Shakushain's revolt

Not to be confused with Shukushin.

Shakushain's revolt
Part of the Ainu rebellions
Monument to Shakushain at the site of the surrender
Date 1669 to 1672 Location Hokkaidō, Japan Result Japanese victory
Belligerents
Matsumae clan	Ainu
Commanders and leaders
Norihiro Matsumae Yasuhiro Matsumae	Shakushain †

The revolt of Shakushain (シャクシャインの戦い, Shakushain no tatakai) was an Ainu rebellion against Japanese authority on Hokkaidō between 1669 and 1672 in the Edo period. It was led by Ainu chieftain Shakushain against the Matsumae clan, who represented Japanese trading and governmental interests in the area of Hokkaidō, then controlled by the Japanese (Yamato people).

The war began as a fight for resources between Shakushain's people and a rival Ainu clan in the Shibuchari River (Shizunai River) basin of what is now Shinhidaka, Hokkaidō. The war developed into a last try by the Ainu to keep their political independence and regain control over the terms of their trade relations with the Yamato people.

According to scholar Brett Walker:

The war of Shakushain stands out as a watershed event in the history of the conquest of Ezo. Shakushain exploded onto the scene as a charismatic leader who proved able to bridge regional differences among Ainu communities, threatening to unite them against the Japanese intrusion from the south. The Tokugawa shogunate reacted by solidifying its own united front of military allies in the northeast, replacing local Matsumae generals with men of its own choosing, thus illustrating its self-appointed role as defender of the realm.

At the end of 1669, Shakushain's forces surrendered to the Matsumae. The two sides exchanged gifts and negotiated a peace settlement; however, while Ainu generals celebrated with "liberal helpings of saké", they were assassinated by Matsumae warriors. Shakushain was among those killed that day.

After the revolt was suppressed, Japan consolidated its control of Hakkaidō. The peace treaty bound the Ainu to swear allegiance to Matsumae. The Ainu tribes remained autonomous, but trade relations between the Ainu and Matsumaeto turned into a trade monopoly, which means the Ainu lost their pricing power in goods and labor transactions with the Yamato. Those unable to support themselves had no choice but to work as forced labor in fish factories in Honshu on a salary about a seventh of the rate paid to the Yamato.

The only other comparable large-scale revolt by Ainu against Japanese rule was the Menashi-Kunashir Battle of 1789. An earlier rebellion along the same lines was Koshamain's Revolt in 1456.

References

• Brett L. Walker, The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion 1590–1800. University of California Press, 2001, pages 49–56, 61–71.