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Radium-226

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Radium-226, 226Ra
General
Symbol226Ra
Namesradium-226, 226Ra, Ra-226
Protons (Z)88
Neutrons (N)138
Nuclide data
Natural abundancetrace
Half-life (t1/2)1600 years[1]
Isotope mass226.025408[2] Da
Spin0+
Parent isotopes230Th (α)
226Fr (β)
Decay products222Rn
Decay modes
Decay modeDecay energy (MeV)
alpha decay4.870[1]
Isotopes of radium
Complete table of nuclides

Radium-226 (226
Ra
) is the longest-lived isotope of radium, with a half-life of 1600 years. It is an intermediate product in the decay chain of uranium-238; as such, it can be found naturally in uranium-containing minerals.

Occurrence and decay

[edit]
The decay-chain of uranium-238, which contains radium-226 as an intermediate decay product

226
Ra
occurs in the decay chain of uranium-238 (238
U
), which is the most common naturally occurring isotope of uranium. It undergoes alpha decay to radon-222, which is also radioactive; the decay chain ultimately terminates at lead-206.

Because of its occurrence in the 238
U
decay chain, 226
Ra
exists naturally at low concentrations in uranium-containing minerals, soil, and groundwater.[3]

Historical uses

[edit]

Following its discovery by Marie and Pierre Curie in 1898, radium (principally 226
Ra
) has had a number of uses. In the early 20th century, when the hazards of radiation were not well-known, radium was commonly used in consumer items such as toothpaste and hair creams. Radium was also formerly used as a radiation source for cancer treatment, but has since been replaced in this role by safer and more easily available alternatives. Until the 1960s, radium was used in luminous paint for watch dials and aircraft instruments.[4]

Hazards

[edit]

As a radioactive material, 226
Ra
and its decay products can present serious health hazards. Factory workers who worked with radium-containing luminous paint, known as the Radium Girls, often licked the tips of their paintbrushes in order to produce a finer point. In doing so, the workers ingested some of the radioactive paint; this eventually led to serious health problems including cancer, bone damage, and anemia. Several of these workers died from illnesses caused by radium exposure.[5]

Many rocks and soils contain low concentrations of 226
Ra
, which forms from the radioactive decay of naturally occurring uranium. The decay of 226
Ra
produces radon-222, a radioactive gas that can accumulate in inadequately ventilated homes and other enclosed spaces. Radon exposure is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the United States.[3]

References

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  1. ^ a b National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 3.0 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  2. ^ Wang, Meng; Huang, W.J.; Kondev, F.G.; Audi, G.; Naimi, S. (2021). "The AME 2020 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references*". Chinese Physics C. 45 (3): 030003. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/abddaf.
  3. ^ a b "Radionuclide Basics: Radium". epa.gov. 15 April 2015. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  4. ^ "Radium". nrc.gov. Retrieved March 4, 2024.
  5. ^ Arlene Balkansky (March 19, 2019). "Radium Girls: Living Dead Women". Library of Congress Blogs. Retrieved March 4, 2024.