SS Chester A. Congdon
48°11′36″N 88°30′52″W / 48.19333°N 88.51444°W
![]() Chester A. Congdon in the Duluth Ship Canal
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Name |
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Namesake |
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Port of registry |
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Builder | Chicago Shipbuilding Company, South Chicago, Illinois | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yard number | 74 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Launched | August 29, 1907 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Maiden voyage | September 19, 1907 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Out of service | November 6, 1918 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Identification | US official number 204526 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fate | Sank on Lake Superior | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
General characteristics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Class and type | Lake freighter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tonnage | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Length | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Beam | 56.16 feet (17.1 m) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Depth | 26.42 feet (8.1 m) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Installed power |
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Propulsion | 1 × fixed pitch propeller | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Capacity | 10,200 long tons (10,364 t) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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SS Chester A. Congdon (originally named Salt Lake City) was a steel-hulled American lake freighter in service between 1907 and 1918. She was built in 1907 by the Chicago Shipbuilding Company of South Chicago, Illinois, for the Holmes Steamship Company, and was intended to be used in the grain trade on the Great Lakes. She entered service on September 19, 1907, when she made her maiden voyage. In 1911, Salt Lake City was sold to the Acme Transit Company. A year later, she was transferred to the Continental Steamship Company, and was renamed Chester A. Congdon, after lawyer and entrepreneur Chester Adgate Congdon. She was involved in several accidents throughout her career.
At 2:28 a.m. (EST) on November 6, 1918, Chester A. Congdon left Fort William, Ontario, under the command of Captain Charles J. Autterson, loaded with 380,000 bushels of wheat bound for Port McNicoll, Ontario. At 4:00 a.m., shortly after leaving the shelter of Thunder Bay, Chester A. Congdon encountered a heavy storm. Captain Autterson decided to return, and anchored in Thunder Bay until 10:15 a.m. when Chester A. Congdon headed back to open water. Shortly after she passed Thunder Cape, a thick fog descended on Lake Superior. She ran aground on the southern end of Canoe Rocks, on the northeast point of Isle Royale at 13:08 p.m. The first mate travelled to Fort William to deliver the news of the grounding. On November 8, a storm halted salvage operations, and broke Chester A. Congdon in two. She was the largest financial loss on the Great Lakes up to that point.
The wreck of Chester A. Congdon is the largest shipwreck of Isle Royale. It rests mostly intact in two pieces, with the bow on the south side of the reef now known as Congdon Shoal in 60–120 feet (18.3–36.6 m) of water, and the stern on the north side in 20–210 feet (6.1–64.0 m) of water. The wreck was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 14, 1984, and has become a popular site for recreational divers.
History
[edit]Background
[edit]In 1843, the gunship USS Michigan, built in Erie, Pennsylvania, became the first iron-hulled vessel built on the Great Lakes.[1] In the mid-1840s, Canadian companies began importing iron vessels prefabricated by shipyards in the United Kingdom. However, it would not be until 1862 that the first iron-hulled merchant ship, Merchant, was built on the Great Lakes.[1] Despite the success of Merchant, wooden vessels remained preferable to iron ones until the 1880s, due to their inexpensiveness, and the abundance of timber.[2][3][4] In the early 1880s, shipyards around the Great Lakes began to construct iron ships on a relatively large scale,[4][5] and in 1884 the first steel freighters were built there.[6][7] By the 1890s, the majority of ships constructed on the lakes were made of steel.[8][9] The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a rapid increase in the size of lake freighters; the first 400 feet (121.9 m) freighter was built in 1895, the first 500 feet (152.4 m) freighter was constructed five years later.[10]
Design and construction
[edit]Salt Lake City (US official number 204526) was built in South Chicago, Illinois, in 1907 by the Chicago Shipbuilding Company.[11][12] She was launched into the Calumet River on August 29, 1907, as hull 74.[11][13][14] She was built for W. A. and H. B. Hawgood's Holmes Steamship Company of Cleveland, Ohio, and was christened by Dorothy Holmes.[12][15] Salt Lake City was the third last ship of the so-called "10,000-ton capacity class".[16][17][a] She set the record for the fastest completion of a ship between its launching and maiden voyage at a Great Lakes shipyard.[19][20] Salt Lake City was built for use in the grain trade on the Great Lakes.[21]
Built with an arched frame system designed to create an unobstructed cargo hold, Salt Lake City was equipped with 32 telescoping hatch covers.[13][22][23] The hatches were 9 feet (2.7 m) wide, and were placed on 12 feet (3.7 m) centers.[13][24] Salt Lake City had a cargo capacity of 10,200 long tons (10,364 t).[13][23] Her cargo hold was divided into three separate compartments, which had capacities of 3,700 long tons (3,759 t), 3,100 long tons (3,150 t) and 3,400 long tons (3,455 t).[13] Salt Lake City was fitted with side-ballast tanks located between the hull plating and the cargo hold beneath the deck arches.[24][25]
The hull of Salt Lake City had an overall length of 552 feet (168.2 m), and a length between perpendiculars of 532 feet (162.2 m).[15] Her beam was 56 feet (17.1 m) (some sources state 56.16 feet (17.1 m) or 56.2 feet (17.1 m)) wide.[11][26][27] Her hull was 31 feet (9.4 m) (some sources state 26 feet (7.9 m), 26.42 feet (8.1 m), 26.5 feet (8.1 m) or 27 feet (8.2 m)) deep.[11][27][28][29] Salt Lake City had a gross register tonnage of 6,530 (or 6,371.39) tons, and a net register tonnage of 4,843 tons.[11][13][24]
She was powered by a 1,765 hp (1,316 kW) 83 rpm triple expansion steam engine; the cylinders of the engine were 23.5 inches (59.7 cm), 38 inches (96.5 cm) and 63 inches (160.0 cm) in diameter, and had a stroke of 42 inches (106.7 cm).[13][15][30] Steam for the engine was provided by two coal-fired, induced-draft 180 pounds per square inch (1,200 kPa) Scotch marine boilers, 14.5 feet (4.4 m) in diameter, and 11.5 feet (3.5 m) long.[13][15][24] The engine and boilers were both built by the American Shipbuilding Company in Cleveland.[13][28][24]
Service history
[edit]![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Salt_Lake_City_underway.jpg/150px-Salt_Lake_City_underway.jpg)
Salt Lake City was enrolled in Cleveland on September 11, 1907, and her home port was Fairport, Ohio.[13][28] She began her maiden voyage on September 19, leaving the shipyard under the command of Captain James Owen.[19][20] In 1911, the Holmes Steamship Company merged into the Acme Transit Company, which was managed by H. B. Hawgood.[13] On February 2, 1912, Salt Lake City was sold to the G. A. Tomlinson managed Continental Steamship Company of Duluth, Minnesota.[11][13] She was renamed Chester A. Congdon, in honour of lawyer and entrepreneur Chester Adgate Congdon.[13][31][32] Her home port was changed to Duluth.[24]
In April 1912, Chester A. Congdon was in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, when she broke away from the tugs towing her and struck the freighter Charles Weston, damaging two of her own hull plates in the process.[33] While waiting for fog to lift on Lake Michigan on August 10 that same year, Chester A. Congdon drifted onto a shoal roughly 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Cana Island.[13] She damaged 90 hull plates and around 50 frames, arriving in Superior, Wisconsin, on August 20 for repairs that took ten days to complete.[34]
On September 26, 1913, Chester A. Congdon struck the breakwater in Fairport harbor, damaging her steering quadrant. She was repaired in Fairport.[35] As Chester A. Congdon was travelling on the Detroit River in October 1915, her bilge scraped along the bottom near Grosse Pointe, Michigan, due to low water levels. Several of her rivets were sheered off, causing her hull to leak; she was repaired in Superior.[13][36]
Final voyage
[edit]On November 5, 1918, Chester A. Congdon arrived in Fort William, Ontario, where she loaded 380,000 bushels of wheat at the Ogilvie & Pacific grain elevators.[27][37][b] At 2:28 a.m. (EST) the next day, she left Fort William for Port McNicoll, Ontario, under the command of Captain Charles J. Autterson.[27][37][38] Shortly after passing Thunder Cape, Chester A. Congdon encountered a heavy storm. At 4:00 a.m., Captain Autterson decided to head back into Thunder Bay for 7–8 miles (11.3–12.9 km), and anchor until the storm subsided.[27][37][38] Chester A. Congdon headed back into open water at 10:15 a.m. By that time the wind had stopped, however the waves were still present. After she passed Thunder Cape, a thick fog descended on Lake Superior.[27][37][38] Captain Autterson set a course for Passage Island at 10:40 a.m., with the intention of running for 2.5 hours at a speed of 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph), and anchoring if the fog remained.[27][37][38] At 13:08 p.m., Chester A. Congdon ran aground on the southern reef of Canoe Rocks, on the northeast point of Isle Royale, her officers not having heard the fog signal from Passage Island.[32][37][38]
The lifeboats were lowered, one of which headed to Passage Island (roughly 7 miles (11.3 km) away) to request assistance from the lighthouse keeper.[37] A launch, occupied by two fishermen arrived at the scene to render assistance.[32][37] The fishermen took the second mate to Fort William, however the launch broke down, causing them to not reach their destination until 6:00 a.m. on November 7.[32][37] After the second mate relayed the news, the manager of the Canadian Wrecking & Towing Company, J. Wolvin, dispatched the wrecking barge Empire, and the tugs A.B. Conmee and Sarnia to the wreck.[37] It was reported that Chester A. Congdon's first tank on her port side, and the first and second tanks on her starboard side were full of water.[37] It was hoped that removing her cargo would be enough to refloat her. The removed grain was to be loaded onto the barge Crete.[37] On November 8, a storm with 55 miles per hour (88.5 km/h) winds forced the salvors to abandon the wreck.[32][40][41] Chester A. Congdon's crew was removed by Empire, which then sought shelter at Isle Royale.[32][40] By the time the salvage crew returned to Chester A. Congdon's wreck, it had broken in two between the 6th and 7th hatches, and the stern had sunk.[32][41]
Chester A. Congdon was declared a total loss.[42] On November 29, it was announced that businessman James Playfair of Midland, Ontario, had purchased her wreck for $10,000 (equivalent to $134,510 in 2023), with the intention of raising it in early 1919.[32][43][44] By about December, Chester A. Congdon's wreck had sunk, sliding down both sides of the reef.[32][43]
Aftermath
[edit]There were no deaths when the freighter sank. However, the wireless operator on Empire seriously injured his thigh when it became caught in the hoisting gear.[42] Only 50,000 to 60,000 bushels of her cargo was removed.[42][45] At over $1.5 million (equivalent to $20.2 million in 2023), she was the largest financial loss on the Great Lakes up to that point, as well as Lake Superior's first $1 million shipwreck.[21][42][44][46] As a result of the First World War, the price of wheat was $2.35 (equivalent to $32.00 in 2023) per bushel. Chester A. Congdon's cargo was valued at over $893,000 (equivalent to $12 million in 2023), her hull at $365,000 (equivalent to $4.91 million in 2023), and the disbursements at $369,400 (equivalent to $4.97 million in 2023).[41][42][44]
Chester A. Congdon, along with her sister ship D.R. Hanna (lost on Lake Huron in 1919), remained the largest shipwrecks on the Great Lakes until the loss of the self-unloading freighter Carl D. Bradley in 1958.[47][c] Chester A. Congdon remained Lake Superior's largest shipwreck until the sinking of the freighter Edmund Fitzgerald in 1975.[47]
Chester A. Congdon wreck
[edit]Chester A. Congdon became the largest shipwreck sunk near Isle Royale.[21] She rests in two pieces, with the bow on the south side of the reef now known as Congdon Shoal in 60–120 feet (18.3–36.6 m) of water, and the stern on the north side in between 20 and 210 feet (6.1 and 64.0 m) of water.[45][49] The bow rests at the base of an underwater cliff at an angle of between 35° and 59°, with the partially damaged stem pointing towards the shoal.[50] The wreck contains an intact pilothouse and forecastle deck, as well as penetrable living quarters, and a windlass room which is accessible through a hole in the forward deck.[45][51][52] The stern section rests at a steep angle, and has an intact engine room and stern cabins. The rudder was driven through the deck when the stern hit the bottom.[45] Pieces of her hull are on top of the shoal in 10 feet (3.0 m) of water.[32][49]
Chester A. Congdon's wreck was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on June 12, 1984.[53] As of 2009, she is Isle Royale's third most frequently visited shipwreck (behind the lake freighter Emperor, and the excursion steamer America respectively), with over 150 dives made out of the 1062 dives made to the wrecks in the park that year.[54]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Other ships built to the same design as Salt Lake City included D.R. Hanna, Henry A. Hawgood, Sheldon Parks, J.Q. Riddle, Ward Ames, Matthew Andrews, H.P. Bope, Jay C. Morse, J.J. Sullivan, William A. Hawgood and W.R. Woodford, the last two of which succeeded her in construction.[18]
- ^ Other sources have listed her cargo as 350,000, 390,000, or 400,000 bushels.[37][38][39]
- ^ The 600 feet (182.9 m) freighter William C. Moreland wrecked on the Keweenaw Peninsula in 1910. However, her stern section was recovered.[48]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Bugbee (1) (1962), p. 24.
- ^ Bugbee (1) (1962), p. 26.
- ^ Bowlus (2010), p. 85.
- ^ a b Thompson (1994), p. 32.
- ^ Bugbee (2) (1962), p. 48.
- ^ Bugbee (2) (1962), p. 50.
- ^ Thompson (1994), pp. 40–42.
- ^ Bugbee (2) (1962), p. 49.
- ^ Bugbee (2) (1962), p. 51.
- ^ Thompson (1994), pp. 59–84.
- ^ a b c d e f Bowling Green State University (2) (2022).
- ^ a b The Marine Review (1) (1907), p. 25.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Lenihan (1987), p. 169.
- ^ Labadie & Richards (1968), p. 162.
- ^ a b c d The Marine Review (2) (1907), p. 37.
- ^ McGraw (1987), p. 35.
- ^ The Marine Review (1909).
- ^ McGraw (1987), pp. 32–35.
- ^ a b The Marine Review (3) (1907), p. 32.
- ^ a b The Marine Review (4) (1907), p. 55.
- ^ a b c Carrell (1983), p. 27.
- ^ Thompson (1994), pp. 90–92.
- ^ a b American Publishers Company (1915), p. 342.
- ^ a b c d e f Herriman (1915), p. 24.
- ^ Thompson (1994), p. 91.
- ^ Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library (2022).
- ^ a b c d e f g Kohl (2005), p. 389.
- ^ a b c Herriman (1908), p. 151.
- ^ Swayze (2001).
- ^ Green (1915), p. 371.
- ^ The Marine Review (1) (1912), p. 69.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Kohl (2005), p. 392.
- ^ The Marine Review (2) (1912), p. 276.
- ^ The Marine Review (3) (1912), p. 444.
- ^ The Marine Review (1914), p. 42.
- ^ Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1915).
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lenihan (1987), p. 170.
- ^ a b c d e f Thompson (2004), p. 49.
- ^ Harrington (1998), p. 55.
- ^ a b Lenihan (1987), pp. 170–171.
- ^ a b c Thompson (2004), p. 50.
- ^ a b c d e Lenihan (1987), p. 171.
- ^ a b Lenihan (1987), p. 172.
- ^ a b c Johnston, Louis & Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved November 30, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the MeasuringWorth series.
- ^ a b c d Merryman (2022).
- ^ Maritime History of the Great Lakes (1918).
- ^ a b Lee (1977), pp. 117–120.
- ^ Bowling Green State University (1) (2022).
- ^ a b Lenihan (1987), p. 306.
- ^ Lenihan (1987), pp. 308–309.
- ^ Harrington (1998), p. 56.
- ^ Lenihan (1987), pp. 306–308.
- ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.
- ^ The Greenstone (2010), p. 9.
Sources
[edit]- "A Directory of Names, Pennant Numbers and Addresses of all Members of the Ship Masters' Association of the Great Lakes". Norwalk, Ohio: American Publishers Company. 1915. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Bowlus, W. Bruce (2010). Iron Ore Transport on the Great Lakes: The Development of a Delivery System to Feed American Industry. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN 978-0-786433-26-1. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Bugbee (1), Gordon P. (1962). "Iron Merchant Ships: An Upper Lakes Centennial - Part One" (PDF). Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Bugbee (2), Gordon P. (1962). "Iron Merchant Ships: An Upper Lakes Centennial – Part Two" (PDF). Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - Carrell, Toni (1983). "Shipwrecks of Isle Royale National Park (Thematic Group)". Washington D.C.: National Park Service. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
- "Chester A. Congdon (Propeller), U204526, struck bottom, 1 Oct 1915". Ontario, Canada: Maritime History of the Great Lakes. 1915. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "Chester A. Congdon (Propeller), U204526, aground, 8 Nov 1918". Ontario, Canada: Maritime History of the Great Lakes. 1918. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Green, Fred W. (1915). "Green's Marine Directory of the Great Lakes, 1915". Cleveland, Ohio. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Harrington, Steve (1998). Divers Guide to Michigan. St. Ignace, Michigan: Maritime Press & Great Lakes Diving Council, Inc. ISBN 978-0-9624-6299-3. Retrieved December 6, 2021.
- Herriman, F. D. (1908). "Great Lakes Register 1908". Cleveland, Ohio: Great Lakes Register. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Herriman, H. N. (1915). "Great Lakes Register 1915". Cleveland, Ohio: Great Lakes Register. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Johnston, J. E. (1956). "Telescope – Volume 5, Number 6". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Model Shipbuilders' Guild. Retrieved December 1, 2021.
- Kohl, Cris (2005). The 100 Best Great Lakes Shipwrecks – Volume II. West Chicago, Illinois: Seawolf Communications. ISBN 978-0-9679-9766-7. Retrieved November 29, 2021.
- Labadie, C. Patrick; Richards, Donald (1968). "Telescope – Volume 17, Number 7". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Lee, Robert E. (1977). "Telescope – Volume 26, Number 5". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Lenihan, Daniel J. (1987). "Submerged Cultural Resources Study: Isle Royale National Park" (PDF). Washington D.C.: National Park Service. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- McGraw, Kathy (1987). "Telescope – Volume 36, Number 2". Detroit, Michigan: Great Lakes Maritime Institute. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Merryman, Ken (2022). "Chester A. Congdon". Fridley, Minnesota: Superior Trips. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "Moreland, William C." Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University. 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2022.
- "Salt Lake City". Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green State University. 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "Salt Lake City (1907, Bulk Freighter)". Alpena, Michigan: Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library. 2021. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Swayze, David (2001). "Great Lakes Shipwrecks – C". Port Huron, Michigan: Boatnerd. Archived from the original on April 16, 2002. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- The Greenstone (2010). "The Greenstone 2010" (PDF). Washington D.C.: National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2011. Retrieved December 31, 2021.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 15 Aug 1907". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1907. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 5 Sep 1907". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1907. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 26 Sep 1907". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1907. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 7 Nov 1907". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1907. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), 18 Mar 1909". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1909. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), February 1912". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1912. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), August 1912". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1912. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), December 1912". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. 1912. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- "The Marine Review (Cleveland, OH), January 1914". Cleveland, Ohio: The Marine Review. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Thompson, Mark L. (1994). Queen of the Lakes. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 0-8143-2393-6. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
- Thompson, Mark L. (2004). Graveyard of the Lakes. Detroit, Michigan: Wayne State University Press. ISBN 978-0-814332-26-9. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
External links
[edit]Media related to Chester A. Congdon (ship, 1907) at Wikimedia Commons
- 1907 ships
- Ships built in Chicago
- Great Lakes freighters
- Merchant ships of the United States
- Canada Steamship Lines
- Maritime incidents in 1918
- Shipwrecks of the Michigan coast
- Shipwrecks of Lake Superior
- National Register of Historic Places in Keweenaw County, Michigan
- National Register of Historic Places in Isle Royale National Park
- Wreck diving sites in the United States