Amlaíb Conung	873 - 874
Ragnall ua Ímair	914 - 921
Amlaíb Cuarán	941 - 980

Kingdom of Limerick Hlymrekr (Old Norse) Luimneach (Old Irish)
812–977
Maximum extent of Limerick and other Norse settlements in Ireland.
Capital	Limerick
Common languages	Old Norse, Old and Middle Irish
Religion	Norse paganism Celtic Christianity Roman Catholicism
Government	Monarchy
History
• Established	812
• Disestablished	977
Preceded by Succeeded by Gaelic Ireland Lordship of Ireland

The Kingdom of Limerick (Old Norse: Hlymrekr; Old Irish: Luimneach) was a Viking city-state in southwest Ireland in the early middle ages.

References

Primary Sources

• Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860). Annales Cambriae. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. Accessed via Internet Archive.
• "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
• "The Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 February 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
• "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
• Dumville, D. N. (2005). Brenhinoedd y Saeson, 'The Kings of the English', A.D. 682-954: Texts P, R, S in Parallel. University of Aberdeen.
• Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860). Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. Accessed via Internet Archive.
• "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (24 March 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
• "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland". Corpus of Electronic Texts (5 September 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2014.

Secondary Sources

• Ashley, Mike (7 June 2012). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-0113-6.
• Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
• Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (5 May 2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
• Hart, Cyril (2004). "Sihtric Cáech (d. 927)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25543. Retrieved 6 January 2015. Subscription or UK public library membership required.
• Moyes, Holley (1 September 2012). Sacred Darkness: A Global Perspective on the Ritual use of Caves. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-4571-1750-3.
• Muir, Tom (2005). Orkney in the Sagas. Kirkwall: Orcadian. ISBN 978-0-9548-8623-3.
• Ó Corrain, Donnchadh (1979). "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings". Irish Historical Studies. 22: 283–323.
• Ó Corrain, Donnchadh (1998). "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" (PDF). Peritia. 12: 296–339.
• Radner, Joan. "Writing history: Early Irish historiography and the significance of form" (PDF). Celtica. 23: 312–325.
• Sawyer, Peter (January 2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6.
• Smyth, Alfred P. (1975). Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms. Templekieran Press.
• Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba: 789 – 1070. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5.

External links

• CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork. The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster and the Four Masters, the Chronicon Scotorum and the Book of Leinster as well as Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.

Kingdom of Dublin Dyflin (Old Norse) Áth Cliath (Old Irish)
c. 853–1170
Maximum extent of Dublin (pink) and other Viking settlements (green) in Ireland.
Capital	Dublin
Common languages	Old Norse, Old and Middle Irish
Religion	Norse paganism Celtic Christianity Roman Catholicism
Government	Monarchy
History
• Established	c. 853
• Disestablished	1170
Preceded by Succeeded by Gaelic Ireland Lordship of Ireland

The Kingdom of Dublin (Old Norse: Dyflin; Old Irish: Áth Cliath) was a Viking city-state in Ireland in the early middle ages.

Origins

Norse contact with the British Isles began in Scotland, predating the first written records in the 8th century, although the nature and frequency of these contacts is unknown. Excavations on the island of Unst in Shetland indicate that Scandinavian settlers had reached there perhaps as early as the mid-7th century and from 793 onwards repeated raids by Vikings on the British Isles are recorded. "All the islands of Britain" were devastated in 794 with Iona being sacked in 802 and 806. The earliest recorded Viking raids in Ireland occurred in 795, when the Annals of Ulster record they attacked Rathlin Island. In subsequent years Viking raids were carried out on sites all around Ireland, increasing in intensity over time. In 840–841 for the first time a group of Vikings remained in Ireland throughout the winter. This change in behaviour necessitated the construction of longphorts, fortified outposts which were used to shelter ships and men. Some of these became permanent; one such longphort was established at Duiblinn on the River Liffey, with Vikings staying there for the first time during the winter of 841–842.

References

Primary Sources

• Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860). Annales Cambriae. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. Accessed via Internet Archive.
• "Annals of the Four Masters". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 December 2013 ed.). University College Cork. 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
• "The Annals of Inisfallen". Corpus of Electronic Texts (16 February 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
• "The Annals of Ulster". Corpus of Electronic Texts (15 August 2012 ed.). University College Cork. 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
• Dumville, D. N. (2005). Brenhinoedd y Saeson, 'The Kings of the English', A.D. 682-954: Texts P, R, S in Parallel. University of Aberdeen.
• Williams Ab Ithel, J, ed. (1860). Brut y Tywysigion; or, The Chronicle of the Princes. Rerum Britannicarum Medii Ævi Scriptores. London: Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts. Accessed via Internet Archive.
• "Chronicon Scotorum". Corpus of Electronic Texts (24 March 2010 ed.). University College Cork. 2010. Retrieved 26 November 2014.
• "Fragmentary Annals of Ireland". Corpus of Electronic Texts (5 September 2008 ed.). University College Cork. 2008. Retrieved 29 November 2014.

Secondary Sources

• Ashley, Mike (7 June 2012). The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens. Little, Brown Book Group. ISBN 978-1-4721-0113-6.
• Ballin Smith, Beverley; Taylor, Simon; Williams, Gareth, eds. (2007). West Over Sea: Studies in Scandinavian Sea-borne Expansion and Settlement Before 1300. Brill. ISBN 978-9-0041-5893-1.
• Downham, Clare (2007). Viking Kings of Britain and Ireland: The Dynasty of Ívarr to A.D. 1014. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-903765-89-0.
• Forte, Angelo; Oram, Richard D.; Pedersen, Frederik (5 May 2005). Viking Empires. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-82992-2.
• Graham-Campbell, James; Batey, Colleen E. (1998). Vikings in Scotland: An Archaeological Survey. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-748-60641-2.
• Hart, Cyril (2004). "Sihtric Cáech (d. 927)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/25543. Retrieved 6 January 2015. Subscription or UK public library membership required.
• Holman, Katherine (2003). Historical dictionary of the Vikings. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-4859-7.
• Moyes, Holley (1 September 2012). Sacred Darkness: A Global Perspective on the Ritual use of Caves. University Press of Colorado. ISBN 978-1-4571-1750-3.
• Muir, Tom (2005). Orkney in the Sagas. Kirkwall: Orcadian. ISBN 978-0-9548-8623-3.
• Ó Corrain, Donnchadh (1979). "High-Kings, Vikings and Other Kings". Irish Historical Studies. 22: 283–323.
• Ó Corrain, Donnchadh (1998). "The Vikings in Scotland and Ireland in the Ninth Century" (PDF). Peritia. 12: 296–339.
• Radner, Joan. "Writing history: Early Irish historiography and the significance of form" (PDF). Celtica. 23: 312–325.
• Sawyer, Peter (January 2001). The Oxford Illustrated History of the Vikings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285434-6.
• Smyth, Alfred P. (1975). Scandinavian York and Dublin: the history and archaeology of two related Viking kingdoms. Templekieran Press.
• Woolf, Alex (2007). From Pictland to Alba: 789 – 1070. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 978-0-7486-1234-5.

External links

• CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork. The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster and the Four Masters, the Chronicon Scotorum and the Book of Leinster as well as Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.