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Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (/məˈmeɪli.ə/), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or hair, and three middle ear bones. These characteristics distinguish them from reptiles (including birds) from which they diverged in the Carboniferous, over 300 million years ago. Around 6,400 extant species of mammals have been described divided into 29 orders. The largest orders, in terms of number of species, are the rodents, bats, and Eulipotyphla (hedgehogs, moles, shrews, and others). The next three are the Primates (including humans, apes, monkeys, and others), the Artiodactyla (cetaceans and even-toed ungulates), and the Carnivora (cats, dogs, seals, and others).

LifeDomainKingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies
The hierarchy of biological classification's eight major taxonomic ranks. Intermediate minor rankings are not shown.

Mammals are divided into three main groupings: the order Monotremata, containing egg-laying species; the infraclass Placentalia, containing the vast majority of extant mammals, for which the fetus is carried in the uterus; and the infraclass Marsupialia, containing the marsupial animals wherein the young are carried in a pouch. Placentalia and Marsupialia are subdivided into superorders, which then contain multiple orders of animals. These orders can contain between one and hundreds of species, grouped into genera and then into families. Orders and superorders are also sometimes grouped into named clades.

Monotremata

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Monotremata is the smallest of the three main divisions of mammals, containing only five extant species. It is distinguished from the other two groups in that the monotremes are egg-laying rather than bearing live young, but, like all mammals, the female monotremes nurse their young with milk.

Infraclass Placentalia

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Placentalia

Placentalia is one of the three main divisions of mammals, and contains the vast majority of extant species with around 5,500 species. It is distinguished from the other two groups in that the placental animals have fetuses that are carried in the uterus. It contains four superorders: Afrotheria, Euarchontoglires, Laurasiatheria, and Xenarthra; Afrotheria and Xenarthra make up the magnorder Atlantogenata, and the other two the magnorder Boreoeutheria.

Superorder Afrotheria

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Afrosoricida

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Main article: List of afrosoricids
Suborder Chrysochloridea – Broom, 1915 – one families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Chrysochloridae
(Golden moles)

Hottentot golden mole

Gray, 1825

21 species in 10 genera
 		Sub-Saharan Africa Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Suborder Tenrecomorpha – Butler, 1972 – two families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Potamogalidae
(Otter shrews)

Giant otter shrew

Allmann, 1865

Three species in two genera
 		Sub-Saharan Africa Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Tenrecidae
(Tenrecs)

Lesser hedgehog tenrec

Gray, 1821

31 species in 8 genera
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Hyracoidea

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Macroscelidea

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Main article: List of macroscelids
Not assigned to a named clade – one families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Macroscelididae
(Elephant shrews)

Black and rufous elephant shrew

Bonaparte, 1838

Nineteen species in six genera
 		Africa Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Proboscidea

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Sirenia

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Tubulidentata

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Superorder Euarchontoglires

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Scandentia

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Main article: List of scandentians
Not assigned to a named clade – one families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ptilocercidae
(Pen-tailed treeshrews)

Horsfield's treeshrew

Lyon, 1913

One species in one genera
 		Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Tupaiidae
(Treeshrews)

Horsfield's treeshrew

Gray, 1825

22 species in 3 genera
 		India and Southeast Asia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Dermoptera

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Lagomorpha

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Main article: List of lagomorphs
Not assigned to a named clade – two families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Leporidae
(Hares and rabbits)

European rabbit

G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1817

64 species in 11 genera (full list)
 		Worldwide Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Ochotonidae
(Pikas)

Large-eared pika

Thomas, 1897

29 species in 1 genera (full list)
 		Asia and western North America Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Primates

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Rodentia

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Superorder Laurasiatheria

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Artiodactyla

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Main article: List of artiodactyls

Carnivora

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Main article: List of carnivorans
Suborder Caniformia – Kretzoi, 1943 – nine families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Ailuridae
(Red panda)

Western red panda eating bamboo

Gray, 1843

Two species in one genus
 		Eastern Himalayas and southwestern China
Map of range 		Size range: 50–64 cm (20–25 in) long, plus 28–59 cm (11–23 in) tail[1]

Habitats: Forest and shrubland[2]

Diets: Bamboo, as well as fruit, vegetation, lichen, bird eggs, and insects[2]
Canidae
(Wolves and foxes)

Gray canine in grass

Waldheim, 1817

37 species in 14 genera (full list)
 		Worldwide Size range: 33 cm (13 in) long, plus 13 cm (5 in) tail (fennec fox) to 160 cm (63 in) long, plus 50 cm (20 in) tail (wolf)

Habitats: Shrubland, grassland, inland wetlands, forest, desert, rocky areas, savanna, desert, and coastal marine

Diets: Omnivorous
Mephitidae
(Skunks and stink badgers)

Black and white striped skunk in snow

Geoffroy and Cuvier, 1795

Twelve species in four genera (full list)
 		North America, South America, Southeast Asia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets: Omnivorous; primarily eats invertebrates, rodents, small reptiles, and eggs
Mustelidae
(Martens, polecats, otters, and badgers)

Brown and white mustelid on rock

Geoffroy and Cuvier, 1795

63 species in 23 genera (full list)
 		All continents except Antarctica and Australia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets: Omnivorous
Odobenidae
(Walrus)

Brown walrus

Allen, 1880

One species in one genus (full list)
 		Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas
Map of range 		Size range: Male: 270–356 cm (106–140 in) long; 800–1,700 kg (1,764–3,748 lb)
Female: 225–312 cm (89–123 in) long; 400–1,250 kg (882–2,756 lb)[3]

Habitats: Neritic marine, oceanic marine, intertidal marine, coastal marine, and other[4]

Diets: Bivalve molluscs, as well as other invertebrates, slow-moving fish, and occasionally birds, seals, and other marine mammals[4]
Otariidae
(Eared seals)

Brown and gray seal

Gray, 1825

Sixteen species in seven genera (full list)
 		Antarctic Ocean, southern seas, and coasts of South America, Australia, Pacific Asia and Pacific North America Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Phocidae
(Earless seals)

Gray seal

Gray, 1821

Nineteen species in fourteen genera (full list)
 		Antarctic Ocean, Arctic Ocean, Northern Hemisphere coastlines, Caspian Sea, and Lake Baikal Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Procyonidae
(Raccoons, coatis, olingos, kinkajous, ring-tailed cats, and cacomistles)

Racoon

Gray, 1825

Fourteen species in six genera (full list)
 		North and South America (common raccoon introduced to Europe, western Asia, and Japan) Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Ursidae
(Bears)

Racoon

G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1817

Eight species in five genera (full list)
 		North and South America and Eurasia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Suborder Feliformia – Kretzoi, 1945 – seven families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Eupleridae
(Malagasy carnivorans)

Fossa

Chenu, 1850

Ten species in seven genera
 		Madagascar
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Felidae
(Cats)

Tiger

G. Fischer von Waldheim, 1817

41 species in 14 genera (full list)
 		Worldwide (Felinae (excluding the domestic cat) in blue, Pantherinae in green
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Herpestidae
(Mongooses)

Meerkats

Bonaparte, 1845

34 species in 14 genera (full list)
 		Southern Europe, Africa, and Asia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Hyaenidae
(Hyenas)

Spotted hyena

Gray, 1821

Four species in four genera
 		Africa and southern Asia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Nandiniidae
(African palm civet)

African palm civet

Pocock, 1929

One species in one genus
 		Sub-Saharan Africa
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Prionodontidae
(Asiatic linsangs)

Banded linsang

Gray, 1864

Two species in one genus
 		Southeast Asia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Viverridae
(Civets and genets)

Malayan civet

Gray, 1821

33 species in 14 genera (full list)
 		Southeast Asia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Chiroptera

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Eulipotyphla

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Perissodactyla

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Main article: List of perissodactyls
Suborder Ceratomorpha – Wood, 1937 – two families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Rhinocerotidae
(Rhinoceroses)

Black rhinoceros

Owen, 1845

Five species in four genera
 		Sub-Saharan Africa, northern India, Southeast Asia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Tapiridae
(Tapirs)

Malayan tapir

Brünnich, 1772

Four species in one genus
 		South America, Central America, scattered southeastern Asia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Suborder Hippomorpha – Wood, 1937 – one families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Equidae
(Horses, donkeys, zebras)

Horses

Brünnich, 1772

Nine species in one genus
 		Worldwide Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Pholidota

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Superorder Xenarthra

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Cingulata

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Main article: List of cingulates
Not assigned to a named clade – two families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Dasypodidae
(Armadillos)

Nine-banded armadillo

Gray, 1821

Nine species in one genus
 		South America, and central, southern, and eastern North America Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Chlamyphoridae
(Armadillos)

Six-banded armadillo

Bonaparte, 1850

Thirteen species in eight genera
 		South America and Central America Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Pilosa

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Infraclass Marsupialia

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Distribution of marsupials

Marsupialia is one of the three main divisions of mammals, and contains around 300 extant species. It is distinguished from the other two groups in that marsupials give birth to relatively undeveloped young that often reside in a pouch located on their mothers' abdomen for a certain amount of time. It contains two superorders, Ameridelphia and Australidelphia.

Superorder Australidelphia

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Dasyuromorphia

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Main article: List of dasyuromorphs
Not assigned to a named clade – three families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Dasyuridae
(Marsupial shrews)

Tasmanian devil

Goldfuss, 1820

71 species in 13 genera
 		Australia and New Guinea Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Myrmecobiidae
(Numbat)

Tasmanian devil

Waterhouse, 1841

One species in one genus
 		Scattered Australia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Thylacinidae†
(Thylacine)

Thylacine

C. L. Bonaparte, 1838

One species in one genus
 		Tasmania
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Diprotodontia

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Main article: List of diprotodonts
Suborder Macropodiformes – Ameghino, 1889 – three families (full list) genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Hypsiprymnodontidae
(musky rat-kangaroo)

Tasmanian devil

Collett, 1877

1 species in 1 genera
 		Northeastern Australia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Macropodidae

Eastern gray kangaroo

Gray, 1821

64 species in 13 genera
 		Australia and New Guinea Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Potoroidae

Long-nosed Potoroo

Gray, 1821

Eight species in three genera
 		Australia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Suborder Phalangeriformes – Szalay, 1982 – six families (full list) genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Acrobatidae

Feathertail glider

Aplin, 1987

Two species in two genera
 		Eastern Australia and New Guinea Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Burramyidae

Mountain pygmy possum

Broom, 1989

Two species in two genera
 		New Guinea and southern and northeastern Australia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Petauridae

Mahogany glider

C. L. Bonaparte, 1838

Eleven species in three genera
 		New Guinea and northern, eastern, and southern Australia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Phalangeridae

Southern brown cuscus

Thomas, 1888

27 species in 6 genera
 		New Guinea, Sulawesi island and nearby islands in Indonesia, and scattered Australia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Pseudocheiridae
(ringtail possum)

Common ringtail possum

Winge, 1893

Eleven species in three genera
 		New Guinea and northern, eastern, and southern Australia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Tarsipedidae
(ringtail possum)

Drawing of brown possums

Gervais, Verreaux, 1842

One species in one genus
 		Southwestern Australia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Suborder Vombatiformes – Burnett, 1830 – two families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Phascolarctidae
(koala)

Gray koala

Owen, 1839

One species in one genus
 		Southern and eastern Australia Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:
Vombatidae
(wombat)

Brown wombat

Burnett, 1830

Three species in two genera
 		Eastern Australia
Map of range 		Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Microbiotheria

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Notoryctemorphia

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Paucituberculata

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Peramelemorphia

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Other

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Didelphimorphia

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Main article: List of didelphimorphs
Not assigned to a named clade – one families genera
Name Authority and species Range Size and ecology
Didelphidae
(Opossums)

Virginia opossum

Gray, 1821

93 species in 18 genera
 		North America and South America Size range:

Habitats:

Diets:

Paucituberculata

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  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference Redpandasize was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference IUCNRedpanda was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Walkers was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference IUCNWalrus was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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